CN111869508A - Corn straw oyster mushroom culture material and preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Corn straw oyster mushroom culture material and preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing oyster mushroom compost by using corn straws, which comprises the following steps: cutting corn stalks to 1.0-2.0cm long; spraying slaked lime powder 3-5% of the weight of the corn stalks on the corn stalks, watering and uniformly stirring; fermenting in piles until the material temperature is 40-45 ℃, adding 0.3-0.5% of urea, 1% of calcium superphosphate and 10% of livestock and poultry manure to build a material pile for fermentation; when the temperature of the materials in the material pile is 70 ℃, the material pile is turned over once after heat preservation and fermentation for 3 to 4 days, the heat preservation and fermentation are continued, and the material pile is turned over at intervals of 3 to 2 to 1 day; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down the stockpile with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile and disturbing to form a new reactor core; the material in the raw material pile is turned over to the reactor core to form a new material pile, and the material pile cannot be flapped in the turning process. According to the method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws, macromolecular organic substances are fermented at high temperature and decomposed into simple substances which are beneficial to absorption of oyster mushroom mycelia, harmful mixed bacteria and worm eggs are killed, the prepared oyster mushroom compost has a mould fragrance or a sweet taste, and is environment-friendly, low in cost and rich in resources, and mushroom bran can be used as a feed or an organic fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom cultivation, and particularly relates to a corn straw oyster mushroom culture material, and a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
In recent years, with the great reduction of the breeding quantity of herbivorous livestock such as cattle, horses, donkeys and the like and the continuous increase of straw burning prohibition and environmental protection, the problem of comprehensive utilization of corn straws has become a social problem which puzzles governments at all levels and farmers. The straw returning can not be widely popularized because the straw can not be degraded in a short time and soil moisture and nutrient loss is easy to cause.
With the continuous expansion of the planting scale of edible fungi in recent years, the demand of edible fungi cultivation raw materials is increased rapidly, and the content of crude protein in the raw material cottonseed hulls which are usually used as a culture medium is 5 percent; the content of crude protein in the corncobs is only 2 percent, while the content of crude protein in the cornstalks is 5.8 percent, and the price is low, so the cornstalks are the most ideal culture base material for cultivating the straw rotting fungi edible fungi instead of the materials at present, and the corn straw culture medium has sufficient resources and low cost. However, the technology of using corn stalks as the culture materials of edible fungi in the prior art is not ideal. For example, chinese patent application CN 107417319 a discloses a cultivation material and a cultivation method for cultivating oyster mushroom with corn stalks, in which corn stalks are crushed and directly bagged into fungus bags, organic substances such as crude fibers in the corn stalks are not effectively degraded and cannot be effectively absorbed in the cultivation process of edible fungi, and the actual utilization rate of the corn stalks is very low. Further, as disclosed in chinese patent application CN201410647473.0, a culture medium for straw rotting edible fungi, and a preparation method thereof are disclosed, in which corn stalks are used to prepare the culture medium for straw rotting edible fungi, and in the preparation method, the raw materials are fermented to obtain an intermediate product, and then the intermediate product is subjected to high-temperature steam treatment to obtain the culture medium for straw rotting edible fungi. The high-temperature steam treatment needs high-temperature heating equipment and places, is not economical especially for extensive planting industry, and is not beneficial to large-scale popularization and application.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn straws, which not only can decompose and fully utilize the nutritional ingredients in the corn straws, but also is simple. The prepared oyster mushroom compost has strong mildew fragrance or sweet taste, is environment-friendly and is more suitable for cultivation of edible fungi.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn straws comprises the following steps:
firstly, cutting corn straws into 1.0-2.0cm long;
secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 3-5% of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the water consumption is: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; piling corn straws into piles with the height of 0.8-1.0 meter, and naturally fermenting;
step three, when the temperature of the material is raised to 40-45 ℃, 0.3-0.5% of urea, 1% of calcium superphosphate and 10% of livestock and poultry manure by weight are added based on the total weight of the corn straws, the material is turned uniformly, and the material is piled up for fermentation;
fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, fermenting for 3 to 4 days in a heat preservation way;
step five, turning and fermenting:
turning over the pile once and continuing fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering the stockpile layer into a new reactor core; and turning the material in the raw material pile to the reactor core to form a new material pile without beating the material pile in the turning process.
