CN111657078B - Forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region - Google Patents
Forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region Download PDFInfo
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- CN111657078B CN111657078B CN202010477272.6A CN202010477272A CN111657078B CN 111657078 B CN111657078 B CN 111657078B CN 202010477272 A CN202010477272 A CN 202010477272A CN 111657078 B CN111657078 B CN 111657078B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/40—Fabaceae, e.g. beans or peas
Abstract
The invention discloses a forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region, which comprises the following steps: (1) the oat is sown in the beginning of 4 months, and harvested in the wax ripeness stage of the oat in the beginning of 6 months and subjected to ensiling or sun drying to prepare hay; (2) after the oat is harvested, no-tillage stubble-pasting seeding corn, harvesting the silage corn in a wax ripeness stage in 9 months, and performing whole-plant silage; (3) sowing the vetch seeds in the 10-month upper ten days after harvesting the silage corns, harvesting the vetch seeds in the 3 months of the next year and drying hay in the sun, or turning the vetch seeds into soil along with soil preparation as green manure in the beginning of the 3 months; in order to improve the soil condition and reduce the application amount of the fertilizer, the vetch is recommended to be harvested one year and used as green manure. The crop rotation method can improve the yield of the corn, has high multiple cropping index and good forage economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of forage grass planting, in particular to a forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai regions.
Background
In recent years, the development trend of modern grass husbandry represented by large-scale breeding of cattle and sheep is rapid, the high-quality forage grass short plate effect is prominent, and the adjustment and planting of green fodder crops by using a large amount of cultivated land is not practical. Currently, agriculture mainly using grains is transformed into grain and grass compatible agriculture and straw animal husbandry is gradually transformed into grass husbandry in China, and the key point is that the combination of grain changing and breeding is realized to promote the coordinated development of ternary planting structures of grain crops, economic crops and forage grass.
At present, in Huang-Huai-Hai regions, one-season wheat and one-season corn are mainly planted, and a traditional wheat-corn one-year two-cropping planting mode is adopted. The planting economic benefit of common grain crops is poor, the production performance of soil is reduced due to the fact that a large amount of chemical fertilizer is used in the production process of grains in successive years, and new environmental problems are brought by improper disposal of a large amount of straws generated in the planting process. These conditions directly affect the farming enthusiasm of farmers in the planting area.
Therefore, in the traditional grain planting area, a new planting mode and a new planting mode need to be explored in combination with the transformation trend towards both grains and grasses, so as to actively deal with the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to break through the traditional grain planting mode and provide a forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region, and the rotation method has the advantages of high multiple cropping index (small occupied farmland area), high forage grass yield and good economic benefit.
The inventor provides a forage grass high-yield rotation method for Huang-Huai-Hai areas with high forage grass yield and good economic benefit based on long-term production practice research, wherein oats, silage corns and vetches are adopted for rotation, the oats, no matter silage or sun-cured hay, are high-quality forage grass for dairy cows, the whole silage corns are also high-quality forage grass for the dairy cows, and the vetches can be harvested as forage grass and can also be used as green manure cultivation areas; the invention adopts leguminous and gramineous rotation, combines planting and breeding fields to effectively improve the forage grass yield, increases the income of farmers, provides sufficient forage grass resources for large-scale breeding of cattle and sheep in the area and solves the bottleneck problem of healthy development.
Based on the research results, the invention specifically adopts the following technical scheme:
a forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region is designed, and comprises the following steps:
(1) sowing oat in the last 3 to last 4 months (dressing seeds with carbendazim accounting for 0.2% of the weight of the seeds before sowing, preventingFor treating oat head smut, rust disease and the like), the seeding amount is 10-20 kg/667m2(the specific seeding amount can be calculated according to the germination rate and the purity of the selected variety, namely the seeding amount = theoretical seeding amount/(seed purity multiplied by germination rate)), the row spacing is 15-20 cm, the soil covering depth is 3-5 cm, and harvesting and ensiling or sun-drying hay are carried out on oats in the wax ripeness stage in the last 6 months;
(2) after the oat is harvested, no-tillage stubble-attached corn sowing, equal row spacing sowing, 50-70 cm of row spacing, 20-30 cm of plant spacing and 4000-5000 plants/667 m of density2Harvesting the silage corns in a wax ripeness stage in 9 months and performing whole-plant silage;
(3) sowing the vetch seeds in the late 9 th day or the early 10 th day of the next year after harvesting the silage corns, wherein the sowing row spacing of the vetch seeds is 10-30 cm, and the sowing amount is 3-4 kg/667m2Harvesting the vetch at the bottom of 3 months in the next year and airing hay, or turning the vetch into soil along with the soil in the late 3 months as a green fertilizer, or airing the vetch after harvesting the vetch for one year and using the vetch as the green fertilizer in the next year, and alternating the steps so as to achieve the effects of improving the soil condition and reducing the application amount of the chemical fertilizer;
(4) and (4) repeating the steps (1) to (3) to carry out the next crop rotation planting.
