CN111512902A - Ecological planting and breeding method for interplanting pasture in flax field to breed livestock and poultry - Google Patents
Ecological planting and breeding method for interplanting pasture in flax field to breed livestock and poultry Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01C—CHEMICAL OR BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF NATURAL FILAMENTARY OR FIBROUS MATERIAL TO OBTAIN FILAMENTS OR FIBRES FOR SPINNING; CARBONISING RAGS TO RECOVER ANIMAL FIBRES
- D01C1/00—Treatment of vegetable material
- D01C1/04—Bacteriological retting
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/70—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in livestock or poultry
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological planting and breeding method for planting pasture in a flax field to breed livestock and poultry, which comprises flax cultivation, flax planting pasture, field management and grazing; after land selection, autumn land preparation and spring land preparation, carrying out flax seeding and fertilizer and water management, weeding after seedling emergence, carrying out rain and dew retting on fresh stems of the flax after the flax is harvested, then carrying out flax turning and broken stem scutching of the flax after the flax is out of the land; after weeding and before flax harvesting, the pasture is sowed, after the flax is harvested and before the flax is retted by fresh stem rain and dew, the pasture is firstly mowed, after the flax is out of the field, the straws are cleaned, the fertilizer water is irrigated, the grass treatment is carried out again, the pasture is used for feeding livestock or grazing livestock, after the pasture is spilt and blossoms, the pasture is harvested and aired, and the hay or the feed is prepared. The method of the invention has the advantages of full utilization of natural resources, high yield, excellent economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit, etc.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural interplanting livestock and poultry raising, relates to an ecological raising mode of flax and livestock, and particularly relates to an ecological raising method for raising livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in a flax field.
Background
Heilongjiang province is the main flax production base in China, and the planting area and the fiber yield account for more than 80% of the whole country. Along with the implementation of the national subsidy system of field crops of corn and soybean and the acquisition of the national protection price of the crops such as corn and soybean, the mechanization level of the field crops is improved, time and labor are saved for farmers to plant corn and soybean, and although the economic benefit is lower than that of the economic crops, the farmers are willing to plant the crops; the flax planting, harvesting and processing machines are lack, the influence of climate is serious, the price fluctuation is large, the planting subsidy is lack, the planting risk is high and the planting benefit is low compared with field crops such as corn. Based on the reasons, the flax planting area is sharply reduced in the last decade, and the flax planting area is reduced from 17.3 ten thousand hm2Down to the present 2.7 ten thousand hm2On the left and right, the area of flax in Heilongjiang province is reduced to 0.7 kilohm2. Due to the reduction of the area, domestic flax raw materials are rapidly reduced, the import amount of the flax fibers in China is over 14 ten thousand tons in recent years, over 17 ten thousand tons in 2017, and the proportion of the domestic flax raw materials is less than 10%, so that the expansion of domestic raw material supply becomes a strategic choice for the development of the flax industry in China.
With the structural reform of the national agricultural supply side, the 'grain-through-feed' ternary planting structure and the likeThe implementation of agricultural policy, Heilongjiang realizes 'one reduces seven increases', corn reduces 128.13 ten thousand hm2Rice, soybean, wheat, potato, miscellaneous grain bean, cash crop and forage grass crop are increased; the flax planting in Heilongjiang is mechanized in the whole process, the rain and dew retting technology is mature, large-area planting is realized, intensive operation modes such as family farms, farmer cooperative societies and the like are popularized and popularized, the production cost is reduced, the price of the fiber is approximately two years, and the flax planting industry in China is stimulated powerfully. In addition to the needs of agriculture for adjusting structure and changing mode, the flax raw material industry meets the opportunity and challenge, and compared with field crops such as soybean, corn and the like, the flax raw material industry has the competitive advantage and the planting area is increased year by year.
The flax belongs to early spring crops in northeast, is sown in the middle and late ten days of 4 months-early May and is harvested in the middle and late ten days of 7 months, the effective accumulated temperature is generally required to be 1500-year old and 1700 ℃ from sowing to fiber process maturity, and the growing period is shorter. The method has the advantages that the residual effective accumulated temperature in other areas is 400-1200 ℃ except the sixth accumulated temperature of Heilongjiang after harvesting, the growth requirements of crops such as pasture and green manure can be met, the grass planting and grassland rotation technology in agricultural areas is reported in Dongfuwu tiger, NiuZhou province and the like, water, light, heat and land resources can be fully utilized, the productivity of an agricultural system can be improved so as to improve the production efficiency of the agricultural system, the amount of weed seeds moving in soil can be reduced while the occurrence of farmland weeds is inhibited by winter wheat planted in reports such as sun snow and the like, the utilization rate of land can be improved by about 33% by adopting the Ningxuan province, the using amount of chemical fertilizer is reduced by 1/3%, and the utilization rate of rainfall is. However, the prior art still has defects in aspects of variety selection, field management technology, pasture interplanting connection time and the like, particularly connection with Heilongjiang in winter leisure time and retting timeliness.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide the ecological planting and breeding method for interplanting the pasture in the flax field to breed the livestock and the poultry, which can fully utilize natural resources, has high ramie production rate and good economic benefit, social benefit and ecological benefit.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme.
