CN111802245B - High-yield and high-efficiency maize breeding method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of maize breeding, in particular to a high-yield and high-efficiency maize breeding method, which comprises the following steps: 1) selecting high-quality and high-yield variety (line) which is suitable for local planting, large in spike, high in seed setting rate, disease and insect resistant, weak in tillering and lodging resistant as parent to perform single-line 3-4 generation selection to achieve gene homozygosis; the selected seeds are used after being naturally dried ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; irradiating the seeds for 3-4 generations of single line selection to breed excellent variant millet seeds; 2) spraying saturated and clear lime water on the maize breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance; 3) sowing; 4) and (4) fertilization management, wherein fertilization is performed regularly after sowing. The maize bred by the method has rich variation types and strong operability, greatly improves the breeding variation efficiency and obviously shortens the breeding period; the breeding soil treatment and fertilization management are combined, nutrition required by each growth period in the breeding process is realized, so that single plants are multiple in ears, the ears are plump, and the yield of the millet is greatly improved.

Description

High-yield and high-efficiency maize breeding method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of maize breeding, in particular to a high-yield and high-efficiency maize breeding method.

Background

Millet is the seed of the grass plant millet of the grass family, millet is obtained by removing the husk. Generally, it is produced in yellow river basin, preferably in Shanxi, Gansu yellow river basin. The millet has the following nutritional indexes: 14-16% of protein, 3-6% of fat, 37% of soluble starch, 0.12% of carotene, 0.99% of Vb and 18 amino acids necessary for human body. At present, besides the conventional cross breeding method of line selection, other innovative breeding methods are only reported in documents, and the yield of millet in China is generally 200-300 kg per mu.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the technical problems, the invention provides a high-efficiency breeding method of high-quality millet, which has the advantages of low investment cost, high group variation rate and capability of improving the yield to 700 kg per mu.

The technical scheme for solving the technical problems is as follows:

a high-yield and high-efficiency millet breeding method comprises the following steps:

1) selecting maize variety, selecting high-quality and high-yield variety (line) which is suitable for local planting, large in spike, high in seed setting rate, disease and insect resistant, weak in tillering and lodging resistant as parent to perform single-line 3-4 generation selection, and achieving gene homozygosis; after selection, the seeds are dried naturally and then used in 100Gy ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; performing 3-4 generations of single line selection on the irradiated seeds, and breeding excellent variant millet seeds;

2) treating soil in a millet breeding area, spraying saturated and clear lime water on the millet breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance;

3) sowing, namely making sowing holes in soil in a breeding area, and putting the excellent variant millet seeds obtained in the step 1) into the sowing holes;

4) and (4) fertilization management, wherein fertilization is performed regularly after sowing.

Further, the time of the irradiation treatment in the step 1) is 50-60 min.

Further, in the step 2), 30-50kg of saturated clear lime water is sprayed on each mu of millet breeding soil.

Further, in the step 2), the organic fertilizer is a controlled-release compound fertilizer prepared by adding formaldehyde into the filtrate obtained by preparing calcium dihydrogen phosphate from wet-process phosphoric acid.

Further, potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid solution are added into the filtrate for preparing the monocalcium by using the wet-process phosphoric acid as the organic fertilizer, when the pH value of the solution is 8.5-9.0, the content of nitrogen components is 20-25%, the content of phosphorus components is 6-11%, and the content of potassium components is 13-17%, at the moment, formaldehyde solution with the concentration of 30-35% is added into the solution, the pressure is increased to 8-12 atmospheric pressures, the temperature is increased to 110-120 ℃, and then the organic fertilizer is obtained by recrystallization, granulation and drying.

Further, the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 10-15%.

Further, the concentration of the phosphoric acid solution is 10-15%.

Further, the molar ratio of formaldehyde to the carbamide contained in the filtrate is (0.5-1.5): 4.

