CN111557276B - Earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on oil-rice system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system, and relates to the technical field of ecological planting and breeding. According to the invention, the width and the height of the ridge are correspondingly increased according to the area of the field, and the ridge coefficient is controlled to be within 2 percent, so that a sufficient refuge space is provided for earthworms, and the safe transition of the earthworms is ensured; the design of the ridge not only increases the size of the ridge and provides a larger living space for the earthworm refuge, but also effectively relieves the damage of the harvester and the tillage implement to the ridge, and is beneficial to the irrigation of rice seasons and the water retention in the field. The method also comprises no-tillage rape seeding, so that the construction of a large earthworm population in the field can be promoted, the soil structure can be improved, the release of crop straw nutrients can be accelerated, the storage capacity of the soil nutrients can be increased, the growth of rape and rice can be promoted, the yield of the rice field can be improved, and a solid foundation can be provided for the continuous high yield and high yield of crops.

Description

Earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on oil-rice system

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological planting and breeding, and particularly relates to an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system.

Background

Earthworms are called as 'ecosystem engineers', and provide important service functions in crop sustainable production by improving soil structure, accelerating the nutrient circulation of straws and fallen leaves and increasing the diversity of soil microorganisms through biological disturbance processes such as feeding, digging, hole making, excrement discharging and the like. Meanwhile, the protein content of the earthworms can reach 60 percent, the earthworms are rich in essential amino acid, the earthworms are high-quality aquatic animal baits, and the market gap is huge, so that the increase of the earthworm yield has important practical significance for realizing the increase of income of growers. In the oil-rice paddy-upland rotation system, the rape is irrigated and planted with rice after being harvested, the earthworms are forced to escape from a flooded environment, the ridge becomes the only place for the earthworms to refuge, the size of the ridge determines the capacity of the ridge for containing the earthworms to refuge, and the increase of the size of the ridge can provide sufficient refuge space for the earthworms, so that the earthworm population can be ensured to be sustainable in the next rotation period, and a foundation is provided for realizing the high yield of the earthworms in the field.

Originally, ridge sizes in the oil-rice system were designed based solely on field ownership partitioning, farmer work passage and field retention. In recent years, under the background of shortage of labor and rising of labor cost, the rape no-tillage direct seeding technology has been rapidly developed with the great advantage that labor investment is greatly reduced. Earthworms like to live in soil with low soil disturbance degree, soil disturbance hardly exists under no-tillage conditions, and organic materials such as straws and fallen leaves on the surface layer of the soil can provide sufficient food for the earthworms, so that the yield of the earthworms is remarkably increased, which is generally accepted by scholars at home and abroad. Meanwhile, the management of the farmers on the ridges in production is gradually neglected, and the sizes of the ridges are reduced year by year under the perennial effects of rolling by harvesters and tillage machines, treading and rainwater washing by the farmers, which is not beneficial to earthworm refuge and limits the development potential of the earthworm population in the field under the no-tillage condition in the next crop rotation period.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the invention aims to provide an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system, so that high yield of earthworms is realized, additional economic income of the oil-rice system is obviously increased, and the bottleneck problem of low benefit of rice field planting industry is effectively solved.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

the invention provides an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system, which comprises the following steps: (1) after the rape is harvested, a field ridge is designed according to the area of a field block, the width Y of the base of the field ridge is 50+ (S-667) multiplied by 5/667 formula I, the unit of Y is cm,

the height H of the ridge is 20+ (S-667)/667 formula II, and the unit of H is cm;

in the formula I and the formula II, S represents the area of the field block and has the unit of m²；

(2) Irrigating the field to a depth of 5-8 cm, and carrying out rice farming after the earthworms are transferred to the ridge;

(3) completing direct seeding of rice 25 days before 5 months in the solar calendar, cutting off water in the last ten days of 9 months, harvesting the rice 5 days before 10 months, and crushing the straws uniformly and returning the straws to the field;

(4) after harvesting rice, ditching and dividing the rice into compartments, uniformly covering the ditching soil on the compartment surface, and sowing rape on the compartment surface after weed removal;

(5) and (3) crushing straws to cover the surface layer of the soil in the rape harvesting period.

