CN111432875A - 从心室植入式无引线心脏起搏器检测心房收缩定时基准并确定心脏间隔的方法和系统 - Google Patents

从心室植入式无引线心脏起搏器检测心房收缩定时基准并确定心脏间隔的方法和系统 Download PDF

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CN111432875A
CN111432875A CN201880077829.8A CN201880077829A CN111432875A CN 111432875 A CN111432875 A CN 111432875A CN 201880077829 A CN201880077829 A CN 201880077829A CN 111432875 A CN111432875 A CN 111432875A
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atrial
heart
pressure
measurement module
cardiac
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杰弗里·E·施塔曼
基思·R·迈莱
克日什托夫·Z·西尔耶科
艾伦·查尔斯·舒罗斯
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Cardiac Pacemakers Inc
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    • A61N1/32Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362Heart stimulators
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    • A61N1/36564Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential controlled by a physiological quantity other than heart potential, e.g. blood pressure controlled by blood pressure
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B5/6846Arrangements of detecting, measuring or recording means, e.g. sensors, in relation to patient specially adapted to be brought in contact with an internal body part, i.e. invasive
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    • A61N1/3968Constructional arrangements, e.g. casings

Abstract

一种可植入心室的医疗装置,其包括感测模块,该感测模块被配置为在心动周期期间收集信息并至少部分地基于收集到的信息来识别心脏间隔。可植入医疗装置中的控制电路被配置为向患者的心脏递送心室起搏治疗,其中,心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分地取决于识别出的心脏间隔。

Description

从心室植入式无引线心脏起搏器检测心房收缩定时基准并确 定心脏间隔的方法和系统
相关申请
本申请要求2017年12月1日提交的美国临时专利申请序列号62/593,688的权益,其公开内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及可植入医疗装置,并且更具体地,涉及使用无引线心脏起搏器来监视、起搏患者的心脏和/或对患者的心脏除颤的系统。
背景技术
如今,可植入医疗装置通常用于监视患者和/或向患者递送治疗。例如,并且在一些情况下,起搏装置用于治疗患有各种心脏疾病的患者,这些疾病可能导致心脏将足够量的血液递送到患者身体的能力降低。这样的心脏疾病可能导致缓慢、快速、不规则和/或无效的心脏收缩。为了帮助缓解这些状况中的一些,可以将各种医疗装置(例如,起搏器、除颤器等)植入患者体内。这样的装置可以监视心脏并且在一些情况下向心脏提供电刺激(例如起搏、除颤等),以帮助心脏以更正常、有效和/或安全的方式操作。在一些情况下,检测在心脏的多个腔室中发生的心脏事件可能是有益的。在一些情况下,这可以用于增强心脏起搏治疗的有效性和/或可以允许递送不同类型的心脏起搏治疗。
发明内容
本公开总体上涉及可植入医疗装置,并且更具体地,涉及使用无引线心脏起搏器来监视、起搏患者的心脏和/或对患者的心脏除颤的系统。
在第一示例中,一种无引线心脏起搏器(LCP),其可以被配置为感测心脏活动并向患者的心脏递送起搏治疗,LCP可以包括:壳体;第一电极,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中;第二电极,其响应于壳体外部的环境;感测模块,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中,该感测模块包括压力测量模块和声学测量模块中的一个或多个,该感测模块被配置为收集适合于识别与患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准(timing fiducial)的信息;以及控制模块,其可操作地耦接到第一电极、第二电极和感测模块,该控制模块可以被配置为:处理由感测模块收集到的信息,以识别与患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准;并且经由第一电极和第二电极将起搏脉冲递送到患者的心脏,其中,在至少部分基于识别出的一个或多个定时基准的时间处递送起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,可以在一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一之后的预定时间处递送起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,可以在一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准之后的预定时间处递送起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,预定时间可以取决于一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的哪个被用作一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括压力测量模块,并且一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一可以对应于由压力测量模块检测到的导致压力定时基准的压力事件,并且其中一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准是压力定时基准。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括声学测量模块,并且一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一可以对应于由声学测量模块检测到的导致声学定时基准的声学事件,并且其中一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准是声学定时基准。