In the method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws, the corn straws are firstly cut into pieces with the length of 1.0-2.0cm, and the corn straws with the size are beneficial to uniformly stirring and ventilation in the fermentation process, so that the compost is kept in a good aerobic fermentation state, and the propagation of harmful bacteria is avoided. In the second step, the hydrated lime is added to effectively kill harmful mixed bacteria and avoid souring and smelliness caused by the growth of the mixed bacteria in the stockpile. The water added in the invention can ensure sufficient water in the whole fermentation process, so that the water in the material pile is sufficient when the temperature is increased for fermentation.
The urea and the calcium superphosphate are added in the third step, so that the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the material pile can be increased, on one hand, the nitrogen and phosphorus content in the finished product compost is increased, nutrition is provided for the growth of beneficial bacteria in the fermentation process, on the other hand, the urea and the calcium hydroxide ammoniate the cellulose in the straw, and the growth of high-temperature cellulolytic bacteria (actinomycetes) and the shrinkage of the cellulose volume in the corn straw are promoted. The urea and the calcium superphosphate are not added in the second step, but are added in the third step, because the urea and the calcium superphosphate are lost along with the added water if the urea and the calcium superphosphate are added in the second step; the addition in the third step is adopted, at the moment, the corn straws are fermented, water permeates into the corn straws to participate in fermentation and is not easy to separate out, and in addition, the higher temperature is also favorable for the permeation and diffusion of urea and calcium superphosphate into the corn straws, so that the uniform mixing is easier. The urea can also be sprayed into the material after being dissolved by water.
The livestock and poultry manure used in the invention does not need to be dried in the sun or dried, and wet pig manure, chicken manure and the like can be directly stirred with part of corn straws and then fermented with the compost at the same time. In recent years, with the great development of the breeding industry, the odor of the livestock and poultry manure with large quantity in vast rural areas rushes to the sky, seriously pollutes the environment, becomes another important pollution source next to straw burning, solves the pollution problem of the livestock and poultry manure, becomes a problem to be solved urgently in relevant departments of agriculture, livestock raising, environmental protection and the like, and effectively reduces the environmental pollution caused by the livestock and poultry manure while fully utilizing the corn straws by mixing and fermenting the livestock and poultry manure and the corn straws. Taking pig and chicken manure with the largest quantity in rural breeding industry as an example, the content of crude protein in the chicken manure is 27-29%, which is close to the content of crude protein in rapeseed cakes, 29-32%, while the price of the chicken manure is 20-40 yuan/ton, and 2800-3000 yuan/ton. The content of crude protein in pig manure is 7-8%, the content of crude protein in corn is 8.2%, the pig manure basically does not cost money in rural areas, only labor and transportation cost are needed, and the price of corn is 1600-2000 yuan/ton. The invention adopts the feces of livestock and poultry breeding industry as nitrogen source radiation materials in the production of edible fungi, which not only can greatly reduce the cost, but also effectively solves the problem of environmental pollution caused by the feces of livestock and poultry, changes waste into valuable and benefits the society.
