CN111838313A - 一种促进胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种促进胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于奶制品技术领域,具体为一种能够提高胃肠道健康的植物源组合物以及发酵酸奶及其制备方法。本发明公开了一种促进肠道健康的酸奶发酵基质组合物,各组分的重量份如下:鲜奶1000~2000份、黄精5~10份、葛根5~10份、益智仁5~10份、山药1~5份、薏仁1~5份、大枣1~5份、生姜1~5份、枸杞子1~5份、肉桂1~5份、银耳1~5份、魔芋胶5~20份、酶制剂1~10份、发酵菌剂5~20份;以及公开了植物源发酵酸奶的制备方法。本发明提供的制备方法,通过将超微粉碎、酶解技术和发酵结合,达到协同促发酵作用,提高了原组合物中活性成分的含量及其生物利用率,促进活性成分释放,特别是对脂溶性成分具有保护和控释的双重作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于奶制品技术领域,具体为一种促进胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶及其制备方法。
背景技术
酸奶是一种酸甜口味的牛奶饮品,是以牛奶为原料,经过巴氏杀菌后再向牛奶中添加有益菌(发酵剂),经发酵后,再冷却灌装的一种牛奶制品。市场上酸奶制品多以凝固型、搅拌型和添加各种果汁果酱等辅料的果味型为主。
酸奶的制作工艺可概括为配料、预热、均质、杀菌、冷却、接种、(灌装:用于凝固型酸奶)、发酵、冷却、(搅拌:用于搅拌型酸奶)、包装和后熟几道工序,稳定剂在配料阶段添加,其应用效果的好坏与工艺的控制有密切关系。
配料:根据物料平衡表选取所需原料,如鲜奶、砂糖和稳定剂等。变性淀粉可以在配料时单独添加也可与其他食品胶类干混后再添加。考虑到淀粉和食品胶类大都为亲水性很强的高分子物质,混合添加时最好与适量砂糖拌匀,在高速搅拌状态下溶解于热奶(55℃~65℃,具体温度的选择视变性淀粉的使用说明而定),以提高其分散性。
预热:预热的目的在于提高下道工序——均质的效率,预热温度的选择以不高于淀粉的糊化温度为宜(避免淀粉糊化后在均质过程中颗粒结构被破坏)。
均质:均质是指对乳脂肪球进行机械处理,使他们呈较小的脂肪球均匀一致地分散在乳中。在均质阶段物料受到剪切、碰撞和空穴三种效应的作用力。变性淀粉由于经过交联变性耐机械剪切能力较强,可以保持完整的颗粒结构,有利于维持酸奶的粘度和体态。
杀菌:一般采用巴氏杀菌,乳品厂普遍采用95℃、300s的杀菌工艺,变性淀粉在此阶段充分膨胀并糊化,形成黏度。
冷却、接种和发酵:变性淀粉是一类高分子物质,与原淀粉相比仍然保留一部分原淀粉的性质,即多糖的性质。在酸奶的pH值环境下,淀粉不会被菌种利用降解,所以能够维持体系的稳定。当发酵体系的pH值降至酪蛋白的等电点时,酪蛋白变性凝固,生成酪蛋白微胶粒与水相连的三维网状体系骨架成凝乳状,此时糊化了的淀粉可以充填骨架之中,束缚游离水分,维护体系稳定性。
冷却、搅拌和后熟:搅拌型酸奶冷却的目的是快速抑制微生物的生长和酶的活性,主要是防止发酵过程产酸过度及搅拌时脱水。变性淀粉由于原料来源较多,变性程度不同,不同的变性淀粉应用于酸奶制作中的效果也不相同。因此可以根据对酸奶品质的不同需求提供相应的变性淀粉。
黄精具有补脾、润肺生津、延缓衰老的作用;葛根具有解肌退热、透疹、生津止渴、升阳止泻的作用;益智仁具有温脾止泻摄涎、暖肾缩尿固精的作用;山药具有补脾胃亏损、治气虚衰弱、消化不良的作用;薏仁具有利水渗湿、健脾止泻、降糖降脂、抗肿瘤及免疫调节的作用;大枣中维生素C的含量在果品中名列前茅,有维生素王之美称,具有养颜治疗失眠的功效;生姜具有增进食欲、镇吐、活血驱寒的作用;枸杞子有促进和调节免疫功能、保肝和抗衰老的作用;肉桂具有强健筋骨、疏通血脉、抗衰老的作用;银耳具有补脾开胃、益气清肠、安神补脑的功效。将上述成分加入酸奶中,制备成人们常食用的奶制品,增加酸奶对于促进肠道健康的功效还具有免疫调节、安神补脑、延缓衰老、活血驱寒、补脾胃亏损等作用。