An ecological planting and breeding method for planting pasture in flax field to breed livestock and poultry comprises flax cultivation, planting pasture in flax, field management and grazing;
the flax cultivation process comprises the following steps: after land selection, autumn land preparation and spring land preparation, carrying out flax seeding and fertilizer and water management in a flax field, weeding after seedling emergence, carrying out rain and dew retting on fresh stems after the flax is harvested, then carrying out flax turning and broken stems and flax breaking after the flax is out of the field;
the flax and forage grass interplanting process comprises the following steps: after the flax is planted and before the flax is harvested, pasture is sown in a flax field, after the flax is harvested and before the flax is retted by fresh stem rain and dew, the pasture is firstly mowed and then fertilized, and 5-15 kg of urea is used per mu;
the field management process comprises the following steps: after the flax leaves the field in the flax cultivation, cleaning the flax straws in the field, then irrigating with rich water, and then performing weed treatment;
the grazing process comprises the following steps: the forage grass is used for feeding livestock and poultry or directly grazing livestock and poultry, and the forage grass is harvested and aired after the forage grass has the ear, the flower and the fruit, and the hay or the feed is prepared.
Preferably, in the flax cultivation process, the land selection refers to selection of a soil layer of 10-30 cm, 1-20% of organic matters, strong water and fertility preservation, good drainage and soil volume weight of 15g/cm3～1.5g/cm3The pH value of the land is 6.5-7, and the land can not be applied with excessive herbicide or herbicide with long residual effect for preventing and removing gramineous weeds;
the soil preparation standard of autumn soil preparation and spring soil preparation is as follows: rotary tillage for stubble cleaning 15cm, harrowing depth 12cm-15cm, deep scarification 35cm-40cm, plowing for 20cm-25cm, weeding and harrowing, leveling the ground surface after soil preparation, finely crushing the soil and keeping the depth consistent;
the flax seeding conditions are as follows: the sowing depth is 2cm to 3cm, and the sowing quantity is 7kg/666.7m2～8kg/666.7m2The density is 130 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2150 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2After sowing, the seeds are pressed by a roller, which is beneficial to soil moisture preservation and uniform and strong seedlings;
the process of fertilizer and water management comprises the following steps: 2000 kg-2500 kg of farmyard manure is applied to each mu of land for autumn land preparation, 1000 kg-1500 kg of farmyard manure is applied to each mu of land for spring land preparation, and 7kg/666.7m of urea is applied2～10kg/666.7m215kg/666.7m of phosphate fertilizer210kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2The phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and the trace element fertilizer including boron fertilizer and copper fertilizer is also applied, and 7kg/666.7m urea is added before the fast growing period of flax2～10kg/666.7m2Watering the head 30 to 50 days after seedling emergence, ensuring sufficient water in a rapid growth period, and watering for 3 to 10 times in a full growth period according to rainfall conditions;
the weeding process comprises the following steps: 20-25 days after emergence, the height of hemp is 5-20 cm, 1-10 main leaves of the weeds are mixed and sprayed with propamol and methoxone to control broad-leaved weeds and gramineous weeds, when the gramineous weeds are controlled by quizalofop-p-ethyl in the 3-5 leaf period, the annual gramineous weeds are controlled by stable killing emulsifiable solution in the 1-5 leaf period and the perennial weeds in the 3-10 leaf period, the weeds of wormwood, cocklebur, amaranth, quinoa or field bindweed in the hemp field are controlled by bentazone water aqua, the pesticide spraying period is preferably no more than 3 leaf period, and the flax field adopts a mechanical weeding mode;
the flax harvest index is as follows: when one third of the peach of the flax turns into yellow brown, one third of the stem turns into yellow and one third of the leaves fall off, the flax is harvested.
Preferably, the fresh stem rain and dew retting method adopts water retting for retting: firstly, carrying out ramie pulling, laying the harvested and threshed original stems in a field with the thickness of 1-5 cm for 3-8 days, then taking the stems back and putting the stems in warm water for retting, keeping the water temperature constant at 35-39 ℃, controlling the pH value at 4.5-7.0, adding alkaline pectinase or acidic pectinase to ensure that the concentration of the alkaline pectinase in the retting liquid is 0.0005-0.05 g/100mL and the concentration of the acidic pectinase in the retting liquid is 0.5-5 g/100mL, discharging the flax after 1-7 days, airing or drying, beating and carding to finish flax retting after health maintenance.
Preferably, in the water retting process, the ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field comprises the following steps: when alkaline pectinase is added, the concentration of the alkaline pectinase in the retting solution is 0.005g/100mL, and when acidic pectinase is added, the concentration of the acidic pectinase in the retting solution is 5g/100 mL; during the hemp spreading period, the hemp turning is carried out for 1-2 times, the curing time is 10-50 days, and the mechanical or manual hemp pulling is adopted for the hemp pulling.
Preferably, the fresh stem rain and dew retting adopts soil retting for retting: firstly, carrying out flax pulling, directly paving the harvested and threshed fresh stems in a field with the thickness of 1-5 cm, spraying an alkaline pectinase solution or an acidic pectinase solution to the stems every 1-3 days, wherein the concentration of the alkaline pectinase solution is 0.0005-0.05 g/100mL, the concentration of the acidic pectinase solution is 0.05-5 g/100mL, the wet soil of a ground surface soil layer reaches 1-3 cm, periodically turning flax, airing, retting, preserving health, beating and carding flax, and finishing flax retting.
Preferably, in the ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field, the soil retting process comprises the following steps: when the alkaline pectinase solution is sprayed, the concentration of the alkaline pectinase solution is 0.05g/100mL, and when the acidic pectinase solution is sprayed, the concentration of the acidic pectinase solution is 5g/100 mL; the regular ramie turning is carried out for 1 time at intervals of 1-5 days, the curing time is 10-50 days, and mechanical or manual ramie pulling is adopted for the ramie pulling.