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块还可以包括电描记图测量模块。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为处理由压力测量模块、声学测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的两个或更多个收集到的信息,并且识别与患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为处理由压力测量模块、声学测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的两个或更多个收集到的信息,并且将信息融合以识别与患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,一个或多个定时基准可以被至少部分地用于识别一个或多个心脏间隔,并且一个或多个心脏间隔是房室间隔、心室到心室间隔和/或心房到心房间隔。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括压力测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的开始在由压力测量模块检测到的压力事件处开始。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括声学测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的开始在由声学测量模块检测到的声学事件处开始。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块还可以包括电描记图测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结尾对应于由电描记图测量模块检测到的电气事件/或递送到患者的心脏的起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括压力测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结尾对应于由压力测量模块检测到的压力事件。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括声学测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结尾对应于由声学测量模块检测到的声学事件。
在另一示例中,无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)可以被配置为感测心脏活动并向患者的心脏递送起搏治疗。LCP可以包括:壳体;第一电极,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中;第二电极,其响应于壳体外部的环境;感测模块,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中,该感测模块包括压力测量模块和声学测量模块中的一个或多个,该感测模块被配置为收集适合于确定与患者的心脏相关联的一个或多个心脏间隔的信息;以及控制模块,其可操作地耦接到第一电极、第二电极和感测模块,该控制模块可以被配置为:处理由感测模块收集到的信息,以识别与患者的心脏相关联的一个或多个心脏间隔;并且经由第一电极和第二电极将起搏脉冲递送到患者的心脏,其中,在至少部分基于识别出的一个或多个心脏间隔的时间处递送起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个可以是房室间隔、心室到心室间隔或心房到心房间隔。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括压力测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的开始在由压力测量模块检测到的压力事件处开始。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括声学测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的开始在由声学测量模块检测到的声学事件处开始。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块还可以包括电描记图测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结尾对应于由电描记图测量模块检测到的电气事件/或递送到患者的心脏的起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括压力测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的末端对应于由压力测量模块检测到的压力事件。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,感测模块可以包括声学测量模块,并且一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的末端对应于由声学测量模块检测到的声学事件。
在另一示例中,无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)可以被配置为感测心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送到患者的心脏。LCP可以包括:壳体;第一电极,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中;第二电极,其相对于壳体固定并且暴露于壳体外部的环境中;感测模块,其响应于壳体外部的环境,该感测模块包括两个或更多个感测模块,每个感测模块用于检测不同事件类型,两个或更多个感测模块包括:用于检测电气事件类型的电描记图测量模块;以及用于检测压力事件类型的压力测量模块和用于检测声学事件类型的声学测量模块中的一个或多个,该感测模块被配置为收集适合于确定与患者的心脏相关联的一个或多个心脏间隔的信息;以及控制模块,其可操作地耦接到第一电极、第二电极和感测模块。控制模块可以被配置为处理由感测模块收集到的信息,以识别与患者的心脏相关联的一个或多个心脏间隔,其中至少一个心脏间隔以检测到的第一事件类型开始并且以不同于检测到的第一事件类型的检测到的第二事件类型结束,并且经由第一电极和第二电极将起搏脉冲递送到患者的心脏,其中,在至少部分基于识别出的一个或多个心脏间隔的时间处递送起搏脉冲
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,控制模块可以在至少一个心脏间隔的开始之后的预定时间长度或在至少一个心脏间隔的结尾之前的预定时间长度递送起搏脉冲。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,检测到的第一事件类型可以是压力事件类型或声学事件类型,并且检测到的第二事件类型是电气事件。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,检测到的第一事件类型是与心房收缩有关的压力事件类型或声学事件类型,并且检测到的第二事件类型是与心室收缩有关的电气事件类型。