中国发明专利(CN201811554357.9)中公开了一种黄精酸奶的配方:奶粉25~35份、麦芽糖20~28份、香兰素0.1~0.3份、食用果胶0.8~1.5份、黄精1~3份、红枣0.3~0.5份、桂花0.2~0.4份、红景天0.1~0.3份、枸杞0.05~0.09份、甘草0.1~0.3份、木瓜1~5份、苹果0.5~1份、胡萝卜0.5~1份。发明的酸奶口味好,营养丰富,通过加入木瓜、苹果、胡萝卜、黄精、红枣、桂花、红景天等,使其不仅富含维生素,还具有美容养颜、增强抵抗力等保健功效。
虽然上述专利提供了一种具有一定功效的酸奶,但是其使用奶粉为奶源进行酸奶制备,在一定程度上存在营养损失,并且其酸奶配方并没有提供一种具有良好促进胃肠道健康的植物源性组分,也基本不具备补脾胃亏损、安神补脑、活血驱寒、免疫调节、强健筋骨、疏通血脉等功效。
发明内容
本发明目的之一是提供一种促进肠道健康的组合物,根据该组合物配方,可以有效改善胃肠道健康。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
一种促进胃肠道健康的组合物,所述组合物各组分的重量份如下:黄精5~20份;葛根5~20份;益智仁5~20份;山药1~8份;薏仁1~8份;大枣1~10份;生姜1~8份;枸杞子1~10份;肉桂1~7份;银耳1~8份。
进一步,所述组合物各组分的重量份如下:黄精5~10份;葛根5~10份;益智仁5~10份;山药1~5份;薏仁1~5份;大枣1~5份;生姜1~5份;枸杞子1~5份;肉桂1~5份;银耳1~5份。
本发明目的之二是提供一种含有目的一中组合物的酸奶发酵基质组合物,可以利用该组合物进行酸奶制备。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
含有目的一中所述组合物的酸奶发酵基质组合物,所述发酵基质组合物各组分的重量份如下:鲜奶1000~2000份、黄精5~20份;葛根5~20份;益智仁5~20份;山药1~8份;薏仁1~8份;大枣1~10份;生姜1~8份;枸杞子1~10份;肉桂1~7份;银耳1~8份、魔芋胶5~20份、酶制剂1~10份、发酵菌剂5~20份。
进一步,所述发酵基质组合物各组分的重量份如下:鲜奶1000~1500份、黄精5~10份;葛根5~10份;益智仁5~10份;山药1~5份;薏仁1~5份;大枣1~5份;生姜1~5份;枸杞子1~5份;肉桂1~5份;银耳1~5份、魔芋胶5~15份、酶制剂1~5份、发酵菌剂5~10份。
具体的,所述酶制剂为木瓜蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶,其重量比为1~3:1~3:1~3。
具体的,所述发酵菌剂为双歧杆菌菌剂或保加利亚乳杆菌菌剂。
本发明目的之三是提供一种利用目的二中所述发酵基质组合物进行制备的植物源发酵酸奶,该酸奶可促进胃肠道健康。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
利用目的二中所述的发酵基质组合物进行制备的能够提高胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶。
本发明目的之四是提供一种制备目的三中所述能够提高胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶的方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明的技术方案为:
一种制备目的三中所述植物源发酵酸奶的方法,按目的二中所述组合物重量份进行混合酶解发酵,发酵完全后经超高压均质乳化得到所述植物源发酵酸奶。
1)组合物纳米粉能够和酪蛋白分子形成稳定的网络结构,对酸奶混合胶束体系具有稳定作用;
2)在不影响体系静电作用力的基础上,组合物纳米粉能够增强体系的空间位阻效应,能够提高酪蛋白混合胶束的稳定性;
3)在发酵的过程中,组合物纳米粉更能够吸水膨胀,且其能够与酪蛋白竞争水分子,从而进一步限制了酪蛋白混合胶束的水化作用,降低了其絮凝力,使酪蛋白混合胶束更加稳定;
4)组合物纳米粉增强了体系的氢键,其作用如同分子间的桥梁,使得混合胶束对加热、酸性和机械作用具有较好的抵抗力,对于酸奶的黏度、保持体态、改善口感和外观、减轻乳清析出、延长保质期都有很好的作用;
5)将组合物及其活性成分作为益生元,不但增强了益生菌的定植率,保持肠道菌群的活性,而且还可以为益生菌提供源源不断的能量,起到保护肠道的作用。此外,组合物纳米粉还富含多酚和黄酮类活性成分,混合胶束体系对该类活性成分具有保护作用,能起到封装的效果,且被封装的分子能够在胃肠道消化过程中逐渐释放,从而实现了协同封装-缓控释作用,具有调节胃肠道健康功能。
具体的,所述方法具体包括以下步骤:
1)超微粉碎:
将权利要求1或2中所述的组合物进行超微粉碎;
2)酶解:
将鲜奶、组合物、魔芋胶混合后,加入酶制剂进行酶解;酶解温度为35~45℃;酶解时间为2~5h;
3)灭菌发酵:
采用121℃瞬时灭菌,添加发酵菌剂进行发酵;发酵温度为41~45℃;发酵温度为2~6h;
4)超高压均质乳化:
采用超高压均质乳化设备进行处理。
进一步,超高压均质乳化处理压强为80~100MPa。
进一步,所述超微粉碎时间为1.5~2.5h,超微粉碎平均粒径为300~800nm。
本发明的有益效果在于:
1.通过借助超微粉碎和高效酶解技术,实现快速发酵。
2.传统发酵过程中,有益的活性成分(特别是脂溶性活性成分)存在形式及其含量不稳定;且在发酵结束后,缺乏纳米级乳化均质过程,使发酵产生的活性成分容易氧化降解,本发明采用纳米级超高压均质乳化技术,能够实现对发酵产生的活性成分(易氧化、易挥发、光敏性和热敏性活性物质)的纳米级包埋,可以有效防止其丢失,提高制品的营养性和风味稳定性;且其在人体胃肠道吸收过程中具有缓控释作用,能够长时间实现对胃肠道的保护作用。
3.由于现有产品富含抗氧化成分和抑菌成分,能够提高保质期。
4.通过将超微粉碎和酶解技术和发酵结合,达到协同促发酵作用。
5.提高了原组合物中活性成分的含量及其生物利用率,促进活性成分释放,特别是对脂溶性成分具有保护和控释的双重作用。
6.小鼠肠道实验结果表明,发酵后的中药提取液具有调节肠道菌群的功能,通过调节肠道使有益菌增殖,抑制有害菌的增长,使肠道保持健康状态。
7.根据中医四气五味理论,所用组合物以温热为主,能够弥补酸奶的凉性,达到合理配伍,能够实现植物源活性成分对酸奶的增效减副作用。
附图说明
图1:活菌数评价柱形图;
图2:黄酮溶出率柱形图;
图3:培养基吸光度柱形图。
具体实施方式
所举实施例是为了更好地对本发明进行说明,但并不是本发明的内容仅局限于所举实施例。所以熟悉本领域的技术人员根据上述发明内容对实施方案进行非本质的改进和调整,仍属于本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
组合物配方:
黄精5~20份;葛根5~20份;益智仁5~20份;山药1~8份;薏仁1~8份;大枣1~10份;生姜1~8份;枸杞子1~10份;肉桂1~7份;银耳1~8份;
黄精5~10份;葛根5~10份;益智仁5~10份;山药1~5份;薏仁1~5份;大枣1~5份;生姜1~5份;枸杞子1~5份;肉桂1~5份;银耳1~5份。