According to the ecological planting and breeding method for planting and breeding livestock and poultry by interplanting the forage grass in the flax field, preferably, in the process of interplanting the flax and the forage grass: the method is characterized in that the pasture sowing selects varieties with annual root systems and more tillers, and the varieties comprise one or more of hulless oat, barley and triticale, the pasture seeds are coated with salix-carzol-ethanol suspension seed coating agent before the pasture sowing, and the seeds are sunned for 1 to 3 days before the pasture sowing;
when the forage grass is sowed, the sowing time is the late flowering phase of the flax, before the green mature phase, and 3-5 days after sowing without rainfall, irrigation is carried out for 1-2 times after sowing, the sowing amount is increased by 10-15% compared with the sowing amount of the normal planted forage grass, a high-foot vehicle is used for broadcasting when the forage grass is planted in a large area, and manual broadcasting is used when the forage grass is planted in a small area.
Interplanting of flax fieldThe forage grass livestock and poultry raising ecological planting and breeding method is preferably characterized in that in the field management process: the fertilizer water irrigation comprises the irrigation of 10kg/666.7m after the flax is discharged from the field2The compound fertilizer or urea water is used for fertilizing for 1 to 2 times, and the weed treatment comprises the step of spraying 2, 4-D butyl ester missible oil and giant star dry suspending agent with water.
Preferably, in the grazing process, when the livestock and poultry are fed by the cut pasture, the pasture grows to 10-50 cm, the livestock and poultry are fed by circularly cutting according to the breeding number in different areas, the cutting is utilized for 2-5 times, the stubble is remained for 5cm when the first cutting is carried out, and the stubble is remained for 1-5 cm after the 2 nd cutting; when adopting direct grazing livestock and poultry, prevent wind under the forest at the head of a land and build interim colony house, according to breeding quantity subregion grazing, observe the forage grass condition and regularly carry out grazing in turn.
Preferably, the autumn soil preparation is performed in the middle 10 th month, the spring soil preparation is performed in the upper 4 th month, the flax seeding is performed in the middle 4 th month to the upper 5 th month, the flax field weeding is performed in the middle 5 th month, the pasture seeding is performed in 20-25 6 th months, the flax harvesting is performed in 17-29 7 th months, the first cutting is performed in 17-29 th months, the fresh stem retting is performed in 17-14 th months, the flax turning is performed in 24-4 th months, the flax stem breaking and flax beating are performed in 2-12 th months in 8-8 th months, and the grazing is performed in 2-15 th months in 8-10 th months.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
the invention provides an ecological planting and breeding method and a matched planting and breeding technology for interplanting pasture in a flax field to breed livestock and poultry, which fully utilize water, light, heat and land resources, and improve the productivity and the production efficiency of an agricultural system. Can effectively improve the economic income of the hemp farmers and solve the outstanding problems in the development of the large agriculture such as the vigorous development of the pasture and animal husbandry, the lack of land competition of people and animals, the grain competition of people and animals and the like in the farming areas.
When the method is used for retting fresh stems by rain and dew, a water retting method or a soil retting method can be used for retting flax, alkaline pectinase or acidic pectinase is adopted, the concentration of the pectinase is limited, an environment for improving the retting time efficiency is created in a mode of adding enzyme by warm water or spraying the enzyme during the retting, the retting time efficiency can be obviously improved at normal temperature, and the yield is high. According to the invention, in the retting process, the degumming effect of adding pectinase is obviously better than that of adding no pectinase, the effect of adding alkaline pectinase is better than that of adding acid pectinase, the optimal concentration of the alkaline pectinase is 0.005g/100mL in the water retting process, and the optimal concentration of the pouring alkaline pectinase is 0.05g/100mL in the soil retting process, so that the technical achievement has important guiding significance for the research and development of the raindrop retting technology in the actual production.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating an ecological planting and breeding method for planting pasture in a flax field to breed livestock and poultry in an embodiment 1 of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing the difference between the water retting treatment and the water retting treatment of pectinase in fresh stem retting with rain and dew according to example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing the difference between the soil retting treatments with pectinase in fresh stem retting with rain and dew in example 1.
FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the difference between the water retting and soil retting treatments of pectinase in fresh stem retting with rain and dew according to example 1 of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the degumming effect of alkaline pectinase with a concentration of 0.005g/100mL in fresh stem wet retted hemp according to example 1 of the present invention and a control fiber.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and specific preferred embodiments of the description, without thereby limiting the scope of protection of the invention.
The materials and equipment used in the following examples are commercially available.
Example 1:
the invention relates to an ecological planting and breeding method for planting pasture in a flax field to breed livestock and poultry, which comprises the following steps as shown in figure 1:
s1 flax high-yield cultivation technique
(1) Land selection and preparation:
selecting land: flax belongs to a straight root system, has no developed fibrous roots, and should be selected from a land block with deep soil layer, much humus, strong water and fertilizer retention, good drainage, loose and fertile soil, and the pH value is preferably 6.5-7. Flax is sensitive to herbicide, the problem of residual phytotoxicity of the herbicide needs attention, the herbicide for preventing and removing gramineous weeds with excessive amount or long residual effect period cannot be applied, and flax is not suitable for planting by spraying sulfonylurea land parcels and excessive spraying of Spinosad, flufenamate, clomazone and the like on the former crops.
Land preparation: flax belongs to flat-seeding close-planting precision-ploughing and fine-ploughing economic crops, can not be ploughed, has small seeds and weak soil arching capability, so the requirement on the soil preparation quality is high, the standard of the soil preparation is that stubble ploughing is carried out by rotary tillage for 15cm, the depth of a harrow is 12cm-15cm, the depth of a subsoil is 35cm-40cm, the soil is ploughed for 20cm-25cm, the flax is cultivated and harrowed flat, the ground surface is flat after the soil preparation, the soil quality is fine, and the depth is consistent. Soil was prepared in mid-10 months in autumn and in late 4 months in spring.
