CN111448655A - 在半导体管芯和非能动热交换器之间产生热界面键合的装置和方法 - Google Patents

在半导体管芯和非能动热交换器之间产生热界面键合的装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN111448655A
CN111448655A CN201880078874.5A CN201880078874A CN111448655A CN 111448655 A CN111448655 A CN 111448655A CN 201880078874 A CN201880078874 A CN 201880078874A CN 111448655 A CN111448655 A CN 111448655A
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semiconductor device
thermal interface
heat exchanger
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R·B·伯顿
J·E·希瑟
R·N·杰瑞特
J·P·罗斯
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Abstract

将半导体管芯接合到非能动热交换器的方法可以包括:将键合增强剂施加到半导体器件上;产生组件,该组件包括设置在半导体器件上的热界面,以使热界面材料的第一主表面与半导体器件上的键合增强剂相接触,并且热交换器被设置成与热界面材料的第二主表面相接触;以及使组件回流,以使热界面将热交换器与半导体器件键合。实施例可以利用铟与非金属表面键合的能力来形成热界面,这可以通过在一个或两个接合表面上的辅助涂层来增强。

Description

在半导体管芯和非能动热交换器之间产生热界面键合的装置 和方法
技术领域
所公开的技术通常涉及用于电路的组件系统和方法。更具体地,一些实施例涉及用于将半导体管芯接合到非能动热交换器的装置和方法。
背景技术
散热是保持半导体和功率器件寿命和可靠性的关键。随着半导体器件尺寸的减小和性能的提高,热交换器或散热器(有时也称为热扩散器或盖)在各种应用中变得越来越普遍,以提供散热机制。热界面材料通常用于产热半导体器件及其相关散热器之间。热界面材料可以用来提供从器件到散热器更有效和更可靠的热传导。常见的热界面材料是金属基的,这意味着与聚合物基的热界面材料相比,它们具有非常高的导电性。
铟金属通常用作热界面材料,这是由于其综合性能:1)与相竞争的热界面材料相比,具有较高的导热性;2)低流动应力/较高的展性;3)在不使用外部机械夹具机制的情况下,本类型应用可接受的机械强度,以及4)它是一种固体材料,在正常使用过程中不会移动到键合/结合(bond)区域之外或形成气穴。铟的延性和导热性使其成为理想的可压缩热界面材料。
使用铟金属的传统热界面要求半导体管芯具有背面金属化。该金属化通常由三部分组成:1)反应层、2)阻挡层和3)钝化层。集成电路背面的常见金属化层可以是例如钛、镍和金(分别来自管芯表面),尽管许多其他材料也可以用来提供相同或相似的功能。
铟与非金属表面键合,例如半导体管芯的二氧化硅表面。它与非金属的键合强度足够高,以提供所需的机械附接,但是目前这些部件无法实现提高的工艺温度和对管芯上的铟材料进行需要的刷洗。
图1是示出用于半导体管芯处理的示例过程的图。现在参考图1,在该示例中,在操作122,管芯被附接到基板,例如在管芯的活动服务上通过I/O进行附接。例如,管芯可以以倒装芯片附接工艺附接到基板。然后,在操作124,使组件回流以将管芯与封装基板键合。然后可以清洁组件,并在操作126中进行底部填充,例如通过用专用聚合物进行底部填充。在操作128,将焊料球设置在基板的与半导体管芯相对的一侧上,从而可以将基板接合至电路板。因此,在操作130,使封装回流,这一次将球与基板键合。然后可以清洁组件并准备使用。
图2示出了安装在电路板上的组件的示例。在该示例中,将半导体器件158安装到电路板160。特别地,焊料球174被放置在半导体器件158的金属化焊盘172上,并且进行回流以将金属化焊盘172电连接到印刷电路板的电连接器176。178示出了施加在半导体器件158和电路板160之间的底部填充。该示例还示出了背面金属化156被施加至半导体器件158,使得热界面154可以与半导体器件158键合。热交换器152被接合至半导体器件158和热界面154。
发明内容
公开了一种将半导体管芯接合至非能动热交换器的新颖方法。该方法利用铟与非金属表面键合的能力来形成热界面。通过在一个(或两个)接合表面上的辅助涂层可以增强键合。在这种情况下,接合表面通常是集成电路(IC)和非能动热交换器,通常称为集成散热器、热扩散器或盖。