In the method, the temperature of the material is raised to 40-45 ℃ on the second or third day after the third stacking step; in the fourth step and the fifth step, high-temperature fermentation is kept at about 70 ℃, and the whole fermentation process is also a process of pasteurization and generation of high-temperature fiber decomposing bacteria, namely actinomycetes. And (3) on the next day after the stacking in the third step, the temperature of the material pile can be raised to 70 ℃ generally, at the moment, white actinomycetes can appear in the material pile at a position 10-20cm away from the surface of the material pile, and the thickness of the actinomycetes is gradually increased along with the increase of the number of fermentation days. The temperature rise of the material is the result of heat generated during the decomposition of cellulose in an alkaline environment and the result of heat release in the growth process of actinomycetes. During the fermentation process, the actinomycetes are propagated in the raw materials in a large quantity to enable the temperature of the raw materials to rise to 70 ℃, a large quantity of bacteria and worm eggs are killed, meanwhile, cellulose and hemicellulose in the raw materials are degraded, the volume of the corn straw is shrunk, and the absorption and utilization of edible fungus hyphae are facilitated; through fermentation, the raw materials become loose, the air permeability is increased, and the edible fungi are suitable for growth. After the fermentation is carried out for 3-4 days, the material temperature is reduced to 64-65 ℃, which shows that the decomposition speed of cellulose is reduced due to insufficient supply of local oxygen and nutrient substances, and the pile is turned over in time. After the pile is turned for several hours, the temperature is raised to 70 ℃, the fermentation is carried out for 3 days, and the pile is turned for the second time. Then, after fermentation for 2 days and 1 day, turning over and piling for 1 time respectively, the fermentation is finished. The fermented culture material, white actinomycetes, can be fully distributed with the culture material from the surface layer of the material pile to more than ten centimeters inwards to the ground. At the moment, the volume of the culture material is shrunk to 3/4 of the original volume, the crystal structures of cellulose and lignin of the corn straws are broken, and the high-temperature actinomycete decomposing bacteria are fully distributed in the culture material, so that favorable conditions are created for decomposing the cellulose and the lignin in the corn straws by oyster mushroom hypha. The method is designed according to the characteristics of the fibers in the corn straws, so that the nutritional ingredients in the corn straws can be completely decomposed, the utilization rate of the corn straws is improved, mixed bacteria which cause raw materials to become sour and smelly are not generated, and the produced oyster mushroom compost has strong mildew fragrance or sweet flavor and is suitable for cultivation of edible fungi.
The stack does not need to be flapped in the process of turning the stack, and sufficient air holes in the stack are kept for ventilation so as to ensure the supply of oxygen in the fermentation process. In the normal fermentation process, the plastic film cannot be covered on the material pile, and the plastic film can influence oxygen circulation, so that the anaerobic fermentation can cause raw materials to generate peculiar smell and smell, the normal fermentation is influenced, and the temperature is caused to wander at 45-55 ℃. In rainy and snowy weather, a plastic film is temporarily erected to cover the material pile, so that the material pile is prevented from being wetted by water to generate mixed bacteria. The film is required to be torn off immediately after rain and snow stop, so that good ventilation of the material pile is ensured. Turning the reactor in the fifth step, taking down the material layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the material stack during turning to gather the material layer into a new reactor core, and turning the material in the material stack onto the reactor core to form a new material stack, so that on one hand, the material on the surface layer of the material stack is turned into the reactor core, and the high temperature in the reactor core can fully and effectively decompose the cellulose in the part of corn straws; on the other hand, the material can be fully turned, so that all the materials are fermented at high temperature, harmful bacteria can be fully killed, and harmless and heat-resistant actinomycetes can be fully grown. In the method, the fifth step is sequentially turned over according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days at intervals during the heat preservation fermentation, and the interval time is that the high temperature of a stock pile is needed at the moment because the high temperature decomposition process and the impurity bacteria killing process of the cellulose are mainly carried out at the initial stage of the fermentation; and in the later stage of fermentation, the growth process of the main actinomycetes needs more oxygen supply, and turning is favorable for providing more sufficient oxygen and the growth of the actinomycetes. Therefore, the method of the invention adopts the mode of turning over the compost at intervals of 4 days to 3 days to 2 days to 1 day, which effectively ensures that the corn straw oyster mushroom compost prepared by the invention not only effectively decomposes the cellulose, but also can not decay due to the generation of mixed bacteria, has strong mildew fragrance or fragrant sweet taste, is environment-friendly, is suitable for the cultivation of oyster mushroom, and the mushroom bran after the cultivation of the oyster mushroom can be used as an additive of daily feed for livestock and poultry, thereby providing nutrition for the feeding of animals.