(2) Timely seeding and reasonable close planting: sowing at 15-25 days 4-4 months according to the conditions of ground temperature and weather, wherein the sowing depth is 2-3cm, and the sowing quantity is 7-8 kg/666.7m2The density is between 130 and 150 thousand strains/666.7 m2. After sowing, the roller can be used for pressing in time, thus being beneficial to preserving soil moisture and being beneficial to aligning and strengthening seedlings.
(3) And (3) fertilizer and water management: applying 2500kg of farmyard manure per mu in autumn soil preparation; applying 1000-1500kg of farmyard manure per mu of spring soil preparation land, 7-10kg of urea per 666.7m215kg/666.7m of phosphate fertilizer210kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2. The phosphorus-potassium fertilizer can be used as a base fertilizer for one-time application. The proper amount of microelement fertilizer is applied, the boron fertilizer can improve the disease resistance of the flax and the product quality, and the boron fertilizer can be used for seed dressing and topdressing outside roots; the copper fertilizer can improve the seed yield by more than 10 percent through test application, and has obvious copper fertilizer application effect during seeding. 7-10kg/666.7m of urea before the rapid growth period of flax2. Watering about 40 days after seedling emergence, and rapidly growingDuring the period, sufficient water is ensured, and water is irrigated for 4-5 times according to the rainfall condition during the whole growth period.
(4) Weeding in the early period of the flax field: after 20-25 days of emergence, the height of the hemp is 10-15cm in the middle ten days of 5 months, when 3-5 pieces of true leaves of the weeds are mixed, the propyzamide and the methoxone are sprayed to control broad leaf weeds and gramineous weeds. When the gramineous weed is in a 3-5 leaf stage, quizalofop-p-ethyl is used for controlling; the missible oil is used for controlling annual gramineous weeds in the 2-3 leaf period and perennial weeds in the 3-5 leaf period; the weeds of Artemisia, Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus mangostanus, Chenopodium album and Convolvulus arvensis in the Ma-Tian are controlled by bentazone aqua, and the pesticide spraying period is preferably not more than 3-leaf period. The flax field adopts mechanical weeding to play a positive role in the growth of multiple pasture grasses.
(5) Timely harvesting: and the flax is harvested when entering the process maturation period, namely, about 7 months and 17 days to 7 months and 29 days. Harvesting is needed when one third of the hemp peach of the flax turns yellow brown, one third of the stem turns yellow and one third of the leaves fall off.
(6) Retting fresh stems with rain and dew: and performing water retting or soil retting from 7 months, 17 days to 7 months, 29 days, obviously improving the yield and the fiber strength, increasing the fiber number by two, improving the fiber strength by 2-5kg, changing about 70 percent of the stems on the surface of the hemp layer into silver gray, and performing timely hemp turning, wherein the general hemp turning date is from 7 months, 24 days to 8 months, 4 days, and from 8 months, 2 days to 8 months, 12 days, the stems of the flax are crushed and beaten.
S2 high-yield cultivation technique for interplanting flax and forage grass
And under natural conditions of good field temperature and humidity in the later growth period of the flax, a land idle period from the harvest of the flax to frost falling for 50-80 days and the like, the pasture is sowed in a no-tillage way by using an unmanned aerial vehicle, a high-foot vehicle and manpower, the pasture is 10-20cm high when the flax is harvested, and 1-2 crops of pasture can be mowed when the flax is frosted. The first cutting of the feed animals can be carried out within 17 days of 7 months to 29 days of 7 months, the temperature and the humidity are proper, the cut pasture can be automatically regenerated by tillering the root, and the pasture can be cut for multiple times according to the growth conditions of fields and different kinds of pasture.
(1) Pasture variety and preparation before sowing:
high-quality and high-yield varieties of hulless oat, barley, triticale and the like which have more tillers in one year are selected.
The pasture seeds are coated by 7.5 percent salix methyl and azolol suspension seed coating agent and are sunned for 2 days before sowing.
(2) Seeding time and seeding quantity
Sowing time: and sowing the flax seeds at the later stage of the flowering period and before the green ripening period and before rainfall about 20-25 days after 6 months.
Irrigation: and (4) checking weather forecast, if rainfall does not exist 3-5 days after sowing, irrigating once immediately after sowing, and facilitating quick and uniform seed emergence of the interplanting grass.
Seeding rate: the seeding amount of the interplanted pasture in the flax field is increased by 10-15% compared with the seeding amount of the normally planted pasture. The seeding rate is recommended to be 20 kg/mu.
The sowing method comprises the following steps: sowing in large area by using a high-foot vehicle; the small-area planting uses manual broadcasting.
S3, field management
(1) Cleaning flax stems: and (4) after retting, taking the pasture out of the field as soon as possible, and cleaning the retted residual flax straws in the pasture field.
(2) Irrigating with rich water: immediately irrigating 10kg/666.7m of flax after the flax is discharged from the field2Compound fertilizer or urea water fertilizer.
(3) And (3) weed treatment: 20 ml/mu of 2, 4-D butyl ester missible oil and 0.5 g/mu of 75 percent giant star dry suspending agent, and 40kg/666.7m of water2And (5) spraying.