以上概述并非旨在描述本公开的每个实施例或每个实施方式。通过参考以下结合附图的描述和权利要求,优点和成就以及对本公开的更完整的理解将变得显而易见和领会。
附图说明
考虑到以下结合附图对各种说明性实施例的描述,可以更完全地理解本公开,其中:
图1是根据本公开的一个示例的说明性无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)的示意性框图;
图2为可与LCP 100(图1)结合使用以便检测和/或治疗心律失常和其他心脏疾病的另一种医疗装置(MD)的示意性框图;
图3是根据本公开的又一示例的包括LCP和另一医疗装置的示例性医疗系统的示意图;
图4是示出了心脏的电信号和心脏收缩的机械指示之间的时间关系的说明性心电图(ECG)的图形表示;
图5是示出了随着时间推移的心脏内的示例性压力和容积的曲线图;
图6是在心动周期期间发生的各种伪迹以及检测它们的不同方式的说明性表格;
图7是在心动周期期间发生的以及在此期间每个心动时相发生的各种伪迹的说明性表格;
图8是说明性LCP的侧视图;
图9A是在心室充盈期间植入心脏内的示例性LCP的局部横截面平面图;
图9B是在心室收缩期间植入心脏内的示例性LCP的局部横截面平面图;
图10是示出了从植入心脏心室中的LCP检测心房活动并使用其生成和递送心室起搏脉冲的说明性方法的流程图;
图11是说明性信号平均方法的示意图,其可由植入心室中的LCP使用来帮助识别心房定时基准;
图12示出了说明性心室压信号的一部分;
图13示出了包括心音、右心室压和心电图的说明性心脏信号以及这样的信号的可检测特性之间的各种间隔的曲线图;
图14示出了包括心音、右心室压和心电图的说明性心脏信号以及从这样的信号的可检测特性到所期心室起搏脉冲的各种定时延迟(AV间隔)的曲线图;
图15是用于确定医疗装置何时应利用复归(reversion)的说明性方法;
图16示出了当装置在正常VDD跟踪模式下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔与当装置在VDD伪跟踪模式下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔的比较;并且
图17是可以由植入心室中的LCP使用来帮助识别心房定时基准的更高阶导数的图形表示。
尽管本公开适合于各种修改和可替选形式,但是其细节已经借由附图中的示例示出并且将被详细描述。然而,应当理解,意图不是将本公开的方面限制于所描述的特定说明性实施例。相反,意图是涵盖落入本公开的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同物和替代物。
具体实施方式
应该参考附图来阅读以下描述,在附图中,不同附图中的相似元件被编号相同。不一定按比例的描述和附图描绘了说明性实施例,并不旨在限制本公开的范围。尽管本公开适用于任何合适的可植入医疗装置(IMD),但是下面的描述使用起搏器,并且更具体地使用无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)作为特定示例。
除非内容中另有明确规定,否则本文中假定所有数字均由术语“约”修饰。由端点表述的数值范围包括该范围内包含的所有数字(例如1到5包括1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4和5)。
如在本说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指示物,除非内容另有明确指示。如在本说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,术语“或”通常以其包括“和/或”的含义被采用,除非内容另有明确指示。
注意,说明书中对“实施例”、“一些实施例”,“其他实施例”等的引用指示出所描述的实施例可以包括特定的特征、结构或特性,但是每个实施例可以不一定包括特定的特征、结构或特性。而且,这样的短语不一定指相同的实施例。此外,当结合实施例描述特定的特征、结构或特性时,可以设想的是,除非明确地相反说明,否则该特征、结构或特性可以应用于其他实施例,无论是否明确描述。
正常、健康的心脏通过贯穿心脏传导固有生成的电信号来诱导收缩。这些固有信号导致心脏的肌肉细胞或组织以协调的方式收缩。这些收缩迫使血液进出心脏,从而为整个身体的其余部位提供血液循环。许多患者患有影响其心脏有效操作的心脏疾病。例如,一些心脏发展出患病的组织,这些患病的组织不再生成或有效地传导固有的电信号。在一些示例中,患病的心脏组织可能以不同的速率传导电信号,从而导致心脏的不同步和无效的收缩。在其他示例中,心脏可能以使得心率变得危险地低的此种低速率生成固有信号。在其他示例中,心脏可能以异常高的速率生成电信号,甚至导致心脏纤颤。在一些情况下,这种异常可能会发展为纤颤状态,其中患者的心脏腔室的收缩几乎完全不同步,并且心脏的泵血很少甚至没有。可植入医疗装置可以被配置为确定此类心脏异常或心律失常的发生并向患者的心脏递送一种或多种类型的电刺激治疗,其可能有助于终止或缓解这些和其他心脏疾病。
可以设想的是,植入右(或左)心室的装置可使用心房事件或指示心房事件的伪迹来定时心室的起搏脉冲以支持治疗心动过缓事件。在一些情况下,可以调整心室起搏脉冲的定时,以使通过被动充盈进入右心室的血液量最大化。在一些情况下,这可以包括相对于心房基准(例如,心房强力收缩(atrial kick))调整AV延迟。在一些情况下,随着时间推移而测得的压力变化(或其他心房基准)可用于支持CRT心脏治疗的管理(例如,如果放置在左心室中的话)、患者健康状况监视和/或任何其他合适目标。可以设想的是,使用单个无引线心脏起搏器测量心室和心房之一或二者中的事件可以仅使用单个装置来复制双腔室系统。例如,这样的系统可以使能装置定位在心室中并且能够感测固有的心室和心房事件并在适当时对心室进行起搏(例如,VDD起搏器)。
图1描绘了可植入患者体内以提供心动过缓治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT),抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗和/或除颤治疗等的说明性无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)。如在图1中可以看到的,说明性LCP 100可以是紧凑的装置,其所有组件都被容纳在LCP壳体120之内和/或之上。在图1中示出的示例中,LCP 100包括通信模块102、脉冲发生器模块104、电感测模块106、机械感测模块108、处理模块110、电池112和电极114。可以设想的是,取决于应用,LCP100可以包括更多或更少的模块。
通信模块102可以被配置为与位于患者身体的外部和/或内部的诸如传感器的远程装置和/或其他装置等进行通信。其他装置可以是主要用作医疗装置的装置(例如,LCP编程器、植入式传感器),或主要用作非医疗装置的装置(例如,个人电脑、平板电脑、智能手机或笔记本电脑等)。不论位置或主要功能如何,远程装置(即,LCP 100外部但不一定在患者体外)都可以经由通信模块102与LCP 100通信,以实现一个或多个所期功能。例如,LCP 100可以通过通信模块102向远程医疗装置传送诸如感测到的信号、数据、指令、消息等的信息。远程医疗装置然后可以使用所传送的信号、数据、指令和/或消息来执行各种功能,诸如确定心律失常的发生、递送电刺激治疗、存储接收到的数据、分析接收到的数据、将接收到的数据发送到外部编程器或服务器等以供医生审查和/或执行任何其他合适的功能。LCP 100可以另外通过通信模块102从远程医疗装置接收诸如信号、数据、指令和/或消息的信息,并且LCP 100可以使用接收到的信号、数据、指令和/或消息来执行各种功能,诸如确定心律失常的发生、递送电刺激治疗、存储接收到的数据、分析接收到的数据和/或执行任何其他合适的功能。通信模块102可以被配置为使用一种或多种方法与远程装置进行通信。例如,通信模块102可以经由射频(RF)信号、电感耦合、光信号、声学信号、传导式通信信号和/或适合于通信的任何其他信号进行通信。