在一个实施例中,一种用于将半导体器件与热交换器键合的方法可以包括:提供半导体器件;将键合增强剂施加到半导体器件的第一表面;产生组件并回流该组件,使得热界面将热交换器与半导体器件键合。在各种实施例中,组件可以包括具有第一主表面和与第一主表面相对的第二主表面的热界面,其中,热界面设置在半导体器件上,使得热界面材料的第一主表面与半导体器件上的键合增强剂相接触;热交换器设置成与热界面材料的第二主表面相接触。在各种实施方式中,热界面可以包括铟金属,并且键合增强剂可以包括有机钛酸酯(organotitanate)和有机锆酸酯(organozirconate)中的至少一种。
键合增强剂可包括通过将块状液态金属施加至半导体器件并去除块状液态金属而留下氧化物种子层而沉积的氧化物种子层。氧化物种子层可以与热界面合金化以形成固态合金。
可以将半导体器件与热交换器键合,而不使用单独的金属化层将热界面与半导体器件键合。该方法还可以包括将键合增强剂施加到热交换器的要被设置成与热界面材料的第二主表面相接触的表面上。
在其他实施例中,半导体器件组件可以包括:半导体器件;键合增强剂,其设置在半导体器件的第一表面上;热界面,其设置在半导体器件的第一表面上,该热界面可以包括第一主表面和与第一主表面相对的第二主表面;其中,热界面设置在半导体器件上,使得热界面材料的第一主表面与半导体器件上的键合增强剂相接触;以及热交换器,其设置在热界面上,以与热界面的第二主表面相接触。
热界面可以包括铟金属,并且在一些实施方式中,键合增强剂可以包括有机钛酸酯和有机锆酸酯中的至少一种。在其他实施例中,键合增强剂可包括例如通过将块状液态金属施加至半导体器件并去除块状液态金属而留下氧化物种子层而沉积的氧化物种子层。可用于产生氧化物种子层的液态合金可包括,例如,包含铟、镓或铟和镓的组合的合金;上述情况在某些情况下还添加了锡。合金的示例可以包括可从铟泰公司获得的
Figure BDA0002526039220000031
合金。氧化物种子层可以与热界面合金化以形成固态合金。
可以在不使用单独的金属化层将热界面与半导体器件键合的情况下将半导体器件与热交换器键合。热交换器可以包括散热器、热扩散器或盖。
通过结合附图进行的以下详细描述,所公开的技术的其他特征和方面将变得明显,所述附图以示例的方式示出了根据所公开的技术的实施例的特征。该发明内容无意于限制本文所述的任何发明的范围,本发明的范围仅由所附权利要求书限定。
附图说明
根据一个或更多个各种实施例,参考以下附图详细描述了本文公开的技术。提供附图仅出于说明的目的,并且仅描绘了所公开技术的典型或示例实施例。提供这些附图是为了帮助读者理解所公开的技术,并且不应视为限制其广度、范围或适用性。应当注意,为了清楚和易于图示,这些附图不一定按比例绘制。
图1是示出用于半导体管芯处理的示例过程的图。
图2示出了安装在电路板上的组件的示例。
图3是示出根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例的使用键合增强剂的示例配置的图。
图4是示出根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例的用于施加热界面的示例过程的图。
图5是示出根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例的组装成其最终配置的组件的示例的图,该组件具有设置在热界面材料和半导体器件之间的半导体器件上的键合增强剂。
图6示出了根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例,其中氧化物种子层沉积在半导体器件上的示例。
图7示出了根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例,由于回流操作而从氧化物种子层形成铟合金的过程。
图8示出了根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例,其中热界面材料被分别施加到两个接合表面的示例。
图9示出了在组件之前将键合增强剂施加到半导体器件和热交换器两者的示例。
附图并非旨在穷举或将本发明限制为所公开的精确形式。应当理解,可以通过修改和变更来实践本发明,并且所公开的技术仅由权利要求及其等同物限制。
具体实施方式
根据所公开技术的各种实施例,铟可以与半导体器件的非金属表面键合以形成热界面。在一些实施例中,可以通过在半导体管芯(例如,集成电路或其他半导体器件)及其相应的热交换器的一个或两个接合表面上施加辅助涂层来增强这种键合。
