CN111602567A

CN111602567A - Compound grass planting management method for fallen leaf orchard

Info

Publication number: CN111602567A
Application number: CN202010465171.7A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 孙瑞红; 姜莉莉; 宫庆涛; 武海斌; 王凤娥
Original assignee: Shandong Institute of Pomology
Current assignee: Shandong Institute of Pomology
Priority date: 2020-05-28
Filing date: 2020-05-28
Publication date: 2020-09-01

Abstract

The invention provides a composite grass planting management method for a fallen leaf orchard, which comprises the following steps: sowing seeds of herba Pileae Scriptae, herba Trifolii Pratentis and herba Taraxaci in fruit tree row; the orychophragmus violaceus seeds are dibbled among the fruit trees. The planting method adopted by the invention improves the ecological environment, promotes the growth and fruit setting of fruit trees, biologically prevents and controls diseases, pests and weeds, is simple to operate, improves the fruit setting rate, has obvious effects of preventing and controlling pests and weeds, obviously reduces labor, medicine and fertilizer, saves cost, improves efficiency, and is widely suitable for popularization and use in various orchards.

Description

Compound grass planting management method for fallen leaf orchard

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of fruit tree ecological planting, and relates to a method for controlling the growth of harmful weeds, inducing pollination insects and natural enemy insects, improving soil quality and improving orchard biological communities by carrying out compound planting on 4 plants including long soft wild peas, white clover, dandelion and orychophia violaceus.

Background

With the development of the modern fruit tree industry, the large-scale, standardized, mechanized and ecological production of apple, pear, peach, cherry, jujube, walnut and other fruit trees is becoming the leading trend. The inter-row grass in the orchard can keep water and soil, relieve ground temperature, improve soil aggregate structure, improve organic matters, increase beneficial organisms and reduce the dosage of pesticides and fertilizers, so that the inter-row grass is popular among fruit growers. At present, the grass growing modes at home and abroad mainly comprise 2 types, namely natural grass and single grass, which have certain advantages and disadvantages. The nature grass has various varieties, has entwining property and high and large deep-rooted weeds which influence the growth of fruit trees, such as humulus scandens, morning glory, erigeron breviscapus, arundina spinosa, mud caraway, quinoa and the like, strives for fertilizer water and sunlight with the fruit trees, and needs to be killed periodically; in addition, amaranth, purslane and the like which are parasitized by omnivorous pests such as cotton bollworms, beet armyworms and the like are also arranged, so that new risks are caused to various fruit trees. The single grass is not beneficial to biological diversity, the capability of fertilizing soil and increasing beneficial organisms is weak, even the grass such as the long soft wild pea and the common fescue is withered in spring and summer, the weeds in summer and autumn cannot be controlled, and only part of the labor for mowing can be reduced. Therefore, a new compound grass planting method needs to be explored, so that honey food can be provided for the probiotic insects by continuously replacing blossoms without damaging fruit trees, the ground is covered to inhibit the growth of weeds, the soil is fertilized to preserve moisture, the ecological environment of the whole orchard is improved, and the effects of disaster resistance, disaster reduction and cost saving are facilitated.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems of short control period and incomplete control of natural grass and single grass, the invention provides a composite grass planting method for a deciduous fruit tree garden, which can control weeds, increase soil fertility, control harmful organisms and solve the problems of natural disasters and biological disasters in fruit tree production.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme.

A planting management method for compound grass in a fallen leaf orchard comprises the following steps:

(1) preparation before sowing: before sowing, cleaning weeds among rows of fruit trees, ploughing soil, leveling the ground and keeping soil moisture content good;

(2) sowing time and method: mixing herba Pileae Scriptae (radix Pisi Sativi)Vicia villosaRoth), white carAxis grass (Trifolium repensL., dandelion (herba Taraxaci)Taraxacum mongolicumHand. -Mazz.) to a mixed grass seed, sowing row by row; zhuge vegetable (Zhuge vegetable)Orychophragmus violaceus) Sowing seeds between two fruit trees;

(3) and (3) management after sowing: when the weed plants are higher than the long soft wild peas and before weed seeds are mature, cutting flowers and fruits at the tops of the weeds; when the long soft wild pea blooms, the orychophragmus violaceus plants are cut off and placed in the original place; the long and soft wild peas, white clover and dandelion are not mown and not ploughed after the seeds are grown.