The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time; the color is white at high temperature and is tan or coffee at normal temperature; odor: the culture material has a moldy fragrance and a sweet taste, and has no bad smell; moisture content: holding the culture material by hand to form a cluster, and scattering when touching the cluster, and enabling water to enter gaps between fingers; the pH value of the culture material is between 6.5 and 7.5, and the culture material is very suitable for culturing edible fungi.
Preferably, the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder made of quicklime within 2-24 hours before use. Calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quick lime is used, and the lime powder formed by the lime blocks placed for a long time can absorb carbon dioxide in the air to cause the loss of alkalinity, so that the lime blocks cannot be used.
Preferably, 2-3% of auxiliary materials are also added in the third step, and the auxiliary materials are bran, rice chaff or corn bran.
In the method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws, the auxiliary materials can be bran, rice chaff or corn husk, and the inedible agricultural product waste is used for preparing the oyster mushroom compost, so that waste is changed into valuable, and the resources are rich. The addition of the auxiliary materials can further increase the nutrients in the culture materials. The auxiliary materials can be bran, rice chaff or corn bran, and can also be used by mixing more than two or more than two.
Preferably, the shape of the material pile in the third step and the shape of the material pile newly built in the fifth step are both as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is not limited; and (3) punching the top of the material pile at intervals of 0.4-0.5 m vertically and horizontally until air holes are formed on the ground.
In the method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws, the effective control of the temperature and the oxygen amount in the compost pile is the key for successful fermentation, and the incomplete fermentation or the putrefaction caused by the growth of mixed bacteria can be caused by oxygen deficiency or insufficient temperature. According to the size and the proportion of the corn straws in the method, the material pile with the size is prepared, so that the temperature maintenance and the oxygen supply are more favorably considered. On days 2 to 3 after the stacking in the third step, white actinomycetes appear at a position 10-20cm away from the surface of the material pile; around the air holes of the material pile, white actinomycetes are fully distributed from the top of the pile to the ground through the air holes. The arrangement of the air holes accelerates the supply of oxygen in the material pile, and is more favorable for quick fermentation. The width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 m, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 m, and the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 m, so that the pile with the size is also beneficial to operations such as punching, pile turning and the like. The top of the material pile is perforated to the air holes on the ground at the interval of 0.4-0.5 m, thus opening a plurality of oxygen inlets on the material pile to ensure that the material in the whole material pile can be fully aerobically fermented.
Preferably, the diameter of the air holes is 8-12 cm. The air holes can be made from wood bars or reinforcing steel bars with the diameter of 16-20 mm, the longitudinal and transverse intervals of the reinforcing steel bars are 0.4-0.5 m, the holes are drilled from top to bottom until the holes are drilled on the ground, and the holes are expanded to the diameter of 8-12cm by shaking the holes to the periphery. Not only ensures the sufficiency of oxygen, but also does not excessively dissipate the heat in the stockpile.
Preferably, the livestock and poultry manure is pig manure or chicken manure.
The invention also provides an oyster mushroom compost which is prepared by the method. The oyster mushroom culture material prepared by the method uses corn straws as raw materials, and in terms of raw material nutrients, the content of crude protein in cotton seed hulls is 5%, the content of crude protein in corn cobs is 2%, the content of crude protein in the corn straws is 5.8%, the corn cobs are 600 yuan/ton to 800 yuan/ton at present, and the cotton seed hulls are more than 2000 yuan/ton. The method of the invention is adopted to ferment the corn straws, the comprehensive cost is only below 200 yuan/ton, so the cost of the edible fungus culture material can be greatly reduced, and the nutrient content is higher than that of cottonseed hulls and corncobs, and the resources are sufficient.
The invention also provides an application of the oyster mushroom compost, which comprises the following steps: the mushroom bran obtained after the oyster mushroom is cultivated in the oyster mushroom culture material is dried, crushed and added according to 40-50% of the total weight of the daily feed for herbivores.