The corn is the feed raw material with the shortest period, the highest yield, the widest coverage and the highest utilization rate, and the feed taking the corn as the raw material is fresh, tender and succulent, rich in nutrition and good in palatability, and is a main high-quality coarse feed source for ruminants; the oat is annual or perennial gramineous forage grass, has high digestible fiber content and good palatability, is high-quality hay which is necessary for dairy cow breeding, can keep the rumen of the dairy cow healthy, prolongs the service life and improves the milk yield. The vetch can be used as leguminous forage grass and green manure.
In the step (1), before the oat is sowed, the soil is prepared, the plowing depth is more than or equal to 20cm, fine harrows are leveled, the soil is properly pressed and preserved, and 30000-35000 kg/hm of organic fertilizer is applied along with the prepared soil2550-750 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate235-40 kg/hm of potassium oxide2。
In the step (1), the field management measures during oat planting are as follows:
weed control: spraying herbicide when second stem node of oat appears, and using 900 ml/hm of 72% 2,4-D butyl ester emulsifiable solution2Or 75% of giant star dry suspending agent 15-30 g/hm2Spraying;
water and fertilizer: after sowing, additionally applying 150-250 kg/hm of urea before irrigation or rainfall in tillering or jointing stage2(ii) a Watering once in the tillering stage and the jointing stage respectively;
managing weeds and plant diseases and insect pests: from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, mainly for preventing and controlling field broad-leaved weeds, 25.5g/hm of 75 percent tribenuron-methyl is used2Adding 30kg of water for spray control; in the stage from booting to grain filling, aphids are mainly controlled, and when the number of the aphids in a hundred plants reaches more than 500, 2000-3000 times of 50% phoxim is sprayed for control.
In the step (2), the field management during the planting of the silage corn is as follows:
water and fertilizer: timely watering first water when the soil moisture content is insufficient after sowing, wherein the irrigation quantity is 600-700 m/hm2(ii) a Timely irrigation for 600-700 m/hm in case of severe drought at large trumpet-shaped period2。
Managing weeds and plant diseases and insect pests: after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, uniformly spraying acetochlor, propisochlor, atrazine or a compound herbicide on the ground for closed weeding; after the corn seedlings emerge, uniformly spraying nicosulfuron on the inter-row ground for weeding; core drilling pests are mainly prevented in the large trumpet mouth period, and the core is irrigated by mixing phoxim with soil; and the bactericide and the insecticide are mixed and sprayed in the middle and later periods of the corn to prevent bacterial wilt and corn borer diseases and insect pests in the middle and later periods of the corn.
In the step (3), after the corn is harvested, ploughing and preparing the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is more than 20cm, and 300 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate is applied along with the soil preparation260kg/hm of diammonium phosphate can be applied during the growth period of the vetch2Irrigating once in the branch stage.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the main beneficial technical effects that:
1. the forage high-yield crop rotation method breaks through the traditional wheat-corn one-year-two-cropping planting mode of Huang-Huai-Hai region for years, has high multiple cropping index, can obviously improve the yield of the forage corn, and has obvious economic benefit.
2. The invention discloses a forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai regions, which is a high-yield nutrient production mode, can improve the land output in unit area and obtain higher biomass yield, is an important support for the development of modern animal husbandry, is also an important means for adjusting and optimizing a grain-feed agricultural structure, and accords with the development trend of high yield, low energy consumption and fertilizer and pesticide reduction in modern agricultural production.