In the step (2), sowing is carried out when the average temperature is about 20 ℃ in autumn;

in the step (2), the weight ratio of the long soft wild peas, the white clover and the dandelion seeds in the mixed grass seeds is 1:1: 0.5.

In the step (2), the sowing method of the mixed grass seeds comprises the following steps: performing drill seeding between fruit tree rows at row spacing of 20-30 cm, seeding amount of 22.5-30 kg/ha, seeding depth of 1-2cm, and covering a layer of thin soil of 0.3-0.5cm after seeding.

In the step (2), the sowing method of the orychophragmus violaceus comprises the following steps: 1 hole is dibbled between two adjacent fruit trees, each hole has 10-20 seeds, the sowing depth is about 2 cm.

Optionally, in the step (2), grass seeds are mixed to replace drill sowing; specifically, the mixed grass seeds are mixed with sterilized fine sand of 40-80 meshes according to the mass ratio of 1:8-10, and then broadcast.

Preferably, in the step (2), the mixed grass seeds are dressed with rhizobia.

Preferably, the step (3) comprises irrigation and fertilization operations: after sowing, before emergence of seedlings, soil is kept moist, and irrigation is performed selectively according to soil moisture; watering for 1-2 times after seedling emergence, and spraying phosphate fertilizer for 1 time; after overwintering, the fruit trees are irrigated for 1-2 times in combination with fruit tree irrigation. The phosphate fertilizer is preferably monopotassium phosphate, and the dosage is 150 kg/ha. More preferably, in step (3), the water flush fertilizer is applied after emergence of seedlings with watering.

The orchard is preferably an apple orchard, a pear orchard, a peach orchard, a cherry orchard, an apricot tree orchard, a walnut orchard, a Chinese chestnut orchard and a jujube orchard.

The pollinating insects are bees, osmia and bumblebees.

The pests are various pests, mites and weeds.

The pests are preferably selected from insects of Aphidae, Tetranychidae, Carposiidae, and Tolydidae; more preferably, the compound feed is selected from the group consisting of spiraea ulmaria, myzus persicae, pirimiphos piri, tetranychus crataegi, Panonychus ulmi, Grapholitha molesta, Spodoptera frugiperda, Cyperda punctifera, and Spodoptera littoralis.

The weeds include annual or perennial grassy weeds and annual or perennial broadleaf weeds, preferably selected from artemisia graminifolia, shepherdspurse herb, thalictrum, quinoa, echinacea, erigeron, mud weeds, amaranth, scandent hop, morning glory, barnyard grass, crab grass, green bristlegrass and ixeris sonchifolia.

The interaction of the invention:

after 4 plants are planted in a composite mode, the field blossoming is kept from 3 months to 10 months, wherein the flowering time of the orychophragmus violaceus is earlier than that of a fruit tree, pollinating insects can be attracted by flowers in advance, and the fruit tree can be pollinated in time when the fruit tree blossoms. Then the dandelion and the long soft wild pea blossom out to attract various insect natural enemies such as aphid fly, ladybug and parasitic wasp to enter the orchard to control pests such as aphid, leaf mite, leaf roller moth and pod borer. After the flowering period of the orychophragmus violaceus and the garden pea with long soft hair is finished, the white clover flowers instead, and continuously flowers together with the dandelion for 10 months, so that honey source food and habitat are provided for the probiotic insects for a long time. The roots of the long soft wild peas and the white clover can fix nitrogen, and the long soft wild peas and the white clover are excellent green manure plants, and the plants can be quickly rotted and converted into organic fertilizers after the seeds are mature in summer, so that the soil fertility is improved; meanwhile, the long soft wild pea stalks crawl to grow, the coverage area of a single plant can be as high as 1 plain meter, the long soft wild pea stalks and the clover jointly act, the strong ground closing effect is achieved, and the emergence and the growth of weeds in an orchard can be prevented; compared with the orchard organism with single grass, the species and the quantity of the organisms in the soil after the compound planting are obviously improved, the population quantity of pathogenic bacteria in the soil is obviously reduced, and the quantity of probiotics is obviously increased; the probiotics can effectively antagonize pathogenic bacteria, facilitate biomass conversion and energy circulation, and prevent or suppress the population quantity of soil-inhabiting pests (peach fruit borers, walnut kernel moths, grubs and the like).