The invention also provides an application of the oyster mushroom compost, which comprises the following steps: drying the mushroom bran obtained after the oyster mushroom is cultivated in the oyster mushroom compost, crushing, and sieving with a 60-mesh sieve; adding 10-30% of the total weight of the feed for monogastric animals, or replacing bran in the compound feed.
The invention also provides an application of the oyster mushroom compost, which comprises the following steps: the mushroom bran obtained after the oyster mushroom is cultivated by the oyster mushroom compost is used as an organic fertilizer.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws comprises the steps of chopping the corn straws, spraying slaked lime powder, adding water, uniformly stirring, fermenting, adding urea, calcium dahosphate and livestock and poultry manure, and performing aerobic fermentation by using the stacking and turning method in the fermentation process, so that macromolecular organic substances such as crude fibers and the like are decomposed into simple substances which are beneficial to absorption of oyster mushroom mycelia, the crystal structures of cellulose and lignin are broken, and harmful mixed bacteria and worm eggs are killed by using high temperature generated by decomposing organic matters by using high temperature actinomycetes in the fermentation process. The oyster mushroom compost prepared by the method has strong mildew fragrance or sweet taste, is suitable for cultivation of edible mushrooms, has low cost, abundant resources and environmental friendliness, and the mushroom bran obtained by cultivating oyster mushrooms by the oyster mushroom compost can be used as livestock and poultry feeds or organic fertilizers.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to examples.
Example 1
1. Preparation of corn stalk oyster mushroom culture material
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Secondly, spraying slaked lime powder accounting for 3 percent of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime about 2 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 40 ℃, adding 0.3 percent of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed in during turning over) 1 percent of calcium superphosphate and 10 percent of chicken manure into the material by taking the total weight of the corn straws as a reference, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation;
fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, preserving the heat and fermenting for 3 days; the heat preservation fermentation refers to fermentation in which temperature reduction caused by rain and snow wetting is avoided in the fermentation process.
Step five, turning and fermenting:
turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material in the raw material pile to the reactor core to form a new material pile without beating the material pile in the turning process.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 7.0. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
2. Cultivation of oyster mushroom
And (3) bagging after the compost is spread out and cooled to normal temperature, breaking oyster mushroom strains into large jujube blocks or large walnut blocks during bagging, using 4-6 strains for each layer, then loading and compacting, then inoculating a second layer, then sequentially inoculating a third layer of strains and a fourth layer of strains, finally tying, and sealing both ends of the plastic bag by using the strains. And (5) after the bags are filled, entering a spawn running management stage.
The temperature of the bag is controlled below 25 ℃ in the spawn running period, 15-20 pinning holes are used at two ends of the bag for facilitating ventilation in the next day after inoculation, and the bag is turned over to control the temperature when the temperature of the material rises to 21-22 ℃ in the 3 rd to 7 th days after hole pricking, so that high-temperature bacteria burning is prevented. Bagging for 25-30 days, filling the bag with mycelia, performing fruiting management, and spraying water to the ground when yellow water is spitted out. The spawn running period requires air drying, relative humidity of 60-70%, dark light and no need of large ventilation. And the fruiting period requires bright light, the relative humidity is 85-95%, the air is greatly ventilated, when mushroom buds appear in the bag, water is strictly sprayed on the mushroom buds, and when the original pileus grows to be more than 1 cm in diameter, a small amount of water can be sprayed, and the mushrooms are timely harvested.
Example 2
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 5 percent of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime within 24 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 43 ℃, adding 0.4 percent of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed in during turning over) 1 percent of calcium superphosphate and 10.0 percent of chicken manure into the material by taking the total weight of the corn straws as a reference, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation;
the shapes of the built material piles are as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is 3 meters. After piling, reinforcing steel bars with the diameter of 16-20 are used for drilling through holes from top to bottom at the interval of 0.4-0.5 m, and the holes are expanded to the diameter of 8-12cm by shaking around the holes.