组合物具有促进胃肠道通畅、健康的功效。
酸奶原料配方重量份为:
鲜奶1000~2000份,
组合物:黄精5~20份;葛根5~20份;益智仁5~20份;山药1~8份;薏仁1~8份;大枣1~10份;生姜1~8份;枸杞子1~10份;肉桂1~7份;银耳1~8份,
魔芋胶5~20份,
酶制剂1~10份,
发酵菌剂5~20份;
配方重量份为:
鲜奶1000-1500份,
组合物:黄精5-10份、葛根5-10份、益智仁5-10份、山药1-5份、薏仁1-5份、大枣1-5份、生姜1-5份、枸杞子1-5份、肉桂1-5份、银耳1-5份,
魔芋胶5-15份,
酶制剂1-5份,
发酵菌剂5-10份。
实施例2
以实施例1中配方进行酸奶制备。
主要工艺:超微粉碎→酶解→发酵→纳米级胶束化→产品;
(1)组合物超微粉碎:超微粉碎处理1.5~2.5h,使平均粒度达到300~800nm;
(2)酶解:将鲜奶、组合物超微粉、魔芋胶混合后,加入酶制剂(木瓜蛋白酶:淀粉酶:纤维素酶=1~3:1~3:1~3;更优为1:1:1),35~45℃酶解处理2~5h,促进大分子降解,促进活性成分释放,且防止其丢失和降解;
(3)快速发酵:121℃瞬时灭菌后,添加发酵菌剂(酸奶发酵菌剂为双歧杆菌菌剂或保加利亚乳杆菌菌剂),发酵温度41~45℃、发酵时间2~6h;其活菌数达到8.7×108CFU/mL,显著高于对照酸奶。
(4)超高压均质乳化:采用超高压均质乳化设备进行处理,使体系形成均匀的乳液,形成了均匀稳定的纳米级乳液。通常,酸奶酪蛋白胶束的稳定性存在是由于酪蛋白胶束之间存在的静电排斥和空间位阻相互作用的原因,当体系的静电排斥和空间位阻发生变化,就会导致其发生絮凝;超高压均质乳化处理压强为80~100Mpa,组合物粉碎后其平均粒径为300~800nm,富含膳食纤维、粗多糖、果胶等大分子,能够起到高效稳定混合胶束的作用。
实施例3
活菌数评价结果
分别对各组:空白组合物对照组、仅超微粉碎组(无酶处理)、仅酶解组(粗粉碎+酶解)、超微粉碎+酶解组,发酵后的活菌数进行评价。将发酵后的酸奶混匀后,吸取3mL发酵物加入到50mL灭菌生理盐水中,然后进行梯度稀释,每个稀释度吸取1mL置于灭菌培养基平板上,并涂布均匀,同时做平行对照,于37℃作用温度下兼性厌氧培养48h,再选取合适培养基平板进行菌落计数。
空白组合物对照组(即不添加组合物)发酵后活菌数最低,仅超微粉碎组发酵后的活菌数高于仅酶解组,而超微粉碎+酶解组最高,说明超微粉碎+酶解处理具有协同作用,可以显著提高发酵水平(见附图1)。
实施例4
活性成分评价结果
采用分光光度法测定各组发酵酸奶中总黄酮含量。采用芦丁作为标准品,用甲醇超声提取各组发酵酸奶中黄酮类活性物质,再计算总黄酮含量。研究发现,超微粉碎结合酶解处理可以显著提高发酵酸奶中总黄酮的溶出率,二者具有协同效果(见附图2)。
实施例5
活性评价结果
按照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范(2003版)》中肠道菌群评价方法进行,选取有害菌(肠球菌、肠杆菌)、有益菌(双歧杆菌和乳杆菌)等四类细菌作为研究对象,参考《伯杰氏系统细菌学手册》第九版对肠球菌、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的描述,对分离所得菌种菌落形态和微生物形态学特征进行分类。取小鼠粪便,用无菌生理盐水梯度稀释至10-4后,分别接种于培养基上进行培养。接种后,观察含有适量组合物酸奶的营养肉汤中菌落变化,培养24h后,于600nm波长下测定其吸光度(OD值)。