The invention has the following advantages:

the composite grass-growing method adopted by the invention has no allelopathy inhibition effect among several plants and fruit trees, can improve the ecological environment, promote the growth of the fruit trees and fruit setting, biologically prevent and control diseases, pests and weeds by adopting a composite planting mode, has simple operation, obvious effects of improving the pollination and fruit setting rate and preventing and controlling pests and weeds, obviously reduces labor, medicine and fertilizer consumption, saves cost and improves efficiency, and is widely suitable for popularization and use in various orchards.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a picture of single planted long soft hair vetch (a), white clover (b) and composite grass (c and d) in orchard row.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples and drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Example 1 ecological impact of composite grasses on apple orchard

The test is carried out in a short stock close planting apple orchard of Yanggu county, apple Anje fruit agricultural science and technology Limited company in Yanggu county, Yanggu, county, Shandong province, the soil is sandy loam, the pH is 7.9, the apple to be tested is a Luli apple which grows for 3 years, the plant spacing is 1m × 4m, 3 grass planting treatments of singly planting long soft wild pea, singly planting white clover and mixed planting grass (3 mixed long soft wild pea, white clover and dandelion) are additionally arranged, and the area of each plot is 1200m²Repeat 4 times, and plant 10 acres of land for each treatment. And (5) performing drill seeding by using a seeding machine in late 9 months of 2018, wherein the seeding amount is 22.5kg per hectare, and the soil moisture content is good during seeding. Meanwhile, dibbling orychophragmus violaceus in a hole between two fruit trees in a fruit tree row of the mixed grass planting area, dibbling seeds of 20 seeds in each hole, and irrigating and fertilizing by combining drip irrigation to form composite grass planting treatment. Ecological conditions of each treatment are consistent with field management measures of the apples, and watering and fertilization are not carried out between rows after planting. After overwintering, when the plants of weeds such as artemisia corniculata, mustard, goosegrass and the like are higher than the plants of the garden peas with soft hair and before the seeds of the weeds are mature, cutting flowers and fruits at the tops of the weeds; when long and softCutting off the orychophragmus violaceus plants and placing the orychophragmus violaceus plants in the original place after the wild peas bloom; the long and soft wild peas, white clover and dandelion are not mown and not ploughed after the seeds are grown.

1. Weed control

The weed investigation time is 12 days in 4 months and 15 days in 7 months in 2019, and the weed growth vigorous period in spring and summer is positive. Randomly sampling 1m in each cell²And investigating the number of weed plants therein, and calculating the plant control effect according to the following formula (1):

（1）

TABLE 1 control Effect of different grass treatments in orchards on weeds in spring

As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the single grass and the composite grass in the rows of the apple trees can inhibit the growth of other weeds, wherein the grass control effect is that the composite grass is more than long soft wild pea and more than white clover in sequence, and the reason is that the clover grows slowly in the first year after being planted, the plants are short and have no tillers, so the ground covering capability is poor; in the middle ten days of 4 months, the branches and tendrils of the long and soft wild pea are grown by 10-20cm and are in the initial flowering stage, and the branches and tendrils can cover the ground, so that the growth of other weeds is inhibited; in the composite grass growing area, the planted long and soft wild peas, white clover and dandelion all grow vigorously, the dandelion is in the flowering and seed setting stage, the three grass plants grow together in a mixed mode, the height of the three grass plants is orderly, gaps are arranged in a mutually alternating mode, the whole ground is covered by the three grass plants in a diffused mode (shown in a figure 1), the growth space can be occupied as early as possible, and the space and illumination competitiveness can be strong for growth of other weeds. Therefore, the weed prevention and control effect of the single-planting grass is not as good as that of the directional composite grass.