The invention has the beneficial effects that:

the invention provides a high-yield and high-efficiency millet breeding method, which selects high-quality and high-yield varieties (lines) which are suitable for local planting, have large ears, high seed setting rate, disease and insect resistance, weak tillering and lodging resistance as parents to carry out single-line 3-4 generations of selection; the tillering force is strong, the number of the effective spike tillers is generally more than 5, and can reach 20 at most. Developed root system, drought resistance and cold resistance. The selected seeds are dried naturally and then used in 100Gy ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; performing 3-4 generations of single line selection on the irradiated seeds, and breeding excellent variant millet seeds; the mutation rate of the millet on the gene level can be improved by radiation mutation breeding, rich genetic variation is created, the genetic basis of the millet is widened, the breeding period is shortened, the generation of new germplasm of the millet is finally promoted, and the comprehensive production capacity of the millet is improved.

In addition, because the filtrate for preparing the monocalcium phosphate by the wet-process phosphoric acid is rich in the carbamide solution, the formaldehyde solution is added, and the urea formaldehyde series compound fertilizer is generated under the alkaline condition and the certain pressure and temperature condition, the fertilizer can continuously release the fertilizer fertility in the growth process, so the fertilizer is matched with high-quality millet seeds, the bred millet has multiple ears and plump fruit ears, the nutrition required by each growth stage in the breeding process is sufficient, and the yield of the millet is greatly improved.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.

Example 1:

1) the maize variety is selected, and a high-quality and high-yield variety (line) which is suitable for local planting, large in spike, high in seed setting rate, disease and insect resistant, weak in tillering and lodging resistant is selected as a parent to perform single-line 3-generation selection, so that gene homozygosity is achieved; the seeds after selection are dried naturally and then used in 100Gy ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; 3 generations of single line selection is carried out on the irradiated seeds, and excellent variant millet seeds are bred; the irradiation time was 60 min.

2) Treating soil in a maize breeding area, spraying saturated and clear lime water on maize breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance; 50kg of saturated and clear lime water is sprayed on each mu of maize breeding soil. Adding 15% potassium hydroxide and 15% phosphoric acid solution into filtrate for preparing monocalcium by using wet-process phosphoric acid as an organic fertilizer, adding 35% formaldehyde solution into the solution when the pH value of the solution is 9.0, pressurizing to 12 atmospheric pressures, heating to 120 ℃, recrystallizing, granulating and drying to obtain the organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen content is 25%, the phosphorus content is 10% and the potassium content is 15%. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to the carbamide contained in the filtrate was 1: 4.

3) Sowing, namely making sowing holes in soil in a breeding area, and putting the excellent millet seeds obtained in the step 1) into the sowing holes; 4) and (4) fertilization management, wherein fertilization is performed regularly after sowing.

Example 2:

1) selecting a maize variety, selecting a high-quality and high-yield variety (line) which is suitable for local planting, large in spike, high in seed setting rate, resistant to diseases and insects, weak in tillering and resistant to lodging as a parent to perform single-line 4-generation selection, and achieving gene homozygosis; the selected seeds are dried naturally and then used in 100Gy ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; 4 generations of single line selection is carried out on the irradiated seeds, and excellent variant millet seeds are bred; the irradiation time was 50 min.

2) Treating soil in a millet breeding area, spraying saturated and clear lime water on the millet breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance; and spraying 30kg of saturated and clear lime water to each mu of maize breeding soil. Adding 10% potassium hydroxide and 10% phosphoric acid solution into filtrate for preparing calcium dihydrogen from wet-process phosphoric acid as an organic fertilizer, adding 30% formaldehyde solution into the solution when the pH value of the solution is 8.5, pressurizing to 8 atmospheric pressure, heating to 110 ℃, recrystallizing, granulating and drying to obtain the organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen content is 20%, the phosphorus content is 6% and the potassium content is 13%. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to the carbamide contained in the filtrate was 1: 8.

3) Sowing, namely making sowing holes in soil in a breeding area, and putting the excellent millet seeds obtained in the step 1) into the sowing holes; 4) and (4) fertilization management, wherein fertilization is performed regularly after sowing.