S4 mowing and/or grazing
(1) Cutting and raising geese: from 17 days at 7 months to 29 days at 7 months, and can generally raise geese 3000-2When the forage grass grows to 25-30cm, the forage grass is sub-partitioned (200 and 250 forage grass per mu of land) for multiple times according to the cultivation quantity to feed the geese, the forage grass can be mowed and utilized for 2-3 times, 5cm of stubbles are reserved during the first time of mowing, and 2-3cm of stubbles are reserved after the 2 nd time of wing, so that the forage grass can be quickly regenerated.
(2) Grazing and raising geese: and (3) constructing a temporary colony house under the windbreak forest at 8 months and 2 days-8 months and 12 days, grazing the farmland in different areas according to the breeding quantity, stocking 200 fodder in each mu of land, observing the forage grass condition for 3-5 days, regularly performing grazing in turn, and forbidding excessive grazing.
(3) Harvesting hay: the method comprises the following steps of starting ear-sprouting and flower-raising of oats, hulless oats, barley and triticale within about 9 months and 20 days, starting ear-sprouting and flower-raising within about 10 days after flowering (the moisture of plants is reduced to 65-70%), finishing fruit filling, avoiding rainfall within 3-5 days after harvesting according to weather conditions before yellowing of the whole plants, airing for 3-5 days, preparing green hay or preparing silage, and packing, piling and stacking when the water content is lower than 20%.
In this embodiment, the fresh stem retting can be performed by water retting, and the testing process is as follows: the method comprises the steps of adopting a rain and dew retting mode combined with a warm water and enzyme retting mode, using a traction type ramie pulling machine to pull the ramie, paving harvested and threshed stalks in a field with the thickness of 1-5 cm, preferably 2-3cm, paving the ramie for 3-8 days, preferably 6-8 days, turning the ramie for 1 time in the middle, taking the stalks back into a warm water retting tank, keeping the water temperature constant at 37 ℃, adding alkaline pectinase into the retting tank to enable the concentrations of the alkaline pectinase in retting liquid to respectively reach three gradients of 0.05g/100mL, 0.005g/100mL and 0.0005g/100mL, or adding acidic pectinase into the retting liquid to enable the concentrations of the acidic pectinase in the retting liquid to respectively reach three gradients of 5g/100mL, 0.5g/100mL and 0.05g/100mL, ensuring the pH value in the tank to be about 4.5, and using no enzyme in the warm. 6. And (4) ramie emergence is carried out for 7 days, after the ramie emergence, the ramie is fully aired or dried, the health is maintained for 30 days, and the ramie emergence rate and the fiber quality are compared.
The fresh stem rain and dew retting can be carried out by adopting soil retting, and the test process is as follows: adopting rain dew retting combined with casting pectinase mode, using a traction type ramie pulling machine to pull out ramie, directly spreading the harvested and threshed fresh stems in the field, wherein the thickness is 1-5 cm, preferably 2-3cm, spraying alkaline pectinase solution to the stems every 1 day, the concentration of the alkaline pectinase solution is three gradients of 0.05g/100mL, 0.005g/100mL and 0.0005g/100mL respectively, or spraying acidic pectinase solution to the stems, the concentration of the acidic pectinase solution is three gradients of 5g/100mL, 0.5g/100mL and 0.05g/100mL respectively, so that the wet soil of the ground surface soil layer reaches 1cm, turning the ramie for 1 time every 3 days, after retting, fully airing and bundling in time, storing for 30 days, and carding.
The acidic pectinase (purchased from Ningxia Sheng group fruit juice fruit wine enzyme Co., Ltd.) and the alkaline pectinase (purchased from Heshi wall biotechnology Co., Ltd.) were subjected to 12 treatments of retting on soil at 3 concentrations and water retting, and the treatments and the controls were compared with each other with clear water, as shown in Table 1, and each treatment and the comparison were repeated 3 times. The test is started in 2019, 7 and 17, the degumming degree test is carried out in an eye-looking and hand-twisting mode, in water culture, the flax stalks of which the colors are faded from green to yellow are taken out, the flax stalks are gently rubbed up and down by index fingers and thumbs of two hands, and the degree of the flax fibers breaking away from the xylem of the flax stalks is observed; in the soil culture, the flax stalks with the color changed from green yellow to dark are taken out, the index fingers and the thumbs of two hands are used for gently rubbing up and down, the degree of the flax fibers separating from the xylem of the flax stalks is observed, the retting degree is recorded every day, after the retting is finished, the samples are taken out for drying in the sun, the dry weight is weighed, the fiber weight is weighed by removing the flax, the flax ratio is calculated as the fiber weight/dry weight is 100%, and the statistical analysis is carried out. And meanwhile, observing the degumming degree of each treated fiber by using a microscope to judge the degumming effect.