Preferably, the inclination angle of the ridge in the step (1) is 50-75 degrees, and meanwhile, shading crops are planted on the ridge.

Preferably, the shade crop comprises cotton and/or soybeans.

Preferably, the rice varieties directly sowed on the rice in the step (3) comprise rice varieties with high harvest index and plant height of 90-110 cm.

Preferably, the stubble is left for 18-25 cm when the straws in the step (3) are smashed and returned to the field.

Preferably, the step (4) adopts a turtle-back type ditching method to ditch, the width of the ditch is 20-25 cm, the ditching depth gradually increases from the middle of the field block to the ridge direction, the depth of the ditch in the middle of the field block is 13-15 cm, and the depth of the ditch close to the ridge is 18-20 cm.

Preferably, the weed killing in the step (4) comprises the step of killing weeds by using 250-300 mL/mu gramoxone and 30-35 mL/mu clethodim as a closed pesticide.

Preferably, in the step (4), the rape is sown within 8-15 days of 10 months, urea and rape seeds are mixed during sowing and then are subjected to no-tillage direct sowing, the dosage of the urea is 2-3 kg/mu, and the dosage of the rape seeds is 200-250 g/mu; and irrigating horse race water for one time 1-2 days before sowing.

Preferably, after the sowing, weeding and topdressing are further included, and the topdressing comprises the following steps: dressing urea 10 kg/mu after 3-leaf one-heart stage rain, and dressing compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu after 5-leaf one-heart stage rain;

the weeding comprises the step of controlling gramineous weeds by using 30-35 mL/mu of clethodim and 1 package/mu of isopropyl ester pyriftalid in a 4-5-leaf one-heart period.

Preferably, after the sowing, the method also comprises the step of spraying 1000 times of liquid of 40% dimethachlon for preventing and treating sclerotinia rot at the beginning of rape flowering.

The invention provides an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system, which is characterized in that the width and the height of a ridge are correspondingly increased according to the area of a field block, and the ridge coefficient is controlled to be within 2 percent so as to provide sufficient refuge space for earthworms and ensure the safe transition of the earthworms; the design of the ridge not only increases the size of the ridge and provides a larger living space for the earthworm refuge, but also effectively relieves the damage of the harvester and the tillage implement to the ridge, and is beneficial to the irrigation of rice seasons and the water retention in the field. The method also comprises no-tillage direct seeding of rape, so that the construction of a large earthworm population in the field can be promoted, the soil structure can be improved, the release of crop straw nutrients can be accelerated, the storage capacity of soil nutrients can be increased, the growth of rape and rice can be promoted, the mutual promotion of the high earthworm yield and the high crop yield can be realized, the yield of the rice field can be improved, the enthusiasm of farmers for planting rape can be greatly improved, and the method has important significance for promoting the development of resource-saving sustainable rice farming technology.

Detailed Description

The invention provides an earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system, which comprises the following steps: (1) after the rape is harvested, a field ridge is designed according to the area of a field block, the width Y of the base of the field ridge is 50+ (S-667) multiplied by 5/667 formula I, the unit of Y is cm,

the height H of the ridge is 20+ (S-667)/667 formula II, and the unit of H is cm;

in the formula I and the formula II, S represents the area of the field block and has the unit of m²；

(2) Irrigating the field to a depth of 5-8 cm, and carrying out rice farming after the earthworms are transferred to the ridge;

(3) completing direct seeding of rice 25 days before 5 months in the solar calendar, cutting off water in the last ten days of 9 months, harvesting the rice 5 days before 10 months, and crushing the straws uniformly and returning the straws to the field;

(4) after harvesting rice, ditching and dividing the rice into compartments, uniformly covering the ditching soil on the compartment surface, and sowing rape on the compartment surface after weed removal;

(5) and (3) crushing straws to cover the surface layer of the soil in the rape harvesting period.