Step four, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, fermenting for 4 days, and avoiding cooling due to rain and snow drenching in the fermentation process;
step five, turning and fermenting:
turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material piles in the raw material piles to the reactor core to form a new material pile, wherein the material piles do not need to be flapped in the turning process, and the method and the shape of the built material pile are the same as those in the third step.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 7.5. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured in the same manner as in example 1.
Example 3
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Step two, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 4% of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime about 3 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 45 ℃, adding 0.5 percent of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed in during turning over) based on the total weight of the corn straws, 1 percent of calcium superphosphate, 10 percent of chicken manure and 2.0 percent of bran into the material, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation;
the shapes of the built material piles are as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is 4 meters. After piling, wood bars are used for vertically and horizontally spacing 0.4-0.5 m from top to bottom until a through hole is drilled on the ground.
And step four, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, preserving heat and fermenting for 3 days, wherein rain and snow are prevented from wetting in the fermentation process.
Step five, turning and fermenting: turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material piles in the raw material piles to the reactor core to form a new material pile, wherein the material piles do not need to be flapped in the turning process, and the method and the shape of the built material pile are the same as those in the third step.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 7.0. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured in the same manner as in example 1.
Example 4
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 5 percent of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime within 24 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 45 ℃, adding 0.3 percent of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed in during turning over) based on the total weight of the corn straws, 1 percent of calcium superphosphate, 10.0 percent of chicken manure and 3.0 percent of rice sugar into the material, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation; the shapes of the built material piles are as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is 2 meters. After piling, reinforcing steel bars with the diameter of 16-20 are used for drilling through holes from top to bottom at the interval of 0.4-0.5 m, and the holes are expanded to the diameter of 8-12cm by shaking around the holes.
Fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, fermenting for 4 days in a heat preservation way, and avoiding cooling caused by rain and snow in the fermentation process;
step five, turning and fermenting:
turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material in the raw material pile to the reactor core to form a new material pile, wherein the material pile does not need to be flapped in the turning process, and the method and the shape of the built material pile are the same as those in the third step.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 7.5. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured in the same manner as in example 1.
Example 5
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 3 percent of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime within 24 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 43 ℃, adding 0.5 percent of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed in during turning over) 1 percent of calcium superphosphate and 10.0 percent of pig manure into the material by taking the total weight of the corn straws as a reference, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation;
the shapes of the built material piles are as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is 3 meters. After piling, reinforcing steel bars with the diameter of 16-20 are used for drilling through holes from top to bottom at the interval of 0.4-0.5 m, and the holes are expanded to the diameter of 8-12cm by shaking around the holes.
Fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, fermenting for 4 days in a heat preservation way, and avoiding cooling caused by rain and snow in the fermentation process;
step five, turning and fermenting: turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material piles in the raw material piles to the reactor core to form a new material pile, wherein the material piles do not need to be flapped in the turning process, and the method and the shape of the built material pile are the same as those in the third step.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 7.5. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured in the same manner as in example 1.
Example 6
Step one: cutting the corn stalks after harvesting the corn cobs in the field into long sections of 1.0-2.0cm by a corn stalk cutting and collecting machine.
Secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 5 percent of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared by adding water into quicklime within 24 hours before use. The water amount used was: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; the corn stalks are piled into piles with the thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meter and naturally fermented.
When the temperature of the material rises to 43 ℃, adding 0.4% of urea (which needs to be dissolved by water and then sprayed during turning over) 1% of calcium superphosphate, 10.0% of pig manure and 3.0% of corn bran into the total weight of the corn straws, uniformly turning over the material, and building a material pile for fermentation;
fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, preserving the heat and fermenting for 4 days;
step five, turning and fermenting: turning over once, and continuing the heat preservation fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle one-time pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering to form a new reactor core; and turning the material piles in the raw material piles to the reactor core to form a new material pile, wherein the material piles do not need to be flapped in the turning process, and the method and the shape of the built material pile are the same as those in the third step.