TABLE 1 pectinase retting test treatment
| S1-S water | Acid pectinase 5g/100mL | S1-T soil | Acid pectinase 5g/100mL |
| S2-S water | Acid pectinase 0.5g/100mL | S2-T soil | Acid pectinase 0.5g/100mL |
| S3-S water | Acid pectinase 0.05g/100mL | S3-T soil | Acid pectinase 0.05g/100mL |
| J1-S water | Alkaline pectinase 0.05g/100mL | J1-T soil | Alkaline pectinase 0.05g/100mL |
| J2-S water | Alkaline pectinase 0.005g/100mL | J2-T soil | Alkaline pectinase 0.005g/100mL |
| J3-S water | Alkaline pectinase 0.0005g/100mL | J3-T soil | Alkaline pectinase 0.0005g/100mL |
| CK-S water | Clean water | CK-T soil | Clean water |
The test starts at 7 months and 17 days, takes out at 7 months and 29 days, and takes out for retting 12 days. As shown in tables 2 to 8 and fig. 2 to 4, statistical analysis of the data of the hemp yield test results showed that: the maximum hemp yield of the alkaline pectinase treated by 0.005g/100mL (J2-S) in the water retting test is 43.43 percent, which is 3.87 percent higher than that of a water retting control; secondly, the yield of hemp is 42.5% after the alkaline pectinase is treated with 0.05g/100mL (J1-S), which is 2.94% higher than that of a water retting control; in the soil retting test, the maximum hemp yield of the alkaline pectinase treated by 0.05g/100mL (J1-S) is 33.12 percent, which is 7.27 percent higher than that of a soil retting control; secondly, the yield of hemp is 32.13% when the alkaline pectinase is treated at 0.005g/100mL (J2-S), which is 6.28% higher than the soil retting control. The water retting control has 13.71 percentage points higher than the soil retting control. The difference between the results of the yield of the total water retting treatment and the soil retting control reaches an extremely significant level. As shown in FIG. 5, the degummed fibers were observed by a microscope to be smooth and free of impurities in the fibers of the 0.005g/100mL (J2-S) treated group, and the degummed effect was significantly better than that of the control group. The flax fiber treated by the acidic pectinase solution and the alkaline pectinase solution has certain improvement on flax degumming effect no matter in a water culture mode or a soil culture mode, and the importance of the pectinase on flax degumming is directly shown.
TABLE 2 analysis table of water retting treatment results of pectinase
| Treatment of | Number of samples | Average value of hemp yield | Standard deviation of | Standard error of | 95% confidence interval |
| S1-S | 3 | 0.4173 | 0.0415 | 0.024 | 0.3141 |
| S2-S | 3 | 0.4107 | 0.0535 | 0.0309 | 0.2779 |
| S3-S | 3 | 0.3876 | 0.0285 | 0.0165 | 0.3168 |
| J1-S | 3 | 0.425 | 0.0467 | 0.027 | 0.309 |
| J2-S | 3 | 0.4343 | 0.0402 | 0.0232 | 0.3346 |
| J3-S | 3 | 0.41 | 0.0188 | 0.0109 | 0.3632 |
| CK-S | 3 | 0.3956 | 0.0421 | 0.0243 | 0.2909 |
TABLE 3 analysis of variance of water retting result of pectinase
TABLE 4 analysis table for significance of difference between water retting results of pectinase
As can be seen from tables 2-4, except for the acidic pectinase S3, the flax yield of the flax treated by acidic pectinase and alkaline pectinase with other concentrations is higher than that of the flax treated by CK, and the flax yield of the flax treated by alkaline pectinase J2 is the highest and exceeds 43%. The flax yield of the flax treated by the alkaline pectinase is obviously higher than that of the control group treated by the acidic pectinase solution and CK, so that the alkaline pectinase solution has obvious effect on the flax yield in a water culture mode.
TABLE 5 pectinase soil retting treatment result analysis table
| Treatment of | Number of samples | Average value of hemp yield | Standard deviation of | Standard error of | 95% confidence interval |
| S1-T | 3 | 0.2716 | 0.0354 | 0.0204 | 0.1836 |
| S2-T | 3 | 0.3209 | 0.0547 | 0.0316 | 0.1851 |
| S3-T | 3 | 0.3186 | 0.0229 | 0.0132 | 0.2617 |
| J1-T | 3 | 0.3312 | 0.0258 | 0.0149 | 0.2672 |
| J2-T | 3 | 0.3213 | 0.0372 | 0.0215 | 0.2289 |
| J3-T | 3 | 0.2679 | 0.0409 | 0.0236 | 0.1661 |
| CK-T | 3 | 0.2585 | 0.0629 | 0.0363 | 0.1023 |
TABLE 6 analysis of variance of soil retting results of pectinase
TABLE 7 analysis table for significance of difference between soil retting treatment results of pectinase
As can be seen from tables 5-7, the flax yield of the flax treated by the acidic pectinase solution and the alkaline pectinase solution is higher than that of the control group treated by CK, the flax stalk fiber yield of the flax treated by the alkaline pectinase solution J1 is the highest and exceeds 33%, and compared with the flax yield of the flax treated by the acidic pectinase solution and the alkaline pectinase solution, which solution has better effect on the flax yield cannot be shown, but in the soil culture mode, the flax yield of the flax is improved by the acidic pectinase solution and the alkaline pectinase solution.
Table 8 significance analysis of all treatment differences
The test results show that when the fresh stem is retted by rain and dew, the water retting method and the soil retting method have better effects, the water retting method has higher yield than the soil retting method, the degumming effect of adding pectinase in the retting process is better than the effect of not adding pectinase, the effect of adding alkaline pectinase is better than that of adding acid pectinase, the optimal concentration of the alkaline pectinase is 0.005g/100mL in the water retting process, and the optimal concentration of the alkaline pectinase poured in the soil retting process is 0.05g/100mL, so the test conclusion has important guiding significance for the ecological livestock and poultry breeding method for interplanting pasture in the flax field.
The economic benefits of the invention are as follows:
(1) the economic benefit of the flax: the fiber yield reaches 77 kg/mu, the second-coarse price is 12000 yuan/t, and the fiber income is 924 yuan/mu; the seed yield is 65 kg/mu, the market price is 8 yuan/kg, and the linseed income is 520 yuan/mu. The comprehensive income of flax is 1444 yuan/mu.
(2) The economic benefit of the pasture is as follows: 300 kg/mu of hay is produced, the price of the hay is 1500 yuan/t, and the pasture is collected for 450 yuan/mu.
(3) And (3) comprehensive benefits of linen interplanting: the comprehensive benefit is 1894 yuan/mu. The benefit is increased by 1000 and 1200 yuan compared with the benefit of planting soybean corn per mu.