2. Effect on pollinating insects and apple fruit set percentage

In the early flowering period of apples of 12 days 4 months and 4 months in 2019, randomly marking 9 trees in each treatment area, and investigating the number of flowers of the whole marked trees. After fruit setting for 5 months and 8 days, the number of all young fruits on the marked fruit trees is investigated, and the fruit setting rate is calculated according to the formula (2). In the full-bloom stage of 14 days in 4 months, 10 nets are respectively swept on trees in each treatment area at 11 am by a net sweeping method, and the types and the number of pollinating insects in different treatment areas are investigated.

（2）

TABLE 2 Effect of different grass treatments in apple orchard on fruit set percentage

The results in table 2 show that after the grass is planted among the rows of the apples, the pollination and fruit setting of the flowers of the apples can be improved, but the fruit setting rate of the area where the long soft wild peas and the white clover are planted singly is only slightly improved, the difference of the fruit setting rate with the fruit setting rate of the natural grass growing area is not obvious, and the fruit setting rate of the directional composite grass growing area is obviously improved. The reason is that the initial flowering stages of the long and soft wild peas and the white clover are respectively in the middle ten days of 4 months and the last ten days of 5 months, and the apples flower later, so that the pollination insects cannot be attracted, and only the apple flowers attract the pollination insects, and the fruit setting rate is low. After the orychophragmus violaceus and dandelion are added into the compound grass growing area, the full-bloom periods of 2 plants in a test orchard are all at the bottom of 3 months, the full-bloom periods are two weeks earlier than that of apples, the colors of the 2 flowers are respectively bright purple and yellow which are liked by bee insects, the orychophragmus violaceus also has the faint scent of rape flowers, and the orychophragmus violaceus can attract pollinating insects to take nectar. When the apple reaches the full-bloom stage, 2 plants enter the end-bloom stage, and pollination insects naturally transfer to apple flowers to eat, so that the pollination effect of the apple is just achieved, and the fruit setting rate is improved.

By investigating the variety and the number of pollinating insects in the full-bloom stage of the apple, the variety and the number of pollinating insects in the compound grass growing area are further proved to be remarkably higher than those in a single grass growing area and a natural grass growing area (table 3), and particularly the number of two insects, namely the compound grass growing squash bee and the bumble bee, is remarkably increased.

TABLE 3 Effect of different grass treatments in apple orchard on pollinating insects

According to the investigation data, the 4 grasses are planted in the apple orchard in a compounding manner, so that the fruit setting rate of the apples can be effectively improved, and the population density of harmful weeds can be reduced.

Example 2 Effect of Compound grass on insects which are natural enemies of apple orchard

The test is carried out in an apple orchard in a suburb in Taian, the area of the orchard is 12 mu, the apple variety is 3 tobacco, the apple is cultivated in plain, the water and fertilizer are normally managed, no pesticide is sprayed, and other prevention and control methods are not used. 2018, planting in spring, planting grass in autumn, treating in the same way as example 1, planting 4 rows of grass in each treatment, and using natural grass as blank control. In 2019, in different months, randomly selecting 3 points in the middle row of each treatment area, selecting 2 trees at each point, surveying and recording the types and the number of all arthropods on the whole trees, and inspecting the change rule of apple pests and natural enemies. The results were combined and statistically analyzed, and the insect population is shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Effect of different grass treatments in apple orchard on the population of major pests and natural enemies