在一些实施例中,键合增强剂用于促进铟热界面与半导体器件的润湿或冷焊接。键合增强剂可包括例如液态金属,该液态金属能够润湿裸半导体器件并提供铟的种子层。可以除去块状液态金属,留下氧化物种子层,当通过回流与铟形成合金时,将产生残留的合金,其为类似于纯铟的固体。作为另一个示例,可以将有机钛酸酯或有机锆酸酯或其他类似材料喷涂或以其他方式沉积在裸管芯表面上,这将促进铟与裸管芯的键合。在另一个示例中,可以将填充银的聚合物粘合剂喷涂或以其他方式沉积到裸管芯表面上。
图3是示出根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例的使用键合增强剂的示例配置的图。图4是示出根据本文描述的技术的一个实施例的用于应用热界面的示例过程的图。现在参考图3和图4,在该示例中,在操作412,将键合增强剂380施加到半导体管芯358。在该示例中,将键合增强剂380直接施加到热界面354将要安装到其上的半导体管芯358的表面。如上所述,键合增强剂380可用于促进热界面354(例如,铟金属热界面)与半导体器件358的表面的润湿或冷焊。在操作414,组件可被组装成其最终配置,如图5所示,在操作416中,该组件可以回流以融化热界面并将热交换器352固定到半导体器件358。
如上所述,在一些实施例中,键合增强剂(例如,剂380)可以是块状液态金属,其被施加并去除以留下氧化物种子层,该氧化物种子层通过回流与铟合金化。图6示出了这样的示例,其中使用该工艺在半导体器件358上沉积氧化物种子层385。图7示出了由于回流操作而形成的铟合金390。可以用来形成氧化物种子层的液态金属可以包括例如包含铟、镓或铟和镓的组合的合金;上述情况在某些情况下还添加了锡。合金的示例可以包括可从铟泰公司获得的
Figure BDA0002526039220000051
合金。
由于铟具有冷焊的能力,因此铟可以分别或同时施加在两个接合表面上。这样的一个示例在图8中示出,其中热界面被分别施加到两个表面。特别地,在该示例中,热界面354被施加到热交换器352和两个半导体器件358两者。如果热界面被单独施加,则零件可以在单独的步骤中被组装,并且可以被回流或可以不被回流以产生来自两个独立的铟层的均匀接合。
注意,在进一步的实施例中,可以将键合增强剂(例如键合增强剂380)施加到半导体器件358和热交换器352两者上,以促进热界面354与两个部件键合。图9示出了这样的示例,其中在组装之前将键合增强剂380施加到半导体器件358和热交换器352两者。
如前述示例所示,可以提供在常规回流温度下增强铟与非金属(例如,半导体表面)键合的能力的实施例。根据应用,这些温度可以在大约190℃至210℃的范围内。在某些应用中,这些温度约为200℃。因此,可以实施可以产生优于传统工艺的优点的实施例。这些优点可能包括,例如,消除了用于背面管芯/晶圆金属化、助焊剂施加或固化工艺的资源。
尽管上面已经描述了所公开的技术的各种实施例,但是应该理解,它们仅以示例的方式给出,而不是限制性的。同样,各种图可以描绘用于所公开技术的示例架构或其他配置,其被完成以帮助理解可以被包括在所公开技术中的特征和功能。所公开的技术不限于所示出的示例架构或配置,而是可以使用多种替代架构和配置来实现期望的特征。实际上,对于本领域的技术人员将明显的是,可以如何实现替代的功能、逻辑或物理划分和配置以实现本文公开的技术的期望特征。另外,可以将除本文描绘的那些以外的许多不同的组成模块名称应用于各种分区。另外,关于流程图、操作说明和方法权利要求,除非上下文另外指出,否则本文呈现步骤的顺序不应要求实施各种实施例以相同顺序执行所列举的功能。
尽管以上根据各种示例性实施例和实施方式描述了所公开的技术,但是应当理解,在一个或更多个独立实施例中描述的各种特征、方面和功能不限于其对特定实施例的适用性,借助特定实施例来描述它们,但是可以将其单独或以各种组合方式应用于所公开技术的一个或更多个其他实施例,而不管是否描述了这些实施例以及这些特征是否作为所描述实施例的一部分呈现。因此,本文公开的技术的广度和范围不应受到任何上述示例性实施例的限制。
除非另有明确说明,否则本文档中使用的术语和短语及其变体应解释为开放式的,而不是限制性的。作为前述示例:术语“包括”应理解为意思是“包括但不限于”等;术语“示例”用于提供所讨论项目的示例性实例,而不是其详尽或限制性的列表;术语:“一”或“一个”应理解为“至少一个”、“一个或更多个”等;形容词,例如“常规”、“传统”、“正常”、“标准”、“已知”和类似含义的术语,不应解释为将所描述的项目限制为给定时间段或给定的时间的可用项目,但是应该理解为包含现在或将来任何时候可用或已知的常规、传统、正常或标准技术。同样地,在本文件涉及对本领域普通技术人员而言明显或已知的技术的情况下,此类技术包括对于本领域技术人员而言当前或将来的任何时候明显或已知的技术。