在图1中示出的示例中,脉冲发生器模块104可以电连接到电极114。在一些示例中,LCP 100可以包括一个或多个附加电极114’。在这样的示例中,脉冲发生器104也可以电连接到附加电极114’。脉冲发生器模块104可以被配置为生成电刺激信号。例如,脉冲发生器模块104可以通过使用存储在LCP 100内的电池112中的能量来生成电刺激信号,并且经由电极114和/或114’递送所生成的电刺激信号。可替选地或另外地,脉冲发生器104可以包括一个或多个电容器,并且脉冲发生器104可以通过从电池112汲取能量来给一个或多个电容器充电。脉冲发生器104然后可以使用一个或多个电容器的能量来经由电极114和/或114’递送所生成的电刺激信号。在至少一些示例中,LCP 100的脉冲发生器104可以包括开关电路,以将电极114和/或114’中的一个或多个选择性地连接到脉冲发生器104,以便选择脉冲发生器104使用电极114/114’中的哪个电极(和/或其他电极)来递送电刺激治疗。脉冲发生器模块104可以生成具有特定特征或特定序列的电刺激信号,以便提供多种不同刺激治疗中的一种或多种。例如,脉冲发生器模块104可以被配置为生成电刺激信号来提供电刺激治疗以对抗心动过缓、心动过速、心脏不同步、心动过缓心律失常、心动过速心律失常、纤颤性心律失常、心脏同步性心律失常和/或产生任何其他合适的电刺激治疗。一些更常见的电刺激治疗包括心动过缓治疗、抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT)和心脏复律/除颤治疗。
在一些示例中,LCP 100可以不包括脉冲发生器104或者可以关闭脉冲发生器104。当如此提供时,LCP 100可以是仅诊断装置。在这样的示例中,LCP 100可以不将电刺激治疗递送给患者。相反,LCP 100可以收集关于患者的心脏电活动和/或其他生理参数的数据,并且经由通信模块102将这样的数据和/或确定传送给一个或多个其他医疗装置。
在一些示例中,LCP 100可以包括电感测模块106,并且在一些情况下,可以包括机械感测模块108。电感测模块106可以被配置为感测心脏的心脏电活动。例如,电感测模块106可以连接至电极114/114’,并且电感测模块106可以被配置为接收通过电极114/114’传导的心脏电信号。心脏电信号可以表示来自其中植入了LCP 100的腔室(例如近场)的局部信息。例如,如果将LCP 100植入心脏的心室中,则LCP 100通过电极114/114’感测到的心脏电信号可能表示心室心脏电信号,并且可能地表示一些较弱的心房电信号。电感测模块106可以被配置为检测电压、电流和/或阻抗。可以提供电描记图感测模块作为电感测模块的一部分。
机械感测模块108可以包括一个或多个传感器,诸如加速度计、陀螺仪、麦克风、水听器、血压传感器、心音传感器、血氧传感器、温度传感器、流量传感器、应变传感器和/或配置为测量患者的一个或多个机械和/或化学参数的任何其他合适的传感器。在一些情况下,机械感测模块108可以包括压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块中的两个或更多个。
电感测模块106和机械感测模块108都可以连接至处理模块110,该处理模块110可以提供表示感测到的机械参数的信号。虽然关于图1被描述为单独的感测模块,但是在一些情况下,电感测模块106和机械感测模块108可以根据需要组合成单个感测模块。
电极114/114’可以相对于壳体120固定,但是暴露于LCP 100周围的组织和/或血液。在一些情况下,电极114通常可以布置在LCP的任一端上或附近,并且可以与模块102、104、106、108和110中的一个或多个电通信。电极114/114’可以由壳体120支撑,尽管在一些示例中,电极114/114’可以通过短连接线(例如,尾部)相对于壳体120固定,使得电极114/114’中的一个或多个可以与壳体120间隔开。在LCP 100包括一个或多个电极114’的示例中,电极114’在一些情况下可以布置在LCP 100的壳体120的侧面上,这可以增加LCP 100可以通过其感测心脏电活动、递送电刺激和/或与外部医疗装置进行通信的电极的数量。电极114/114’可以由一种或多种生物相容性导电材料(诸如已知安全植入人体内的各种金属或合金)制成。在一些情况下,连接到LCP 100的电极114/114’可以具有将电极114/114’与相邻电极、壳体120和/或LCP 100的其他部分电隔离的绝缘部分。
处理模块110可以被配置为控制LCP 100的操作。例如,处理模块110可以被配置为接收来自电感测模块106和/或机械感测模块108的电信号。基于接收到的信号,处理模块110可以确定例如起搏治疗(诸如心动过缓治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT)、抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗和/或除颤治疗等)的需要。处理模块110可以控制脉冲发生器模块104根据一种或多种起搏治疗来生成电刺激。处理模块110可以进一步接收来自通信模块102的信息。在一些示例中,处理模块110可以使用这样接收到的信息来帮助确定对起搏治疗的需要和/或需要什么类型的起搏治疗。处理模块110可以额外地控制通信模块102向其他装置发送信息/接收来自其他装置的信息。
在一些示例中,处理模块110可以包括预编程的芯片,诸如超大规模集成电路(VLSI)芯片和/或专用集成电路(ASIC)。在这样的实施例中,可以利用控制逻辑对芯片进行预编程,以便控制LCP 100的操作。通过使用预编程的芯片,处理模块110可以使用比其他可编程电路(例如,通用可编程微处理器)更少的电力,同时仍然能够保持基本功能,从而潜在地增加了LCP 100的电池寿命。在其他示例中,处理模块110可以包括可编程微处理器。这样的可编程微处理器可以允许用户修改LCP 100的控制逻辑(甚至在植入之后),从而允许LCP100相比在使用预编程ASIC时而言的更大的灵活性。在一些示例中,处理模块110可以进一步包括存储器,并且处理模块110可以在存储器上存储信息并且从存储器中读取信息。在其他示例中,LCP 100可以包括与处理模块110通信的单独存储器(未示出),使得处理模块110可以从单独存储器读取信息和向单独存储器写入信息。
电池112可以向LCP 100提供电力以用于其操作。在一些示例中,电池112可以是不可再充电的锂基电池。在其他示例中,根据需要,不可再充电电池可以由其他合适的材料制成。因为LCP 100是可植入装置,所以在植入之后可能会限制对LCP 100的访问。因此,期望具有足够的电池容量以在诸如几天、几周、几个月、几年或甚至几十年的治疗期内递送治疗。在一些情况下,电池112可以是可再充电电池,其可以帮助增加LCP 100的使用寿命。在其他示例中,根据需要,电池112可以是某种其他类型的电源。
为了将LCP 100植入患者体内,操作者(例如医师、临床医生等)可将LCP 100固定到患者的心脏的心脏组织。为了促进固定,LCP 100可以包括一个或多个锚定件116。锚定件116可以包括多种固定或锚定机构中的任意一个。例如,锚定件116可包括一个或多个销、U形钉、螺纹、螺钉、螺旋和/或尖齿等。在一些示例中,尽管未示出,但是锚定件116可以在其外表面上包括可以沿着锚定件116的至少一部分长度延伸的螺纹。该螺纹可以在心脏组织和锚定件之间提供摩擦,以帮助在心脏组织内固定锚定件116。在其他示例中,锚定件116可以包括诸如倒钩或尖钉等的其他结构以促进与周围的心脏组织接合。