肠球菌和肠杆菌属于肠道有害菌的代表,研究发现,空白组的有害菌水平最高,而添加组合物后能显著降低其水平,且超微粉碎+酶解协同处理效果更加。通常,双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌作为益生菌,能够保护肠道功能、调节免疫功能、改善宿主健康状态的作用,研究发现,与空白组相比,添加组合物后(不管是否超微粉碎或酶解),均能提高有益菌水平,而超微粉碎+酶解处理能进一步提高有益菌水平,具有协同作用(见附图3)。
最后说明的是,以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的宗旨和范围,其均应涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中。
Claims (10)
1.一种促进肠道健康的组合物,其特征在于,所述组合物各组分的重量份如下:黄精5~20份、葛根5~20份、益智仁5~20份、山药1~8份、薏仁1~8份、大枣1~10份、生姜1~8份、枸杞子1~10份、肉桂1~7份、银耳1~8份。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的组合物,其特征在于,所述组合物各组分的重量份如下:黄精5~10份、葛根5~10份、益智仁5~10份、山药1~5份、薏仁1~5份、大枣1~5份、生姜1~5份、枸杞子1~5份、肉桂1~5份、银耳1~5份。
3.含有权利要求1所述组合物的酸奶发酵基质组合物,其特征在于,所述酸奶发酵基质组合物各组分的重量份如下:鲜奶1000~2000份、黄精5~20份、葛根5~20份、益智仁5~20份、山药1~8份、薏仁1~8份、大枣1~10份、生姜1~8份、枸杞子1~10份、肉桂1~7份、银耳1~8份、魔芋胶5~20份、酶制剂1~10份、发酵菌剂5~20份。
4.根据权利要求3中所述的酸奶发酵基质组合物,其特征在于,所述酸奶发酵基质组合物各组分的重量份如下:鲜奶1000~1500份、黄精5~10份、葛根5~10份、益智仁5~10份、山药1~5份、薏仁1~5份、大枣1~5份、生姜1~5份、枸杞子1~5份、肉桂1~5份、银耳1~5份、魔芋胶5~15份、酶制剂1~5份、发酵菌剂5~10份。
5.根据权利要求3或4中所述的酸奶发酵基质组合物,其特征在于,所述酶制剂为木瓜蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶,其重量比为1~3:1~3:1~3。
6.根据权利要求3或4中所述的酸奶发酵基质组合物,其特征在于,所述发酵菌剂为双歧杆菌菌剂或保加利亚乳杆菌菌剂。
7.利用权利要求3或4中所述的酸奶发酵基质组合物制备的一种能够提高胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶。
8.一种制备权利要求7中所述能够提高胃肠道健康的植物源发酵酸奶的方法,其特征在于,按权利要求3或4中所述组合物重量份进行混合粉碎、酶解、发酵,发酵完全后经超高压均质乳化得到稳定的植物源发酵酸奶。
9.根据权利要求8中所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法具体包括以下步骤:
1)超微粉碎:
将权利要求1或2中所述的组合物进行超微粉碎;
2)酶解:
将鲜奶、组合物、魔芋胶混合后,加入酶制剂进行酶解;酶解温度为35~45℃;酶解时间为2~5h;
3)灭菌发酵:
采用121℃瞬时灭菌,添加发酵菌剂进行发酵;发酵温度为41~45℃;
发酵温度为2~6h;
4)超高压均质乳化:
采用超高压均质乳化设备进行处理,处理压强为80~100MPa。
10.根据权利要求9中所述的方法,其特征在于,所述超微粉碎时间为1.5~2.5h,超微粉碎平均粒径为300~800nm。
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