(4) The economic benefit of goose raising is as follows:
and (3) conventional goose raising benefit: the profit of each goose is 17.25 yuan, and the economic benefit is 23%. Each young goose is 16 yuan; 2 yuan of small materials before 15 days old; concentrate of 15-30 days old 3.75 yuan; fattening goose feed is 35 yuan; immunization + drug cost: 1 yuan. The breeding cost is 57.75 yuan. The average slaughter weight is 3.75kg, the winter purchase price in 2019 is 20 yuan/kg, and the sale income of each goose is 75 yuan.
The hemp grass goose raising benefit: the profit of each goose is 37.25 yuan, and the economic benefit is 49.7%. Each young goose is 16 yuan; 2 yuan of small materials before 15 days old; concentrate of 15-30 days old 3.75 yuan; fattening geese are fed with 15 yuan; immunization + drug cost: 1 yuan. The breeding cost is 37.75 yuan. The average slaughter weight is 3.75kg, the winter purchase price in 2019 is 20 yuan/kg, and the sale income of each goose is 75 yuan.
The economic benefit of the goose breeding mode of interplanting the forage grass and the flax and the forage grass in the flax field is improved by 26.7 percent compared with the goose breeding mode of the conventional mode.
The invention has the following social and ecological benefits:
(1) social benefits are as follows: the existing technical advantages are utilized to carry out large-scale development of economic crop planting and deep processing, and a planting and planting combined agricultural mode is developed, so that the income increasing channel of farmers is widened, the vegetation coverage rate can be improved, and the sustainable development requirement is met.
(2) Ecological benefits are as follows: an efficient planting and breeding mode and a matching technology for interplanting pasture and 'flax and livestock' in a flax field belong to an ecological agriculture mode, can improve the comprehensive utilization efficiency of natural and land resources, and drive the development of multi-production industry. Not only can increase the income of farmers, but also can ensure the pollution-free products and has excellent ecological benefit.
In conclusion, the efficient planting and breeding mode and the matching technology for interplanting the forage grass, namely the flax and the livestock in the flax field have great significance for improving the planting benefit, and are worthy of popularization and application. Different regions should be used in combination with local conditions.
The foregoing is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Although the present invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it is not intended to be limited thereto. Those skilled in the art can make many possible variations and modifications to the disclosed embodiments, or equivalent modifications, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, using the methods and techniques disclosed above. Therefore, any simple modification, equivalent replacement, equivalent change and modification made to the above embodiments according to the technical essence of the present invention are still within the scope of the protection of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An ecological planting and breeding method for planting pasture in a flax field to breed livestock and poultry is characterized by comprising flax cultivation, flax planting pasture, field management and grazing;
the flax cultivation process comprises the following steps: after land selection, autumn land preparation and spring land preparation, carrying out flax seeding and fertilizer and water management in a flax field, weeding after seedling emergence, carrying out rain and dew retting on fresh stems after the flax is harvested, then carrying out flax turning and broken stems and flax breaking after the flax is out of the field;
the flax and forage grass interplanting process comprises the following steps: after the flax is planted and before the flax is harvested, pasture is sown in a flax field, after the flax is harvested and before the flax is retted by fresh stem rain and dew, the pasture is firstly mowed and then fertilized, and 5-15 kg of urea is used per mu;
the field management process comprises the following steps: after the flax leaves the field in the flax cultivation, cleaning the flax straws in the field, then irrigating with rich water, and then performing weed treatment;
the grazing process comprises the following steps: the forage grass is used for feeding livestock and poultry or directly grazing livestock and poultry, and the forage grass is harvested and aired after the forage grass has the ear, the flower and the fruit, and the hay or the feed is prepared.
2. The ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the flax cultivation process, the land selection refers to selecting a soil layer of 10 cm-30 cm, 1% -20% of organic matters, strong water and fertility retention, good drainage and soil volume weight of 15g/cm3～1.5g/cm3The pH value of the land is 6.5-7, and the land can not be applied with excessive herbicide or herbicide with long residual effect for preventing and removing gramineous weeds;
the soil preparation standard of autumn soil preparation and spring soil preparation is as follows: rotary tillage for stubble cleaning 15cm, harrowing depth 12cm-15cm, deep scarification 35cm-40cm, plowing for 20cm-25cm, weeding and harrowing, leveling the ground surface after soil preparation, finely crushing the soil and keeping the depth consistent;
the flax seeding conditions are as follows: the sowing depth is 2cm to 3cm, and the sowing quantity is 7kg/666.7m2～8kg/666.7m2The density is 130 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2150 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2After sowing, the seeds are pressed by a roller, which is beneficial to soil moisture preservation and uniform and strong seedlings;
the process of fertilizer and water management comprises the following steps: applying farmyard manure 2000k per mu in autumn soil preparationg-2500 kg, applying 1000-1500kg of farmyard manure per mu in spring soil preparation and 7kg/666.7m of urea2～10kg/666.7m215kg/666.7m of phosphate fertilizer210kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2The phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, and the trace element fertilizer including boron fertilizer and copper fertilizer is also applied, and 7kg/666.7m urea is added before the fast growing period of flax2～10kg/666.7m2Watering the head 30 to 50 days after seedling emergence, ensuring sufficient water in a rapid growth period, and watering for 3 to 10 times in a full growth period according to rainfall conditions;
the weeding process comprises the following steps: 20-25 days after emergence, the height of hemp is 5-20 cm, 1-10 main leaves of the weeds are mixed and sprayed with propamol and methoxone to control broad-leaved weeds and gramineous weeds, when the gramineous weeds are controlled by quizalofop-p-ethyl in the 3-5 leaf period, the annual gramineous weeds are controlled by stable killing emulsifiable solution in the 1-5 leaf period and the perennial weeds in the 3-10 leaf period, the weeds of wormwood, cocklebur, amaranth, quinoa or field bindweed in the hemp field are controlled by bentazone water aqua, the pesticide spraying period is preferably no more than 3 leaf period, and the flax field adopts a mechanical weeding mode;
the flax harvest index is as follows: when one third of the peach of the flax turns into yellow brown, one third of the stem turns into yellow and one third of the leaves fall off, the flax is harvested.