在某些情况下,诸如“一个或更多个”、“至少”、“但不限于”或其他类似短语之类的拓宽单词和短语的存在不应被理解为意指或要求在可能没有这种扩展短语的情况下使用较窄的情况。术语“模块”的使用并不意味着作为模块的一部分描述或要求保护的部件或功能都配置在一个公共封装中。实际上,模块的各种部件中的任何一个或全部,无论是控制逻辑还是其他部件,都可以组合在单个封装中或单独维护,并且可以进一步分布在多个组或封装中或跨多个位置。
另外,根据示例性框图、流程图和其他图示描述了本文阐述的各种实施例。在阅读该文档之后,对于本领域的普通技术人员将变得明显的是,可以在不限于所示出的示例的情况下实现所示出的实施例及其各种替代方案。例如,框图及其随附的描述不应解释为强制特定的架构或配置。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于将半导体器件与热交换器键合的方法,包括:
提供半导体器件;
将键合增强剂施加到所述半导体器件的第一表面;
产生组件,其包括:
热界面,所述热界面包括第一主表面和与所述第一主表面相对的第二主表面,其中所述热界面设置在所述半导体器件上,使得所述热界面材料的所述第一主表面与所述半导体器件上的所述键合增强剂相接触;以及
热交换器,其设置成与所述热界面材料的所述第二主表面相接触;以及
回流所述组件,使得所述热界面将所述热交换器与所述半导体器件键合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述热界面包括铟金属。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述键合增强剂包括有机钛酸酯和有机锆酸脂中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述键合增强剂包括氧化物种子层,其通过将块状液态金属施加到所述半导体器件并且移除所述块状液态金属以留下所述氧化物种子层而沉积。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述氧化物种子层与所述热界面合金化以形成固态合金。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述半导体器件与所述热交换器键合,而不使用单独的金属化层来将所述热界面与所述半导体器件键合。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述热交换器包括散热器、热扩散器或盖。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,还包括将键合增强剂施加到所述热交换器的要设置成与所述热界面材料的所述第二主表面相接触的表面上。
9.一种半导体器件组件,包括:
半导体器件;
键合增强剂,其设置在所述半导体器件的第一表面上;
热界面,其设置在所述半导体器件的所述第一表面上并且包括第一主表面和与所述第一主表面相对的第二主表面;其中所述热界面设置在所述半导体器件上,使得所述热界面材料的所述第一主表面与所述半导体器件上的所述键合增强剂相接触;以及
热交换器,其设置在所述热界面上,以与所述热界面的所述第二主表面相接触。
10.根据权利要求9所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述热界面包括铟金属。
11.根据权利要求9所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述键合增强剂包括有机钛酸酯和有机锆酸脂中的至少一种。
12.根据权利要求9所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述键合增强剂包括氧化物种子层,其通过将块状液态金属施加到所述半导体器件并且移除所述块状液态金属以留下所述氧化物种子层而沉积。
13.根据权利要求12所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述氧化物种子层与所述热界面合金化以形成固态合金。
14.根据权利要求13所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述半导体器件与所述热交换器键合,而不使用单独的金属化层来将所述热界面与所述半导体器件键合。
15.根据权利要求9所述的半导体器件组件,其中所述热交换器包括散热器、热扩散器或盖。
16.根据权利要求9所述的半导体器件组件,还包括设置在所述热交换器上的键合增强剂。
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