3. According to the invention, gramineae-leguminous crop rotation is adopted, the biomass yield per unit area is improved, meanwhile, the planting and breeding combination is carried out by utilizing the characteristics of the forage grass crops, the effect of obviously improving the soil structure is achieved, and especially, the vetch is used as a green manure, so that the soil fertility can be obviously improved, the organic matter content of the soil is increased, the using amount of the fertilizer is reduced, and the cultivated land is protected.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given to illustrate specific embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way.
The tools and equipment referred to in the following examples are conventional tools and equipment unless otherwise specified; the test materials are all conventional products on the market if not specifically indicated; the test methods involved are conventional methods unless otherwise specified.
Example one
The high-yield rotation method of forage grass in Huang-Huai-Hai areas comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing soil before sowing oat, ploughing to a depth of more than 20cm, finely harrowing, properly compacting and preserving soil moisture, and applying 33000 kg/hm of organic fertilizer along with soil preparation2Calcium superphosphate of 650 kg/hm2Potassium oxide 37.5 kg/hm2Sowing oat in 20 days in 3 months, wherein the oat variety is loving, and the sowing amount is 12 kg/667m2The row spacing is 20cm, water and fertilizer management and disease, insect and weed prevention and control are carried out on the sown oat, and the oat is harvested in a wax ripeness stage and subjected to ensiling or sun drying to obtain hay at the beginning of 6 months;
(2) after the oat is harvested, the corn (the Jingke silage 932) is sown in a row sowing mode, the row spacing is 60cm, the plant spacing is 25cm, and 4440 plants/667 m are sown2Harvesting the silage corns in a wax ripeness stage in 9 months and performing whole-plant silage;
silage corn field management
Water and fertilizer: irrigating according to the soil moisture content after sowing, and watering the first water in time when the soil moisture content is insufficient, wherein the irrigation quantity is 600-700 m3/hm2(ii) a In severe drought in summer with large horn mouth, timely irrigation is needed, and the irrigation quantity is 600-700 m3/hm2。
Managing weeds and plant diseases and insect pests: after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, uniformly spraying acetochlor, propisochlor, atrazine or compound herbicide and the like on the ground for closed weeding; after the corn seedlings emerge, uniformly spraying nicosulfuron on the inter-row ground for weeding; core-drilling pests such as corn borers and the like are mainly prevented in the large-horn mouth period, and the core is irrigated for prevention and control by mixing soil with phoxim; the bactericide and the insecticide are mixed and sprayed to prevent diseases and insect pests such as bacterial wilt, corn borer and the like in the middle and later stages of corn; no drug is applied for preventing and treating within 15 days before harvest.
(3) Ploughing and preparing soil after harvesting the silage corns, wherein the ploughing depth is more than 20cm, and 300 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate is applied along with the soil preparation2Sowing the vetch in the last ten days of 10 months, wherein the sowing row spacing of the vetch is 20cm, and the sowing quantity is 1 kg/667m260kg/hm of diammonium phosphate is applied in seedling stage2The branch stage can be irrigated once; the hairy vetch enters the flowering phase to be harvested and dried grass in the late 4 months of the next year.
Field test 1 this test performed comparative studies on different crop yields:
the field test is carried out in the scientific education park of the university of Henan agriculture in Yuanyang county, New county, the main steps are as follows (other unrecited matters are the same as the example 1):
sowing vetch in 2017, 10 months and 5 days (row spacing is 20cm, sowing quantity is 1 kg/667 m)2) All crops safely overwinter after autumn sowing; the vetch enters the flowering period in late 3 months in 2018, and the harvest is carried out in 26 months in 3 months in 2018, and the biological indexes are shown in Table 1.
After harvestingFinely preparing land, sowing oat (variety is Sunshen) in 2018, 4 months and 2 days, row spacing is 20cm, watering once before sowing, sowing quantity is 180 kg.hm-2The sowing depth is 3-4 cm, and no fertilizer and water are applied during the test period; and 6, 7 months and 6 days, after the oat reaches the milk stage and is harvested, preparing hay.
And (2) sowing silage corns (a variety is the Beijing family silage 932) in 10 days in 6 months, harvesting the silage corns in a wax ripeness stage, and harvesting the silage corns in 3 days 9 months in 2018, wherein biological indexes are shown in Table 1.