Example 3:

1) the maize variety is selected, and a high-quality and high-yield variety (line) which is suitable for local planting, large in spike, high in seed setting rate, disease and insect resistant, weak in tillering and lodging resistant is selected as a parent to perform single-line 3-generation selection, so that gene homozygosity is achieved; the seeds after selection are dried naturally and then used in 100Gy ⁶⁰ Performing Co-gamma ray irradiation treatment; 4 generations of single line selection is carried out on the irradiated seeds, and excellent variant millet seeds are bred; the irradiation time was 55 min.

2) Treating soil in a millet breeding area, spraying saturated and clear lime water on the millet breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance; 40kg of saturated and clear lime water is sprayed on each mu of maize breeding soil. Adding 12% potassium hydroxide and 12% phosphoric acid solution into filtrate for preparing calcium dihydrogen from wet-process phosphoric acid as an organic fertilizer, adding 32% formaldehyde solution into the solution when the pH value of the solution is 9.0, pressurizing to 10 atmospheric pressure, heating to 115 ℃, recrystallizing, granulating and drying to obtain the organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen content is 23%, the phosphorus content is 11% and the potassium content is 17%. The molar ratio of formaldehyde to the carboxamide contained in the filtrate was 3: 8.

3) Sowing, namely making sowing holes in soil in a breeding area, and putting the excellent millet seeds obtained in the step 1) into the sowing holes; 4) and (4) fertilizing management, namely periodically fertilizing after sowing.

Comparative example 1:

the same good millet seeds as in example 1 were used, but were fertilized with a commercially available ordinary fertilizer, and field management was performed as in example 1.

Comparative example 2:

ordinary untreated maize seeds are adopted, the same organic fertilizer as in example 1 is adopted for fertilization, and the field management is the same as in example 1.

Dividing a millet planting area with the same soil conditions into five parts, namely test fields 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, wherein the test fields 1, 2 and 3 are respectively used for breeding the millet by the methods of examples 1, 2 and 3, the test fields 4 and 5 are respectively used for breeding the millet by the methods of comparative examples 1 and 2, the field management modes are completely the same except for the different operation conditions, the final yield of the millet in the test fields of examples 1-3 and comparative examples 1-2 is respectively measured, and the following table 1 shows that:

TABLE 1 yield test for maize bred in examples 1-3, comparative examples 1-2

As can be seen from Table 1, the high-yield maize breeding method provided by the invention can effectively improve the final yield of maize, the yield is increased by at least 68%, and the maximum yield can be increased by 113.7%.

The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, and all simple modifications and equivalent variations of the above embodiment according to the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. A high-yield and high-efficiency maize breeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

1) selecting and breeding maize varieties or strains, selecting high-quality and high-yield varieties or strains which are suitable for local planting, large in ears, high in seed setting rate, resistant to diseases and insects, weak in tillering and lodging-resistant as parents, and performing single-line 3-4 generation selection; gene homozygosis is achieved; naturally drying the selected seeds, and irradiating the seeds with 100Gy 60 Co-gamma rays; 4 generations of single line selection is carried out on the irradiated seeds, and excellent variant millet seeds are bred; the irradiation treatment time is 50-55 min;

2) treating soil in a millet breeding area, spraying saturated and clear lime water on the millet breeding soil, and spraying an organic fertilizer in advance; adding potassium hydroxide and phosphoric acid solution into the filtrate for preparing the monocalcium by using the wet-process phosphoric acid as the organic fertilizer, adding 30-35% of formaldehyde solution into the solution when the pH value of the solution is 8.5-9.0, pressurizing to 8-12 atmospheric pressure, heating to 110-120 ℃, then recrystallizing, granulating and drying to obtain the organic fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen component content is 20-25%, the phosphorus component content is 6-11%, and the potassium component content is 13-17%; spraying 30-50kg of saturated clear lime water to each mu of maize breeding soil;

the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution is 10-15%;

the concentration of the phosphoric acid solution is 10-15%;

the molar ratio of the formaldehyde to the carbamide contained in the filtrate is (0.5-1.5) to 4;

3) sowing, namely making sowing holes in soil in a breeding area, and putting the excellent variant millet seeds obtained in the step 1) into the sowing holes;

4) and (4) fertilization management, wherein fertilization is performed regularly after sowing.