图2描绘了另一个医疗装置(MD)200的示例,该MD 200可以与LCP 100(图1)结合使用,以便检测和/或治疗心律失常和其他心脏疾病。在示出的示例中,MD 200可以包括通信模块202、脉冲发生器模块204、电感测模块206、机械感测模块208、处理模块210和电池218。这些模块中的每个可以类似于LCP 100的模块102、104、106、108和110。另外,电池218可以类似于LCP 100的电池112。在一些示例中,相比LCP 100而言,MD 200可在壳体220内具有更大的容积。在这样的示例中,MD 200可以包括更大的电池和/或相比LCP 100的处理模块110而言能够处理更复杂操作的更大的处理模块210。
虽然可以设想的是,MD 200可以是诸如图1中示出的另一无引线装置,但是在一些情况下,MD 200可以包括诸如引线212的引线。引线212可以包括在电极214和位于壳体220内的一个或多个模块之间传导电信号的电线。在一些情况下,引线212可以连接到MD 200的壳体220并远离壳体220延伸。在一些示例中,引线212被植入在患者的心脏之上、之内,或邻近患者的心脏植入。引线212可包含一个或多个电极214,其定位在引线212上的各个位置处,并且在一些情况下定位在距壳体220的各种距离处。一些引线212可仅包括单个电极214,而其他引线212可包括多个电极214。通常,将电极214定位在引线212上,使得当将引线212植入患者体内时,将电极214中的一个或多个定位为执行所期功能。在一些情况下,电极214中的一个或多个可以与患者的心脏组织接触。在一些情况下,电极214中的一个或多个可以被胸骨下地(substernally)或皮下地定位,并且与患者的心脏间隔开但邻近患者的心脏。在一些情况下,电极214可将固有生成的电信号传导至引线212,例如,表示固有的心脏电活动的信号。引线212可以继而将接收到的电信号传导至MD 200的模块202、204、206和208中的一个或多个。在一些情况下,MD 200可以生成电刺激信号,并且引线212可以将生成的电刺激信号传导到电极214。电极214然后可以传导电信号并且将该信号(直接或间接地)递送到患者的心脏。
如同机械感测模块108,机械感测模块208可包含或电连接至一个或多个传感器,诸如麦克风、水听器、加速度计、陀螺仪、血压传感器、心音传感器、血氧传感器、声学传感器、超声传感器、应变传感器和/或被配置为测量心脏和/或患者的一个或多个机械/化学参数的其他传感器。在一些示例中,传感器中的一个或多个可以位于引线212上,但是这不是必须的。在一些示例中,传感器中的一个或多个可以位于壳体220中。
虽然不要求,但是在一些示例中,MD 200可以是可植入医疗装置。在这样的示例中,MD 200的壳体220可以被植入例如患者的经胸廓部位中。壳体220通常可以包括可安全地植入人体中的多种已知材料中的任何一种,并且在植入时可将MD 200的各种组件与患者身体的液体和组织气密密封。
在一些情况下,MD 200可以是可植入心脏起搏器(ICP)。在此示例中,MD 200可以具有植入患者的心脏之上或之内的一个或多个引线,例如引线212。一个或多个引线212可包括与患者的心脏的心脏组织和/或血液接触的一个或多个电极214。MD 200可以被配置为感测固有生成的心脏电信号,并且基于对感测到的信号的分析来确定例如一个或多个心律失常。MD 200可以配置为经由被植入心脏内的引线212或通过命令LCP起搏而与LCP合作地来递送CRT、ATP治疗、心动过缓治疗和/或其他治疗类型。在一些示例中,MD 200可以另外被配置为提供除颤治疗。
在一些情况下,MD 200可以是可植入心脏复律除颤器(ICD)。在这样的示例中,MD200可以包括植入患者的心脏内的一个或多个引线。MD 200还可以被配置为感测心脏电信号、基于感测到的信号确定快速性心律失常的发生,并且可以被配置为响应于确定快速性心律失常的发生而递送除颤治疗。在一些情况下,MD 200可以是皮下可植入心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)。在MD 200为S-ICD的示例中,引线212中的一个可以是与心脏间隔开的皮下地或胸骨下地植入的引线。在MD 200为S-ICD的至少一些示例中,MD 200可以仅包括皮下地或胸骨下地植入的单个引线,但这不是必需的。在一些情况下,S-ICD引线可以从S-ICD罐(can)皮下地在胸骨周围延伸,并且可以终止于胸骨的内表面附近并且与心脏间隔开。
在一些示例中,MD 200可以不是可植入医疗装置。而是,MD 200可以是患者体外的装置,并且可以包括放置在患者身体上的皮肤电极。在这样的示例中,MD 200可以能够感测表面电信号(例如,由心脏生成的心脏电信号或由植入患者体内的装置生成并通过身体传导至皮肤的电信号)。在这样的示例中,MD 200可以被配置为递送各种类型的电刺激治疗,包括例如除颤治疗。MD 200还可被配置为通过命令LCP递送治疗来经由LCP递送电刺激。
可以设想的是,可以将一个或多个LCP 100和/或一个或多个MD 200组合使用作为示例医疗装置系统。各种装置100、200可以通过各种通信路径进行通信,包括使用RF信号、电感耦合、电导耦合光信号、声学信号或适合于通信的任何其他信号。该系统可以进一步包括显示器并且与显示器通信。显示器可以是个人电脑、平板电脑、智能手机、笔记本电脑或根据需要的其他显示器。在一些情况下,显示器可以包括用于接收来自用户的输入的输入装置。例如,显示器还可以包括键盘、鼠标、可致动(例如,可推动)按钮或触摸屏显示器。这些仅是示例。一些说明性医疗装置系统在题为IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE WITHPRESSURE SENSOR并且于2017年8月18日提交的共同转让的专利申请号62/547,458中进行了描述,其通过引用并入本文。
图3示出了结合LCP 100和MD 200的示例系统250。在图3中,示出了被固定在心脏H的右心室内部的LCP 100,并且示出了耦接到具有一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c的引线212的包括脉冲发生器的MD 200。在一些情况下,MD 200可以是皮下可植入心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)的一部分,并且一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c可以定位于皮下地或胸骨下地邻近心脏。在一些情况下,S-ICD引线可以从S-ICD罐皮下地在胸骨周围延伸,并且一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c可以被定位成邻近胸骨的内表面但与心脏H间隔开。在一些情况下,LCP 100可以与皮下可植入心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)通信。
在一些情况下,LCP 100可以根据需要位于心脏的左心室、右心房或左心房中。在一些情况下,可能会植入不止一个LCP 100。例如,一个LCP可以植入右心室中,并且另一个LCP可以植入右心房中。在另一示例中,一个LCP可以植入右心室中,并且另一LCP可以植入左心室中。在又一个示例中,一个LCP可以植入心脏的腔室中的每个中。此外,可以在没有第二MD 200的情况下使用LCP 100。