After the fermentation is finished, the whole culture material is fully distributed from the surface of the material by observing visible white actinomycetes. The material is white at high temperature, is brown after being placed to normal temperature, and gives out sweet taste without unpleasant odor. The compost is held by hand to form a cluster, the cluster is scattered when the cluster touches the compost, water is filled between finger gaps, and the pH value is measured by a pH test paper to be 6.8. The volume of the fermented culture material is 70-75% of the volume of the culture material when the temperature of the culture material pile is increased to 70 ℃ for the first time.
Pleurotus ostreatus was cultured in the same manner as in example 1.
After the corn straw oyster mushroom culture material prepared by the method is used for oyster mushroom cultivation, the analysis and test are carried out on the cultivation waste material-mushroom bran, the cellulose of the corn straw is degraded by 55-65% after the decomposition of the edible mushroom hyphae, the crude protein content is increased to 12-14% from 6% before cultivation, and the crude protein content is increased by more than one time in the cultivation and fruiting process. As is known, in the cultivation process of edible fungi, cellulose in a culture material is decomposed by hyphae and converted into mycoprotein, the cellulose in a culture medium is continuously reduced and crude protein is continuously improved along with the growth of the hyphae, and a large amount of mycoprotein exists in the culture medium except for the generation of mushroom fruiting bodies.
Before, due to the lagging behind of science and technology, fungus chaff is thrown away in vain, even white pollution is caused, and high attention of united nations is drawn. In the method, the fungus chaff polluted by the green mold fungi at the later period of oyster mushroom cultivation is prepared into the organic fertilizer, and the fungus chaff without pollution can be used as a feed additive for the breeding industry.
In the feeding process of the fungus chaff feed, the fungus chaff is treated differently according to the requirements of different livestock. For feeding monogastric animals such as pigs, mushroom bran is firstly dried, crushed and sieved by a 60-mesh sieve, and 10-45% of the mushroom bran is added into the daily feed of the pigs according to different growth stages of the pigs. 10-12% of feed for weaned pigs is added. The pig age becomes larger with the increase of the weight of the pig, and the addition amount can be up to 25%. The additive amount of the sow feed is different in different periods, the sow feed can be added to 45% of the feed at most, and wheat bran in daily ration can be replaced in pig feed.
The method for preparing the oyster mushroom compost from the corn straws has rich resources and obvious economic benefit. The edible fungi are produced by adopting cottonseed hulls and corncobs before. Due to the great reduction of cotton planting area and the rapid expansion of edible fungus planting scale in recent years, the price of the cottonseed hulls rises dramatically all the way, and reaches more than 2000 yuan/ton. The price of the corncob reaches 600 yuan to 800 yuan per ton, and the corn straw raw material has wide sources. 600 kilograms of corn straws can be produced per mu of corn, and the corn straws are inexhaustible year after year. Taking oyster mushroom planting as an example, the comprehensive cost of the oyster mushroom planting comprises corn stalks, livestock and poultry manure, urea, lime, bran, phosphate fertilizer, plastic bags and the like, each kilogram of materials does not exceed 0.4 yuan, the biological conversion rate is 100% by adopting the technology, namely, each kilogram of corn stalk culture materials can produce 1 kilogram of fresh oyster mushrooms, the current market price is average 3-4 yuan per kilogram, and each mu of corn stalks can produce 600 kilograms of mushrooms, the hair income of 1800-2400 yuan can be generated, and the economic benefit of corn is far exceeded.