After the rape is harvested, a field ridge is designed according to the cultivated area, the width Y of the base of the field ridge is 50+ (S-667) multiplied by 5/667 formula I, the unit of Y is cm,

the height H of the ridge is 20+ (S-667)/667 formula II, and the unit of H is cm;

in the formula I and the formula II, S represents the area of the field block and has the unit of m². The units of Y and H are both cm, namely the field area (S, unit m) is respectively calculated on the premise that the width of the base part of the foundation is 50cm and the height of the foundation is 20cm²) Increase 1 mu each time (667 m)²Counting), the width and height of the ridge are respectively increased by 5cm and 1cm, which is called a five-in-one design method for short. The inclination angle of the ridge is preferably 50-75 degrees, and more preferably 60 degrees. The present invention preferably plants shade crops, preferably including cotton and/or soybeans, in single file on the ridges. The planting method of the shade crops is not particularly limited, and the planting method can be carried out according to the conventional planting method in the field. The planting distances of the shaded crops, namely cotton and soybean, are respectively preferably 50cm and 40cm, so that the temperature of the ridge can be reduced, and the earthworms can sleep in summer.

The method is characterized in that water is irrigated in the field to a depth of 5-8 cm, and rice cultivation is carried out after earthworms are transferred to the ridge. In the invention, earthworms are forced to escape from the cave by irrigation, and cultivation is carried out after the earthworms all migrate to the ridge, so as to ensure that the earthworm population is not damaged by cultivation machines.

The invention completes direct seeding of rice 25 days before 5 months in the solar calendar, water is cut off in the last ten days of 9 months, the rice is harvested 5 days before 10 months, and the straws are crushed and returned to the field. The rice variety for direct seeding of the rice preferably comprises a rice variety with a high harvest index and a plant height of 90-110 cm, and the plant height is more preferably 100 cm. The rice variety selected by the invention preferably comprises Huanghuazhan or Taoxiangzhan. The selection of the rice variety can reduce the straw returning amount, so as to be beneficial to no tillage in rape seasons. The method is preferably used for cutting off water in the last ten days of 9 months, young earthworms gradually move into the field from ridges after water cutting off, a combine harvester matched with a straw smashing and uniformly spraying device is used for harvesting before 5 days of 10 months, the height of a reserved pile is preferably 18-25 cm, more preferably 20cm, and the harvested straws are uniformly covered on the surface layer of the soil.

The invention ditches and divides the compartment after harvesting the rice, uniformly covers the ditching soil on the compartment surface, and seeds rape on the compartment surface after weed killing. The method preferably adopts a turtle-back type ditching method for ditching, the ditch width is 20-25 cm, the ditching depth gradually increases from the middle of the field block to the ridge direction, the ditch depth in the middle of the field block is 13-15 cm, and the ditch depth near the ridge is 18-20 cm. The ditching method can ensure that water is not accumulated in the field, effectively solves the problems of easy water accumulation in the field under no-tillage conditions, low rape emergence rate, slow seedling emergence, difficulty in constructing large groups and the like, and promotes the growth and the propagation of earthworms and the growth of rape. The method for killing weeds in furrowing and compartment separation preferably comprises the step of killing weeds by using 250-300 mL/mu gramoxone and 30-35 mL/mu clethodim as enclosed medicines. The rape is preferably sown in 10 months and 8 to 15 days, urea and rape seeds are preferably mixed during sowing and then subjected to no-tillage direct seeding, the dosage of the urea is preferably 2-3 kg/mu, and the dosage of the rape seeds is preferably 200-250 g/mu; preferably, the method further comprises the step of irrigating horse race water for one time 1-2 days before sowing, and the compartment surface is kept moist, so that the seedling emergence of the rapes is facilitated.

The present invention preferably further comprises weeding and top dressing after the sowing, and the top dressing preferably comprises: 10 kg/mu of urea is topdressed after 3-leaf one-heart stage rain, and 20 kg/mu of compound fertilizer is topdressed after 5-leaf one-heart stage rain, so that the seedlings are strong in winter, the construction of a large rape colony is promoted, the yield of fallen leaves is increased, and the earthworms are ensured to supply sufficient food. The weeding of the invention preferably comprises the steps of preventing and controlling gramineous weeds by using 30-35 mL/mu of clethodim and 1 package/mu of isopropyl ester oxalether in a 4-5 leaf-one-heart period, and effectively inhibiting the growth of weeds by combining chemical weeding and controlling weeds by rape seedlings, so that falling leaves of rape can fully contact with the field surface, and earthworms can eat the weeds conveniently. After the sowing, the method preferably also comprises the step of spraying 1000 times of liquid of 40% dimethachlon for preventing and treating sclerotinia rot in the initial flowering period of the rape, so that the sufficient supply of fallen leaves in the later growth period of the rape is ensured, and a foundation is laid for constructing a large population by using the earthworms in the field.