医疗装置系统250还可包括外部支持装置,诸如外部支持装置260。外部支持装置260可用于使用本文所述的通信技术中的一种或多种执行诸如装置识别、装置编程和/或装置之间实时和/或存储的数据的传送的功能。作为一个示例,经由无线模式(例如,RF、蓝牙、感应通信等)执行外部支持装置260与MD 200之间的通信,并且经由传导模式(例如传导式通信)执行MD 200与LCP 100之间的通信。在一些示例中,通过经由MD 200发送通信信息来完成LCP 100和外部支持装置260之间的通信。然而,在其他示例中,LCP 100和外部支持装置260之间的通信可以是直接的。在一些实施例中,外部支撑装置260可以设置有显示器262或与显示器262通信。显示器262可以是个人电脑、平板电脑、智能手机、笔记本电脑或根据需要的其他显示器。在一些情况下,显示器262可以包括用于接收来自用户的输入的输入装置。例如,显示器262还可以包括键盘、鼠标、可致动按钮、或者触摸屏显示器。这些仅是示例。
参考图4,将理解的是,心脏是经由电信号来控制的,该电信号通过心脏组织并且可以由诸如但不限于图1或图2的LCP 100和/或MD 200的植入式装置检测到。图4是说明性心电图(ECG)300的图形表示,其示出了心脏的电信号与心脏收缩的机械指示302(例如心音)之间的时间关系。如在说明性ECG 300中可以看到的,心跳包括P波,该P波指示与使心室负荷的心房收缩相关联的心房去极化。包括Q波、R波和S波的QRS复合波表示了与用于将血液泵送到身体和肺部的心室收缩相关联的心室去极化。T波示出了心室重新极化,为下一次心跳做准备。对于心脏病,这些独立事件的定时可能是异常的或不正常的,并且各种波的形状、幅度和/或定时可能与示出的不同。将理解的是,ECG 300可以由诸如但不限于图1或图2的LCP 100和/或MD 200的植入式装置检测到。
电信号300典型地指示心脏的一部分收缩,其然后导致对应的机械收缩。电信号(例如ECG 300)的特性与对应的机械响应之间存在对应关系。机械响应典型地会延迟,这是因为心脏需要一些时间来响应电信号。
将理解的是,心音可以被认为是心脏跳动的机械指示的一个示例。其他说明性机械指示可包括,例如,由LCP中的加速度计检测到的心壁的运动或心内膜加速度、由SICD中的加速度计检测到的心壁的运动或加速度、由LCP的压力传感器检测到的心脏腔室内压力、压力变化或压力变化率、由声学传感器(例如,加速度计、麦克风等)检测到的心脏运动引起的声学信号、由LCP中的陀螺仪检测到的心脏扭曲和/或心脏腔室跳动的任何其他适当指示。
在一些情况下,可能存在在心室收缩期间由二尖瓣和三尖瓣闭合生成的振动所产生的表示为S1的第一心音、由主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣闭合所产生的表示为S2的第二心音、作为由于血液从右心房快速进入右心室以及从左心房快速进入左心室而引起的舒张早期声音的表示为S3的第三心音、以及作为对应于主动心房收缩期间的晚期心室充盈的舒张末期声音的表示为S4的第四心音。这些是可以使用各种传感器(例如麦克风、水听器、加速度计等)检测到的机械响应。
因为心音是心肌响应于电信号的收缩或舒张的结果,所以将理解的是,在由ECG300指示出的电信号与由心音迹线302示出的示例中指示出的对应机械指示之间存在延迟。例如,ECG 300的P波是触发心房收缩的电信号。S4心音是由心房收缩引起的机械信号。在一些情况下,可以使用P波和S4心音之间的这种关系。例如,如果可以检测到这些信号之一,则可以将它们的预期定时关系用作搜索另一个信号的机制。例如,如果可以检测到P波,则可以定义和搜索P波之后的窗口,以便帮助找到和/或隔离对应的S4心音。在一些情况下,两个信号的检测可能指示检测到的心房收缩的置信水平增加。在一些情况下,检测任一信号可能足以识别心房收缩。心房收缩的识别可用于识别心房收缩定时基准(例如,心房收缩的定时标记)。
对于具有静脉引线的传统系统,放置心脏内电极以检测心房去极化,同时还向一个或两个心室递送起搏治疗。结果,单个装置的电路将直接接收P波的信息,从而允许以起搏脉冲的被定时间隔进行递送,以便正确地协调心室起搏与心房收缩并提高泵送效率。但是,对于仅具有在心室内植入LCP的系统,可能很难从心室内检测到相对较小的P波,并且像这样,可以设想的是,LCP可以被配置为在不依赖P波的情况下检测心房活动(例如使用S4)。检测到的心房活动可以用于识别心房定时基准,其可以用作对心室中的起搏脉冲进行定时的基础(例如,在AV延迟之后)。
在一些示例中,定义了用于心房伪迹检测的时间窗口,在此期间,LCP 100可以具体查找心房伪迹(诸如但不限于心房收缩)以确定心房定时基准。这样的窗口可以通过分析从患者获得的心脏信号例如使用检测到的心室事件诸如先前心跳的T波或R波/QRS复合波作为定时延迟304、306的起点,来定义,如图4中示出的。基于使用从患者收集到的数据或使用公式或已接受的关系的患者的整体心跳速率,定时延迟304、306可以是动态的。如本文中更详细描述的,可以基于检测到的心房伪迹和/或确定出的心房事件来确定其他窗口。
在一些情况下,某些电信号和/或机械指示的关系可以用于预测同一心跳内其他电信号和/或机械指示的定时。可替选地或另外地,可以将与特定心跳相对应的某些电信号和/或机械指示的定时用于预测后续心跳内的其他电信号和/或机械指示的定时。
将理解的是,随着心脏经历心动周期,心脏内的血压和血容量随时间变化。图5示出了这些参数如何与电信号和对应的机械指示相关。图5示出了在两个连续的心跳内的心脏的主动脉压、左心室压、左心房压、左心室容积、心电图(ECG或egram)以及心音的说明性示例。心动周期可以开始于心脏舒张期,并且二尖瓣打开。心室压降到心房压以下,导致了以血液的心室充盈。如示出的,在心室充盈期间,主动脉压缓慢降低。在心脏收缩期期间,心室收缩。当心室压超过心房压时,二尖瓣闭合,生成S1心音。在主动脉瓣打开之前,出现等容收缩期,其中心室压迅速增加,但心室容积没有明显变化。一旦心室压等于主动脉压,主动脉瓣就会打开,并且射血期开始,在此射血期中,血液从左心室喷射到主动脉中。射血期一直持续,直到心室压降到主动脉压以下为止,此时主动脉瓣闭合,从而生成S2心音。此时,等容舒张期开始并且心室压迅速下降,直到其被心房压超过为止,此时二尖瓣打开,并且循环重复进行。
心房的收缩在心室舒张结尾附近发起。除了与被动充盈相关联的量外,主动心房收缩还推动或迫使额外的血液容积进入心室(通常称为“心房强力收缩”)。在一些情况下,心房强力收缩对心室前负荷(preload)的贡献在血液容积的约20%的范围内。在正常心率下,心房收缩针对充分的心室充盈被认为是高度期望的。但是,随着心律的增加,心房充盈对于心室充盈变得越来越重要,这是因为主动充盈的收缩之间的时间间隔变得逐渐缩短。肺动脉、右心房和右心室的心脏压力曲线以及右心室的心脏容积曲线可以与图5中示出的曲线类似。典型地,右心室中的心脏压力低于左心室的心脏压力。
可以使用声学传感器(例如麦克风)来记录图5中示出的心音信号,该声学传感器可以捕获由这种心音产生的声波。在另一示例中,可以使用加速度计或压力传感器来记录心音,该加速度计或压力传感器捕获由心音引起的振动或压力波。心音信号可以记录在心脏内部或外部。这些仅是示例。
在一些情况下,感测心房事件或指示心房事件的伪迹可允许诸如植入心室的LCP100之类的装置检测心房收缩,从而导致例如心房强力收缩。在一些情况下,提供心房收缩指示的信号可以包括S3心音信号、S4心音信号、A波信号(压力波)和P波信号中的一个或多个。在一些情况下,可提供心室收缩的指示的信号可包括以下中的一个或多个:R波、心室压信号、心室压变化信号(dP/dt)、心室壁加速度信号、心室扭曲信号、血流速率信号和心室容积信号。这些只是一些示例。
检测到的一些其他事件或伪迹可以包括但不限于S1心音、S2心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织和/或血液振动、心房到心室血液运动、心室壁和/或房室(AV)瓣位置、无动性压力(akinetic pressure)、心室扭曲和适合识别心房事件的任何其他事件或伪迹、和/或其组合。