Because the pests belong to young trees and are leaf pests, the main pests are spiraea ulmaria, hawthorn leaf mites, diamond back moths, leaf rollers and yellow moths; the main natural enemies are ladybug, green lacewing, aphid fly, Amara thistle, parasitic wasp, orius minutus, mantis, spider, etc. The data in Table 4 show that the number of insects in 5 months is the prime stage of aphids, and the number of insects in 6 months is the prime stage of tetranychid mites, so that the number of insects in 5 months and 6 months is large, but the number of natural enemy insects such as ladybug, aphid-eating fly, green lacewing, Tanipons and aphidiidae is also large. However, the change of the number of pests and natural enemies on trees is directly influenced by the change and difference of the coverage of ground plants and the number of flowers between different treatments, the number of pests in all grass growing areas is less than that in a natural grass growing area, the number of pests in the area of oriented composite grass growing is obviously less than that in a single grass growing area, the number of natural enemies is obviously higher than that in other treatment areas, the benefit-to-pest ratio reaches 0.110, and the benefit-to-pest ratio of other three treatment areas in the area is obviously higher. Further proves that the composite grass keeps flowers in the whole growth period of the fruit trees, and is beneficial to enriching natural enemies of pests, so that the natural enemies can naturally control the pests, and the control cannot cause disasters and harm. Although the benefit-pest ratio of a single grass is increased, because the flowering phase is short and the overlapping performance with the pest emergence phase is poor, an ideal pest control effect cannot be achieved, and the pest density can be controlled only by auxiliary spraying of chemical pesticides or releasing and supplementing of natural enemies, so that the fruit trees are not damaged.

Example 3 ecological impact of composite grass on other orchard

In 2019, 28 days in 9 months and 3 days in 10 months, grass planting tests are respectively carried out under walnut trees in the high-tech and rural walnut gardens in the Feicheng Heyou peach gardens in Taian city, and the tests are carried out by planting 3 treatments of long soft wild peas, white clover, compound grass (planting long soft wild peas, white clover, dandelion and orychophragmus violaceus) and artificial weeding. Wherein the peach orchard is 60 mu, the treatment mode is the same as example 1, the difference is that the seeding rate of the long soft wild peas, the white clover and the dandelion is 30 kg/ha, the sowing is carried out in a drilling mode, after the emergence of seedlings, watering is carried out for 1 time, and 15 mu is planted in each treatment. The walnut orchard belongs to a hilly orchard, the treatment mode is the same as that of example 1, the difference is that the seeding quantity of the long soft wild peas, the white clover and the dandelion is 27 kg/ha, 2500mL of rhizobium liquid (2 hundred million/mL) is used for seed dressing before planting, the mixed grass seeds and the sterilized fine sand with 40-80 meshes are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:10, then the sowing planting is carried out, and each hole of the orychophragmus violaceus is provided with 10 seeds; watering for 1 time after seedling emergence, and spraying monopotassium phosphate on leaf surfaces for 1 time, wherein the dosage is 150 kg/ha; after overwintering, the fruit trees are irrigated for 1 time in combination with fruit tree irrigation, and each test treatment is about 4 mu.

In 10 days 5 months in 2020, respectively taking 2 trees in 4 directions of east, west, south and north, randomly selecting 2 new shoots in five directions of east, west, south and north of a crown, investigating and recording the number of myzus persicae and the parasitic rate of aphidiidae, and calculating the average number of aphids on each shoot and the parasitic rate; meanwhile, yellow armyworm plates (20 cm. times.25 cm) were inserted under the above-mentioned investigation trees, and after 5 days, the species and the number of natural enemy insects on the plates were investigated, and the test results are shown in Table 5. And 5, 15 days in the period of 5 months, in the eclosion period of overwintering imagoes of the walnut limb moth, utilizing the sex trappers to investigate the number of the moth-trapping devices subjected to different treatments, respectively placing 1 triangular sex pheromone trapper for the walnut limb moth in 4 directions of east, west, south and north of each treatment, hanging the sex pheromone trappers at a height of about 1.5m, keeping the distance between every two trappers at more than 20m, and accumulating and calculating the number of the moth-trapping devices in 10 days, wherein the test results are shown in a table 6.

TABLE 5 the number of natural enemies between myzus persicae and their grasses on trees treated differently

The test results in Table 5 show that the numbers of the natural enemies of the pink aphids can be obviously increased after grass planting, so that the aphids on the trees are caught by the aphidiidae parasitized, the aphid-eating flies and the propylaea japonica, the number of the aphids is suddenly reduced, and the average number of the aphids on each tip is obviously lower than that of the blank control trees. Compared with different grass treatments, the natural enemy quantity and the aphid parasitism rate of a single grass are lower than those of the compound grass treatment, so that the aphid quantity on the tree treated by the compound grass is the lowest. The blank control area has high pest amount because of artificial regular weeding, plant shortage on the ground, low capability of attracting natural enemies, natural small number of natural enemies and incapability of controlling aphids on trees by natural enemies.