The invention covers the surface layer of the soil by crushing the straws in the harvest period of the rape. The invention preferably adopts a combine harvester matched with a straw crushing and uniformly spraying device to harvest, and the harvested straws are uniformly covered on the surface layer of the soil.

The invention promotes the construction of a large group of field earthworms, improves the soil structure, accelerates the release of crop straw nutrients, increases the storage capacity of soil nutrients and provides a solid foundation for continuous high yield and high yield of crops by a 'five-in-one' design principle and combining a no-tillage and 'turtle-back' type ditching method.

The method for ecologically raising earthworms based on the oil-rice system according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.

Example 1

After rape is harvested, ridges are designed in the field blocks with different areas according to a quinary design method, wherein Y is 50+ (S-667) multiplied by 5/667; h is 20+ (S-667)/667, wherein Y is the width of the ridge base (unit cm), H is the ridge height (unit cm), and S is the field area (unit m)²) And measuring ridge coefficients of all ridges, wherein the ridge coefficients are reduced along with the increase of the area of the field blocks as shown in table 1, which indicates that the larger the area of the field blocks is, the larger the size of the field blocks designed by the 'five-one design' method is, but the smaller the proportion of the ridges is, which is beneficial to improving the enthusiasm of farmers for increasing the size of the field blocks.

TABLE 1 Ridge size corresponding to the "design by five" method for different field area

Note: the ridge coefficient is [ ridge width/(ridge width + field surface width) ] x 100%

The earthworm ecological planting and breeding scheme of the oil-rice system based on the ridge of the design is as follows:

the method comprises the following steps: and (5) irrigating 8-10 cm, forcing the earthworms to escape from the cave, and farming after all the earthworms migrate to the ridge.

Step two: the rice is directly sown by selecting a rice variety Huanghuazhan with the plant height of about 100cm in 5 months and 25 days, so that the straw returning amount is reduced, and the no-tillage in rape seasons is facilitated. And in the last ten days of 9 months, water is cut off, young earthworms gradually move into the field from ridges after the water is cut off, No. 10 month 4 earthworms are harvested by a combine harvester matched with a straw smashing and uniformly spraying device, the height of a reserved pile is controlled to be 20cm, and the harvested straws are uniformly covered on the surface layer of the soil.

Step three: after rice is harvested, ditching and dividing are carried out, the width of a compartment surface is 2-2.5 m, ditching soil uniformly covers the compartment surface, a turtle back type ditching mode is adopted, the ditch width is 20-25 cm, the ditching depth gradually increases from the middle of a field block to a ridge, the ditch depth in the middle of the field block is 13-15 cm, and the ditch depth close to the ridge is 18-20 cm.

Step four: after ditching and compartment separation, 300 mL/mu of gramoxone and 35 mL/mu of clethodim are used as closed pesticide for killing weeds, 3 kg/mu of urea is uniformly mixed with 250 g/mu of rape seeds for no-tillage direct seeding after 10 months and 10 days, and the water for running horses is irrigated 1d before seeding.

Step five: 10 kg/mu of urea is applied after 3-leaf one-heart-period rain, 20 kg/mu of compound fertilizer is applied after 5-leaf one-heart-period rain, 35 mL/mu of clethodim is applied in 4-5-leaf one-heart-period, and 1 package/mu of isopropyl ester oxalether (the effective component is 240g/L of clethodim 12mL + 10g of auxiliary agent) produced by Hebei province Hebei pesticide chemical industry Limited company is used for preventing and controlling gramineous weeds.

Step six: the 1000 times of liquid of 40 percent dimethachlon is sprayed to prevent sclerotinia sclerotiorum at the beginning of flowering period of rape.

Step seven: the rape is harvested by a combine harvester matched with a straw smashing and uniformly spraying device, and the harvested straws are uniformly covered on the surface layer of the soil.