可以设想的是,可以使用许多不同的传感器模态来帮助从心室检测心房事件或指示心房事件的伪迹。图6示出了表格320,该表格320包括用于各种说明性伪迹中的每个伪迹的列以及用于每个说明性传感器模态的行。“X”指示可用于检测对应伪迹的传感器模态。
在图6中,可以看出电压可以用于检测P波,诸如经由电描记图或心电图(ECG)。可以设想的是,在一些情况下,植入右心室的LCP可以具有指向三尖瓣的自由端(例如,未附接到组织的端)。由于它们在解剖学上的接近性,LCP的电极可用于检测心房去极化(例如,p波)。自心室起,p波可能相对较小,并且难以检测。在一些情况下,LCP可以对何时预期p波的时间周围的时间窗口进行识别,并且LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均(例如,参见图11)以帮助在窗口期间识别p波。可替选地或另外地,可以与一个或多个其他伪迹一起检测p波,以帮助确认心房收缩并从中发展出心房定时基准。
如图6中示出的,可以使用压力来识别许多不同的心房伪迹。例如,DC和/或接近DC类型的压力测量(例如,0-10Hz范围)可以用于识别心室的被动充盈(例如,无动性压力)。低频(例如1-5Hz范围)AC型压力测量可用于检测A波(心室中的心房压力波),而高频(例如15-30Hz范围)AC型压力测量可用于检测心音。这些仅是示例。在一些情况下,可以使用压力来识别被动充盈模式和主动充盈模式之间的转变。这种转变可以用作心房收缩的指示符。根据需要,也可以使用其他合适的方法来测量或检测一个或多个心脏腔室中的压力。在题为“IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE WITH PRESSURE SENSOR”并且于2016年10月27日提交的共同转让的专利申请号62/413,766以及题为“IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE WITH PRESSURESENSOR”并且于2017年8月18日提交的专利申请号62/547,458中描述了一些说明性但非限制性的压力传感器和用于使用LCP来感测压力的配置,其通过引用并入本文。
如图6中示出的,阻抗测量可用于确定心室容积变化,然后可将其用于推断由于心房收缩而引起的压力波(例如A波)。在一个示例中,当心室中的血液容积改变时,LCP的电极之间的阻抗改变。可以设想的是,容积变化率(例如,进入心室的血液速率的增加,并且因此心室容积的变化更快)可用于识别主动充盈的开始以及因此的心房收缩的开始。在题为“LEADLESS CARDIAC PACEMAKER FOR GENDERING CARDIAC PRESSURE-VOLUME LOOP”并且于2017年6月22日提交的共同转让的专利申请号15/630,677中描述了心脏中阻抗测量的一些说明性用途,其通过引用并入本文。
当由于心房收缩而使血液进入心室时,心室可能伸展。心室的伸展可以利用应变传感器测量。应变传感器可能需要两个或更多个固定点。加速度可用于测量心脏H的收缩力以及声音。在一些情况下,当加速度测量结果与心室压、心脏容积和/或其他感测到的参数结合时,可以确定心输出量。
应当理解,图6中示出的表格320并不旨在包括每个可能的伪迹或用于检测每个伪迹的传感器模态。本领域技术人员将认识到,其他伪迹、传感器模态和/或其组合可用于从心室识别心房事件。在另一示例中,呼吸时相传感器(respriatory phase sensor)可以与本文所述的其他心房伪迹一起使用,或者可以自身用于帮助识别心房伪迹。
心房事件和/或指示心房事件的伪迹可能在被动心室充盈或主动心室充盈中的任一个或两者期间发生。图7示出了心动时相的表格330,以及在心动周期的那个时相期间可能发生的一个或多个伪迹,其中“X”用于表示对应的伪迹在识别出的心动时相期间发生。由于机电延迟,因此P波的初始部分可能会落入被动充盈期,而稍后部分可能会进入主动充盈期,并且这就是为什么“X”在表格330的两行中。尽管不是必需的,但是可以设想的是,可以提供每单位面积力类型的测量结果作为与压力成线性比例的DC电压或电流和/或低频压力信号。可以提供声音类型的压力测量结果(例如次声和声波)作为AC压力。
在一些情况下,超声可以使用组合的超声源和传感器,尽管这不是必需的。源和传感器可以根据需要分开提供。可以设想的是,可以在植入心室的装置中使用超声成像以观察心房壁(例如,通过三尖瓣)、三尖瓣闭合和/或由于心房收缩引起的流量增加,以帮助识别A波。在一些情况下,超声传感器可能会检测到房性心律失常(例如房扑或房颤)。在正常窦性心律(NSR)期间,流入心室的心房血流由两个顺序的分量组成:早期(E)波,后面跟着心房(A)波。在房性心律失常期间,E波与NSR中的基本没有变化,但是A波缺失(房颤)或更小并且快得多(房扑)。在检测到的房性心律失常期间,具有超声传感器的LCP可以改变其行为(例如,从VVD模式复归(revert)到VVI模式)。
应该注意的是,虽然心音被指示为能够利用加速度计进行识别,但是加速度计实际上测量或检测与心音相关联的机械振动,而不是声波的压力。在一些情况下,测量出的伪迹可能不会在一个或另一个心动时相内明显地出现。例如,心室扭曲可用于识别主动心室充盈(例如射血)的末期。此外,S1心音可能出现在主动心室充盈的末期,而S2心音可能出现在被动心室充盈的开始前不久。这些只是一些示例。
在一些情况下,LCP 100可以被配置为至少部分地基于在第一心跳中感测到的心房收缩的指示和/或在第一心跳中感测到的心室收缩的指示和/或紧接在前的一个或多个心跳来确定心房收缩定时基准。在一些情况下,LCP 100的处理模块110可以被配置为使用确定出的心房收缩定时基准(例如,在A-V延迟之后)生成并递送心室起搏脉冲。
如上面描述的,心室(例如右心室)中的LCP可以使用心房事件或指示心房事件的伪迹来定时用于心室的起搏脉冲,以支持治疗心动过缓事件。在一些情况下,可以调整心室起搏脉冲的定时以改善通过主动充盈进入右心室的血液量。在一些情况下,这可以包括相对于心房基准(例如,心房强力收缩)调整AV延迟。在一些情况下,随着时间推移测量出的压力变化(或其他心房基准)可用于支持CRT心脏治疗的管理(如果放置在左心室中)、患者健康状况监视和/或任何其他合适目标。可以设想的是,使用植入心室中的单个LCP检测心室和心房之一或两者中的事件可以使用仅单个装置复制双腔室系统。即,定位于心室中的单个装置可以监听心室和心房并相应地起搏(例如,VDD装置)。
图8是说明性的可植入的无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)400的侧视图,其可被定位在心室内并被配置为监听心室和心房。LCP 400在形式和功能上可以类似于上面描述的LCP100。LCP 400可以包括本文描述的感测、电气、控制和/或起搏模块和/或结构特征中的任一个。LCP 400可包括具有近端404和远端406的外壳或壳体402。说明性LCP 400包括:相对于壳体402固定并邻近壳体402的远端406定位的第一电极410;以及相对于壳体402固定并邻近壳体402的近端404定位的第二电极412。在一些情况下,壳体402可以包括导电材料,并且可以沿其长度的一部分绝缘。沿近端404的部分可以没有绝缘,以便限定第二电极412。电极410、412可以是感测和/或起搏电极,以提供电疗和/或感测能力。第一电极410可以能够抵靠心脏的心脏组织定位或以其他方式与心脏的心脏组织接触,而第二电极412可以与第一电极410间隔开。第一电极410和/或第二电极412可以暴露于壳体402外部的环境(例如血液和/或组织)。
可以设想的是,壳体402可以采取各种不同的形状。例如,在一些情况下,壳体402可具有大体上圆柱形的形状。在其他情况下,壳体402可具有半圆顶形状。在其他实施例中,壳体402可以是矩形棱柱。可以设想的是,壳体可以采取期望的任何横截面形状,包括但不限于环形、多边形、长方形、正方形等。