TABLE 6 influence of different grass treatments on walnut lifting moths

The investigation result in table 6 shows that after increasing natural enemies and probiotics of the orchard, the grass seeds have parasitic or predatory effects on walnut leaf worms overwintering in soil, the field emergence adult quantity is obviously reduced, the insect attracting quantity of the single planted long soft-haired wild pea, the white clover and the composite grass seeds is respectively reduced by 34.31%, 27.01% and 48.91% compared with the control quantity, and the insect control effect of the composite grass seeds is higher than that of the single planting. The method is favorable for increasing the variety and the quantity of the natural enemy organisms, improving the ecological environment of the walnut garden and increasing the biodiversity after the grass is planted compositely.

Claims

1. A planting management method for compound grass in a fallen leaf orchard is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(2) sowing time and method: mixing seeds of herba Pileae Scriptae, herba Trifolii Pratentis and herba Taraxaci to obtain mixed grass seeds, and sowing in rows; sowing Orychophragmus violaceus seeds between two fruit trees;

2. The planting management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the seeds are sown when the average temperature in autumn is about 20 ℃.

3. The planting management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the weight ratio of the long soft vetch seeds, the white clover seeds and the dandelion seeds in the mixed grass seeds is 1:1: 0.5.

4. The planting management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the sowing method of the mixed grass seeds comprises the following steps: drilling between fruit tree lines at a line spacing of 20-30 cm, wherein the seeding amount is 22.5-30 kg/ha, the seeding depth is 1-2cm, and a layer of thin soil with the thickness of 0.3-0.5cm is covered after seeding; the sowing method of the orychophragmus violaceus comprises the following steps: 1 hole is dibbled between two adjacent fruit trees, each hole has 10-20 seeds, the sowing depth is about 2 cm.

5. The planting management method according to claim 4, wherein in the step (2), grass seeds are mixed to be broadcast instead of drill seeding;

the broadcast sowing comprises the following steps: and mixing the mixed grass seeds with sterilized fine sand of 40-80 meshes according to the mass ratio of 1:8-10, and then sowing.

6. The planting management method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the mixed grass seeds are dressed with rhizobia.

7. The planting management method of claim 1, wherein the step (3) further comprises irrigation and fertilization operations: after sowing, before emergence of seedlings, soil is kept moist, and irrigation is performed selectively according to soil moisture; watering for 1-2 times after seedling emergence, and spraying phosphate fertilizer for 1 time; after overwintering, irrigating for 1-2 times in combination with fruit tree irrigation; the phosphate fertilizer is preferably monopotassium phosphate, and the dosage is 150 kg/ha.

8. The planting management method according to claim 1, wherein the orchard is an apple orchard, a pear orchard, a peach orchard, a cherry orchard, an apricot orchard, a walnut orchard, a chestnut orchard, a date orchard; the pollinating insects are bees, osmia and bumblebees; the pests are pests, mites and weeds.

9. The planting management method of claim 1, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of aphididae, tetranychidae, mothidae, tortricidae; more preferably, the aphid is selected from the group consisting of Aphis citricola, Myzus persicae, Myzus piricola, Myzus persicae, Panonychus ulmi, Pseudocardia persicae, Pseudocardia pyricularis, Spodoptera walskii, Ostrinia punctifera, and Spodoptera frugiperda.

10. The planting management method of claim 1, wherein the weeds comprise annual or perennial grasses and annual or perennial broadleaf weeds; preferably selected from the group consisting of Artemisia agrimonia, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Thymus thalictrifolia, Chenopodium album, Petasites hybridus, Amaranthus mangostanus, Humulus scandens, Pharbitidis, Echinochloa crusgalli, crab grass, Setaria viridis and Ixeris sonchifolia.