Preparing soil after harvesting, sowing the crop vetch in 2018, 9 and 23 days (the row spacing is 20cm, the sowing quantity is 15 kg/hm)2) After being cut and crushed by a rotary cultivator in 2019, 3, 20 months, the green manure is buried in soil by deep turning.
Index investigation and measurement:
plant height: selecting 10 cells in the field, randomly selecting 20 plants in an area which is 30cm away from the boundary in each cell, measuring the natural height of each cell by using a measuring tape in a natural state, and calculating an average value. The plant height determines the high yield to a certain extent, and the high yield is one of the most important feeding values of the pasture.
Fresh grass yield and hay yield: selecting 10 cells in the field, and randomly selecting 1m in each cell2The marginal effect is avoided during sampling, crops in the sample are cut, the stubble height is 5cm, the field is weighed to be fresh at once, and the quantity per hectare is converted. Air-drying the weighed fresh grass under natural conditions, weighing the grass, calculating the fresh-dry ratio, and converting the fresh-dry ratio into the yield (t.hm) of the hay per hectare-2）。
Water content of fresh grass: after the method is cut, a certain amount of fresh grass is randomly grabbed by each cell and cut into small sections of 2cm, the weight before and after drying is measured by a microwave oven method, and the water content is calculated.
TABLE 1 comparison of biological indicators for different autumn sowing crops
Test of control group in field
Wheat-corn one-year-two-cropping system is planted in the planting area 2The method is carried out in the scientific education park of Henan agriculture university in Yuanyang county of Yuanyang city in 017 years to 2018 year and 9 month in 2017 year, the first crop wheat and the wheat (the variety is Hebo, the row spacing is 20cm, the seeding amount is 12 kg/667 m)2) Wheat in late 5 months in 2018 enters a waxy stage, and is harvested in 5 months and 21 days in 2018.
And (3) sowing a second crop of silage corns in 28 days 5 and 8 years 2018, wherein the silage corn is a Jingke silage 932, the second crop of silage corns is harvested in a waxy ripening stage, and the second crop of silage corns is harvested in 3 days 9 and 8 years 2018.
The index investigation and measurement mode is the same as that of field test 1, and the biological investigation index at each period is shown in table 2.
TABLE 2 comparison of biological indicators of different crops
Through comparison of the table 1 and the table 2, the hay of 36.67 t/hm can be obtained by three forage grass rotation modes of the invention2And the cumulative annual yield of the wheat and corn double cropping crops is 27.01t, so that the forage grass rotation mode can obtain more biomass yield obviously. If vetch is used as green manure, the yield of only oat and silage corn is 28.59t/hm, not counting the yield2Still, the yield is 6% higher than that of the wheat and corn double cropping crops.
Forage grass benefit estimation
The forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region provided by the invention and the forage grass benefits of the traditional wheat-corn one-year two-cropping planting method are estimated, and the specific results are shown in tables 3-4.
TABLE 3 statistics of the project of the planting expenditure of different forage grass crops
TABLE 4 income statement for different forage grass crops and different planting modes
As can be seen from tables 3 and 4, the high-yield rotation method for the forage grass in Huang-Huai-Hai region provided by the invention has the benefit of 486 yuan/667 m2The benefit of the traditional wheat-corn one-year two-cropping planting method is 15.5 yuan/667 m2By adopting the forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai areas provided by the invention, the economic benefit is obviously increased, and the method is a planting mode with high multiple cropping index and good economic benefit and is worthy of advocation.
The present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, but it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in the specific parameters of the embodiments may be made without departing from the technical idea of the present invention, and a plurality of specific embodiments are formed, which are common variation ranges of the present invention, and will not be described in detail herein.