3. The ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fresh stem retting is performed by water retting: firstly, carrying out ramie pulling, laying the harvested and threshed original stems in a field with the thickness of 1-5 cm for 3-8 days, then taking the stems back and putting the stems in warm water for retting, keeping the water temperature constant at 35-39 ℃, controlling the pH value at 4.5-7.0, adding alkaline pectinase or acidic pectinase to ensure that the concentration of the alkaline pectinase in the retting liquid is 0.0005-0.05 g/100mL and the concentration of the acidic pectinase in the retting liquid is 0.5-5 g/100mL, discharging the flax after 1-7 days, airing or drying, beating and carding to finish flax retting after health maintenance.
4. The ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field as claimed in claim 3, wherein in the water retting process: when alkaline pectinase is added, the concentration of the alkaline pectinase in the retting solution is 0.005g/100mL, and when acidic pectinase is added, the concentration of the acidic pectinase in the retting solution is 5g/100 mL; during the hemp spreading period, the hemp turning is carried out for 1-2 times, the curing time is 10-50 days, and the mechanical or manual hemp pulling is adopted for the hemp pulling.
5. The ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the fresh stem retting is performed by soil retting: firstly, carrying out flax pulling, directly paving the harvested and threshed fresh stems in a field with the thickness of 1-5 cm, spraying an alkaline pectinase solution or an acidic pectinase solution to the stems every 1-3 days, wherein the concentration of the alkaline pectinase solution is 0.0005-0.05 g/100mL, the concentration of the acidic pectinase solution is 0.05-5 g/100mL, the wet soil of a ground surface soil layer reaches 1-3 cm, periodically turning flax, airing, retting, preserving health, beating and carding flax, and finishing flax retting.
6. The ecological planting and breeding method for cultivating livestock and poultry by interplanting pasture in the flax field as claimed in claim 5, wherein in the soil retting process: when the alkaline pectinase solution is sprayed, the concentration of the alkaline pectinase solution is 0.05g/100mL, and when the acidic pectinase solution is sprayed, the concentration of the acidic pectinase solution is 5g/100 mL; the regular ramie turning is carried out for 1 time at intervals of 1-5 days, the curing time is 10-50 days, and mechanical or manual ramie pulling is adopted for the ramie pulling.
7. The ecological planting and breeding method for the flax field and the interplanted pasture for the livestock and the poultry according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that in the flax field and the interplanted pasture process: the method is characterized in that the pasture sowing selects varieties with annual root systems and more tillers, and the varieties comprise one or more of hulless oat, barley and triticale, the pasture seeds are coated with salix-carzol-ethanol suspension seed coating agent before the pasture sowing, and the seeds are sunned for 1 to 3 days before the pasture sowing;
when the forage grass is sowed, the sowing time is the late flowering phase of the flax, before the green mature phase, and 3-5 days after sowing without rainfall, irrigation is carried out for 1-2 times after sowing, the sowing amount is increased by 10-15% compared with the sowing amount of the normal planted forage grass, a high-foot vehicle is used for broadcasting when the forage grass is planted in a large area, and manual broadcasting is used when the forage grass is planted in a small area.
8. The ecological planting and breeding method for the flax field and the interplanted pasture for the livestock and the poultry according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that in the field management process: the fertilizer water irrigation comprises the irrigation of 10kg/666.7m after the flax is discharged from the field2The compound fertilizer or urea water is used for fertilizing for 1 to 2 times, and the weed treatment comprises the step of spraying 2, 4-D butyl ester missible oil and giant star dry suspending agent with water.
9. The ecological planting and breeding method for the flax field and the interplanted pasture to breed the livestock and the poultry according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that during the grazing process, when the livestock and the poultry are fed by the cut pasture, the pasture grows to 10cm to 50cm, the livestock and the poultry are fed by zone circular cutting according to the breeding number, the cutting is utilized for 2 times to 5 times, 5cm of stubbles are left during the first cutting, and 1cm to 5cm of stubbles are left after the 2 nd cutting; when adopting direct grazing livestock and poultry, prevent wind under the forest at the head of a land and build interim colony house, according to breeding quantity subregion grazing, observe the forage grass condition and regularly carry out grazing in turn.
10. The ecological planting and breeding method for interplanting the pasture for raising the livestock and the poultry in the flax field according to any one of claims 1 to 6 is characterized in that the middle ten days of 10 months is selected for autumn soil preparation, the upper ten days of 4 months is selected for spring soil preparation, the middle ten days of 4 months to the upper ten days of 5 months is selected for flax seeding, the middle ten days of 5 months is selected for flax field weeding, the 20-6-25 days of 6 months are selected for pasture seeding, the harvesting of the flax is 17-7-29 days of 7 months, the first cutting is 17-7-29 days of 7 months, the retting of fresh stem rain and dew is 17-8-14 days of 7 months, the flax turning is 24-8-4 days of 7 months, the stem breaking and stem beating for leaving the field is 8-2-8 months and 12 days, and the grazing is 8-2-10-15 days of 8 months.
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