The market price of pleurotus cornucopiae and pleurotus cornucopiae (namely the young pleurotus ostreatus) in the current market is between 13 yuan/kg and 16 yuan/kg, although the biotransformation rates of the pleurotus cornucopiae and the pleurotus geesteranus are slightly lower than those of the pleurotus cornucopiae (namely 80 to 90 percent). The economic benefit generated by the utilization of the corn straws far exceeds the income of the corn, and a new way of modern agriculture is developed. The invention uses the straws produced by the traditional agricultural corn production and the livestock and poultry manure of the animal husbandry as raw materials to produce the edible fungi, and the fungus chaff produced after the edible fungi cultivation can be respectively used for feed produced by the animal husbandry and fertilizer used for producing grain, so that the grain, animal husbandry and edible fungi realize three-foot standing, complementary advantages and mutual promotion, thereby not only improving the utilization rate of land, but also avoiding the waste of resources and realizing the cyclic utilization of agricultural resources.
It should be noted that the description of the embodiments is provided to help understanding of the present invention, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, the technical features related to the embodiments of the present invention described above may be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other. In addition, the above embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments, and all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without any inventive work based on the embodiments of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, cutting corn straws into 1.0-2.0cm long;
secondly, spraying hydrated lime powder accounting for 3-5% of the weight of the corn straws on the corn straws, and adding water and stirring uniformly; the water consumption is: the corn straws are held by hands to flow, but the field has no large amount of accumulated water; piling corn straws into piles with the height of 0.8-1.0 meter, and naturally fermenting;
step three, when the temperature of the material is raised to 40-45 ℃, 0.3-0.5% of urea, 1% of calcium superphosphate and 10% of livestock and poultry manure are added based on the total weight of the corn straws, the material is turned uniformly, and the material is built and fermented;
fourthly, when the temperature of the materials in the material pile rises to 70 ℃, fermenting for 3 to 4 days in a heat preservation way;
step five, turning and fermenting:
turning over the pile once and continuing fermentation; and sequentially carrying out middle pile turning according to the fermentation time of 3-2-1 days; the pile turning method comprises the following steps: firstly, taking down a stockpile layer with the thickness of 10-20cm on the outer surface layer of the stockpile, and gathering the stockpile layer into a new reactor core; and turning the material in the raw material pile to the reactor core to form a new material pile without beating the material pile in the turning process.
2. The method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks according to claim 1, wherein the slaked lime powder is calcium hydroxide powder prepared from quicklime within 2-24 hours before use.
3. The method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks according to claim 2, wherein 2-3% of auxiliary materials are added in the third step, and the auxiliary materials are bran, rice chaff or corn husks.
4. The method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks as claimed in claim 3, wherein the shape of the material pile in the third step and the shape of the material pile newly built in the fifth step are both as follows: the width of the bottom of the pile is 1.8-2.0 meters, the width of the top of the pile is 1.0-1.2 meters, the height of the pile is 0.8-1.0 meter, and the length of the pile is not limited; and (3) punching the top of the material pile at intervals of 0.4-0.5 m vertically and horizontally until air holes are formed on the ground.
5. The method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks as claimed in claim 4, wherein the diameter of the air holes is 8-12 cm.
6. The method for preparing oyster mushroom compost from corn stalks as claimed in claim 5, wherein the livestock and poultry manure is pig manure or chicken manure.
7. A corn straw oyster mushroom compost, characterized in that, the oyster mushroom compost is prepared by the method of one of claims 1 to 6.
8. The application of the corn straw oyster mushroom compost is characterized by comprising the following steps: the mushroom bran obtained after the oyster mushroom is cultivated by the corn straw oyster mushroom compost as claimed in claim 7 is dried in the sun, crushed and added according to 40-50% of the total weight of the daily feed for herbivores.
9. The application of the corn straw oyster mushroom compost is characterized by comprising the following steps: drying mushroom bran obtained after oyster mushroom cultivation by using the corn straw oyster mushroom compost as claimed in claim 7, crushing, and sieving with a 60-mesh sieve; is added in an amount of 10-30% of the total weight of the daily feed for monogastric animals.
10. The application of the corn straw oyster mushroom compost is characterized by comprising the following steps: the mushroom bran obtained by cultivating oyster mushroom with the corn straw oyster mushroom compost as claimed in claim 7 is used as an organic fertilizer.
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