Claims (3)
1. A forage grass high-yield rotation method in Huang-Huai-Hai region comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing soil before oat seeding, wherein the plowing depth is more than or equal to 20cm, finely harrowing, leveling, properly compacting and preserving soil moisture, and applying 30000-35000 kg/hm of organic fertilizer along with the soil preparation2550-750 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate235-40 kg/hm of potassium oxide2(ii) a Sowing the oats from 3 late ten days to 4 early ten days of the month, wherein the sowing amount is 10-20 kg/667m2The row spacing is 15-20 cm, the soil covering depth is 3-5 cm, and the oat is harvested in the wax ripeness stage of the oat in the last 6 months of the year and is subjected to ensiling or/and sun-curing to obtain hay; the oat variety is loving or/and Apollo;
the field management measures during oat planting are as follows:
weed control: spraying herbicide when second stem node of oat appears, and using 900 ml/hm of 72% 2,4-D butyl ester emulsifiable solution2Or 75% of giant star dry suspending agent 15-30 g/hm2Spraying;
water and fertilizer: after sowing, additionally applying 150-250 kg/hm of urea before irrigation or rainfall in tillering or jointing stage2(ii) a Watering once in the tillering stage and the jointing stage respectively;
weed and pest management: from the seedling stage to the jointing stage, 25.5g/hm of 75 percent tribenuron-methyl is used2Adding water and spraying to prevent and control field broadleaf weeds; when the amount of the aphids in one hundred plants is more than or equal to 500 heads from the booting stage to the grouting stage, spraying 2000-3000 times of liquid of 50% phoxim to prevent and control the aphids;
(2) after the oat is harvested, corn is sown in a no-tillage stubble-attached mode, the row spacing is 50-70 cm, the plant spacing is 20-30 cm, and the density is 4000-5000 plants/667 m2Harvesting in the wax ripeness stage of corn in 9 months and ensiling the whole corn;
the field management during corn planting was as follows:
water and fertilizer: watering first water in time when the soil moisture content is insufficient after sowing, wherein the irrigation quantity is 600-700 m3/hm2(ii) a 600-700 m of irrigation is carried out in case of severe drought in large-horn mouth period3/hm2；
Managing weeds and plant diseases and insect pests: after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, uniformly spraying acetochlor, propisochlor, atrazine or/and a compound herbicide on the ground for closed weeding; after the corn seedlings emerge, uniformly spraying nicosulfuron on the inter-row ground for weeding; in the large horn mouth period, phoxim is mixed with soil and grouted to prevent and control core-drilling pests; in the middle and later periods of the corn, the bactericide and the insecticide are mixed and sprayed to prevent bacterial wilt and corn borer diseases and insect pests in the middle and later periods of the corn;
(3) after the corn is harvested, ploughing and preparing the soil, wherein the ploughing depth is more than 20cm, and 300 kg/hm of calcium superphosphate is applied along with the soil preparation2Sowing the vetch in the last ten days of 10 months, wherein the sowing row spacing of the vetch is 10-30 cm, and the sowing quantity is 3-4 kg/667m2Additionally applying 60kg/hm of diammonium phosphate in seedling stage of vetch2The branch period is irrigated once, the vetch is harvested before the bottom of 3 months in the next year and then is dried to produce hay, or the vetch is used as green manure and turned into soil along with the soil preparation in the last ten days of 3 months, or the vetch is harvested in one year and then is dried to produce hay, and the vetch is used as green manure in the next year, so that the effects of improving the soil condition and reducing the application amount of chemical fertilizers are achieved alternately;
(4) and (4) repeating the steps (1) to (3) to carry out the next crop rotation planting.
2. The high-yield rotation method for the forage grass in the Huang-Huai-Hai area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the oats are sown and dressed with carbendazim accounting for 0.2 percent of the weight of the seeds so as to prevent and control the head smut and/or rust of the oats.
3. The high-yield rotation method for forage grass in Huang-Huai-Hai area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the corn variety is Jingke silage 932.
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| CN114097552A (en) * | 2021-12-14 | 2022-03-01 | 沧州市农林科学院 | Oat-green manure planting method combining three crops in one year with fertilizer feeding |
| CN114651682A (en) * | 2022-02-24 | 2022-06-24 | 河南农业大学 | Planting mode of 'winter oat grass and summer corn' in Huang-Huai-Hai region |
| CN114631467A (en) * | 2022-03-14 | 2022-06-17 | 内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 | Mixed sowing planting method for oat and hairy vetch |
| CN114698510A (en) * | 2022-03-15 | 2022-07-05 | 江西省农业技术推广中心 | Forage grass crop rotation production method with high multiple cropping index |
| NL2034717B1 (en) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-03-01 | Institute Of Grassland Res Of Caas | High-yield cultivation method for oat forage |
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