And setting comparison: local custom design, the width of the base of a ridge is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, no cotton/soybean and other shading crops are planted on the ridge, traditional flat ditching is adopted for field ditching (the depth of a ditch in the middle of a field block is the same as that of a ditch close to the ridge), and the rest paddy and rape field farming operation is in the same five-in-one design ecological planting and breeding mode.

The comparison results are shown in table 2, the production of earthworms, rice and rape is obviously increased by correspondingly increasing the ridge size through the five-in-one design, and the yield increase rate [ ("five-in-one design yield-local custom design yield) × 100/local custom design yield ] is increased along with the increase of the field area, and the yield increase rate is shown as that the earthworms are larger than that of the rape, and the average earthworm yield increase rate, the rape yield increase rate and the rice yield increase rate under different field areas are respectively 104.5%, 11.4% and 6.4%. Under the 'five-one design', the synergistic benefit is increased along with the increase of the field area, and the average synergistic effect per mu is 591 yuan, wherein the synergistic effects of the earthworms, the rapes and the rice are 436 yuan/mu, 66 yuan/mu and 89 yuan/mu respectively. The result shows that the 'five-in-one design' can effectively increase the yield of the earthworms, the rice and the rapes, the earthworms have the greatest contribution to the synergism, and the synergism effect is better when the field is bigger.

Table 2 synergistic situation of high-yield earthworm cultivation method based on ridge "five design

Note: the synergy is that the yield of the earthworms, the rice and the rapes under the design of five one minus the sum of the purchasing unit prices of the earthworms, the rice and the rapes which are designed by local habits and the corresponding 6 yuan/kg, the rice (2.5 yuan/kg) and the rapes (5.5 yuan/kg).

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. An earthworm ecological planting and breeding method based on an oil-rice system is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) after the rape is harvested, a field ridge is designed according to the area of a field block, the width Y of the base of the field ridge is 50+ (S-667) multiplied by 5/667 formula I, the unit of Y is cm,

the height H of the ridge is 20+ (S-667)/667 formula II, and the unit of H is cm;

in the formula I and the formula II, S represents the area of the field block and has the unit of m²；

(2) Irrigating the field to a depth of 5-8 cm, and carrying out rice farming after the earthworms are transferred to the ridge;

(3) completing direct seeding of rice 25 days before 5 months in the solar calendar, cutting off water in the last ten days of 9 months, harvesting the rice 10 months before 5 months, and crushing the straws uniformly and returning the straws to the field;

(4) after harvesting rice, ditching and dividing the rice into compartments, uniformly covering the ditching soil on the compartment surface, and sowing rape on the compartment surface after weed removal; ditching is carried out by adopting a turtle-back type ditching method, the ditch width is 20-25 cm, the ditching depth is gradually increased from the middle of a field block to the ridge direction, the ditch depth in the middle of the field block is 13-15 cm, and the ditch depth near the ridge is 18-20 cm;

(5) and (3) crushing straws to cover the surface layer of the soil in the rape harvesting period.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the ridge in step (1) is inclined at an angle of 50-75 ° while shading crops are planted on the ridge.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the shade crop comprises cotton and/or soybeans.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the rice varieties directly sown in the step (3) comprise rice varieties with high harvest index and plant height of 90-110 cm.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the straw in step (3) is crushed and returned to the field, and the stubble is left for 18-25 cm.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the weed killing of step (4) comprises killing weeds with 250 to 300 mL/acre gramoxone and 30 to 35 mL/acre clethodim as a herbicide.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the rape is sown in 8-15 days after 10 months, urea and rape seeds are mixed and then sown in a zero tillage mode, the urea is used in an amount of 2-3 kg/mu, and the rape seeds are used in an amount of 200-250 g/mu; and irrigating horse race water for one time 1-2 days before sowing.

8. The method of claim 7, further comprising weeding and topdressing after said sowing, said topdressing comprising: dressing urea 10 kg/mu after 3-leaf one-heart stage rain, and dressing compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu after 5-leaf one-heart stage rain;

the weeding comprises the step of controlling gramineous weeds by using 30-35 mL/mu of clethodim and 1 package/mu of isopropyl ester pyriftalid in a 4-5-leaf one-heart period.

9. The method as claimed in claim 7, which includes spraying 1000 times of 40% dimethachlon solution to prevent and control sclerotinia rot in the beginning of rape flower.