在一些情况下,LCP 400可以在壳体402内包括脉冲发生器(例如,电路)和电源(例如,电池),以将电信号提供给电极410、412以控制起搏/感测电极410、412。虽然未明确示出,但是LCP 400还可以包括通信模块、电感测模块、机械感测模块和/或处理模块以及相关联的电路,其在形式和功能上类似于上面描述的模块102、106、108、110。各种模块和电路可布置在壳体402内。脉冲发生器与电极410、412之间的电通信可以向心脏组织提供电刺激和/或感测生理状况。
在示出的示例中,LCP 400包括接近壳体402的远端406的固定机构414。固定机构414被配置为将LCP 400附接到心脏H的壁,或者以其他方式将LCP 400锚定到患者的解剖结构。如图8中示出的,在一些情况下,固定机构414可以包括一个或多个、或多个钩或尖齿416,其被锚定到心脏H的心脏组织中以将LCP 400附接到组织壁。在其他情况下,固定机构414可以包括:一个或多个、或多个被动尖齿,其被配置为与心脏H的腔室内的小梁缠绕;和/或螺旋形固定锚,其被配置为被拧入组织壁以将LCP 400锚定到心脏H。这些仅是示例。
LCP 400可以进一步包括接近壳体402的近端404的对接构件(docking member)420。对接构件420可以被配置为便于LCP 400的递送和/或取回。例如,对接构件420可以沿着壳体402的纵向轴线从壳体402的近端404延伸。对接构件420可以包括头部422和在壳体402与头部422之间延伸的颈部424。头部422可以是相对于颈部424的放大部分。例如,头部422距LCP的纵向轴线的径向尺寸可以大于颈部424距LCP 400的纵向轴线的径向尺寸。在一些情况下,对接构件420可进一步包括从头部422延伸或凹陷在头部422内的系绳保持结构(tether retention structure)426。系绳保持结构可限定开口428,该开口428被配置为接收通过其的系绳或其他锚定机构。保持结构可以采用提供围绕开口的封闭周界的任何形状,使得系绳可以安全地和可释放地穿过(例如环绕)开口428。在一些情况下,保持结构可以延伸通过头部422,沿着颈部424延伸,并延伸到壳体402的近端404或延伸至其中。对接构件420可以被配置为便于将LCP 400递送到心内部位和/或从心内部位取回LCP 400。尽管这描述了一个示例性对接构件420,但是可以设想的是,对接构件420在被提供时可以具有任何合适的构造。
可以设想的是,LCP 400可以包括一个或多个传感器430,其耦接到壳体402或在壳体402内形成,使得一个或多个传感器暴露于壳体402外部的环境和/或以其他方式与壳体402外部的环境可操作地耦接(例如,响应于壳体402外部的环境),以测量或检测心脏内的各种伪迹。根据需要,一个或多个传感器430可以具有相同的模态或两个或多个不同的感测模态的组合。例如,一个或多个传感器430可以使用电压、压力、声音、超声、阻抗、应变、加速度、流量和/或旋转来检测P波、A波、S1-S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织和/或血液振动、心房到心室的血液运动、心室壁和/或房室瓣位置、无动性压力和/或心室扭曲,诸如参照图6和图7描述的。传感器可以是布置在壳体402内的感测模块的一部分、耦接到该感测模块和/或与其电通信。除了心脏内的感测伪迹之外,感测模块还可以被配置为检测可能影响LCP检测伪迹的能力的生理状况,包括但不限于姿势、活动和/或呼吸。结合使用两个或更多个传感器可以允许消除一些共模噪声(例如,可以消除全身运动)。
在一些情况下,一个或多个传感器430可以耦接到壳体402的外表面。在其他情况下,一个或多个传感器430可以被定位在壳体402内,其中伪迹作用在壳体和/或壳体402上的端口上以影响传感器430。在一个说明性示例中,如果LCP 400被放置在右心室中,则一个或多个传感器430可以是被配置为测量右心室中的压力的压力传感器。如果LCP 400被放置在心脏的另一部分(诸如心房或左心室之一)中,则一个或多个压力传感器可以测量心脏的该部分中的压力。在一些情况下,一个或多个传感器430可能足够灵敏以检测与LCP 400所定位的腔室不同的心脏腔室中的伪迹。例如,在一些情况下,当将LCP 400放置在右心室中时,传感器430可以检测由心房收缩(例如,心房强力收缩)引起的压力变化。一些说明性传感器配置将在本文中更详细地描述。
图9A是在心室充盈期间植入心脏H的右心室RV内的示例性无引线心脏起搏装置400的平面图。还示出了右心房RA、左心室LV、左心房LA和主动脉A。图9B是在心室收缩期间植入心脏H的右心室内的无引线心脏起搏装置610的平面图。这些图示出了在心动周期内右心室的容积可以如何变化。如图9A和图9B中可以看出的,在心室充盈期间右心室的容积大于心室收缩后心脏的右心室的容积。
虽然期望的是识别经常与A波相关联的心房收缩,但是A波可能难以检测,这是因为其幅度可能非常小,并且它的检测可能会来来去去。可以设想的是,可以将传感器模态和/或测量出的心房伪迹的组合用于识别心房定时基准。例如,可以设想的是,关于图6和图7识别出的传感器模态中的任一个可以与任何其他传感器模态组合以识别心房定时基准。在一些情况下,压力信号可用于确定多个参数。例如,压力信号可用于确定或检测A波(心房强力收缩)。在另一示例中,压力信号可以用于确定或检测与S4相关联的压力脉冲或压力振动,其例如可以在15-30Hz的范围内。在一些情况下,使用来自压力传感器的压力信号相比使用来自加速度计的加速度计信号或使用来自声学传感器的声学信号更容易检测到S4心音,特别是因为在该时间段期间心室压基本上没有变化(心室正在充盈),并且因为由于患者的活动,加速度计信号中可能存在大量不需要的信号(即噪声)。在另一示例中,压力信号可以用于确定心室压相对于时间的变化(dP/dt)。
在一些情况下,LCP 400的电路和/或处理模块还可被配置为至少部分地基于从电感测模块、机械感测模块和/或通信模块接收到的信号中的两个或更多个来确定心房收缩定时基准。在一些情况下,经由电极布置410、412接收到的心脏电信号可以包括心电图(ECG)的至少一部分。在一些情况下,经由电极布置410、412接收到的心脏电信号可以包括P波。在一些情况下,经由电极布置410、412接收到的心脏电信号可以包括QRS复合波,从中可以确定QRS宽度。在一些情况下,经由电极布置410、412接收到的心脏电信号可以包括两个连续的R波,从中可以确定R波到R波的间隔。在一些情况下,心脏电信号可以包括来自另一装置(例如,SICD装置)的传导的或其他传送的电信号,其包括心脏H的心房或其他收缩的指示。在一些情况下,处理模块和/或电路可以被配置为使用心房收缩定时基准来生成并递送心室起搏脉冲。
可以设想的是,在无需检测A波的情况下使用传感器确定心房收缩定时基准可允许LCP 100、400预测或识别何时可能发生A波,即使当A波本身未检测到也是如此。然后,可以将A波的预测时间用作心房收缩定时基准,以对心室起搏。例如,当心脏正在经历房颤、患者处于某些姿势、呼吸速率高、患者活动度高、心率高、心房收缩过低(hypocontractile)或是无动性的、和/或在高心率变异性(HRV)的时段期间时,A波可能特别难以检测到。
在心动周期中,心室首先通过被动充盈并且然后通过主动充盈接收来自心房的血液。对被动充盈和主动充盈的讨论将参考心脏的右侧进行描述,但是,应该理解,在心脏的左侧发生了类似的过程。当腔室之间存在压力梯度导致三尖瓣打开并且右心房中积聚的血液流入右心室时,右心室的被动充盈开始。随着血液回流到心脏,右心房和右心室都继续充盈。右心房在心室舒张末期附近收缩。心房去极化在心电图的P波处开始。由于P波,心房细胞产生张力并缩短,导致心房压增加(例如A波)。这些主动收缩力迫使额外量的血液进入心室(通常称为“心房强力收缩”)。主动收缩力开始主动充盈期。在正常心率下,心房收缩被认为是适当的心室充盈所需要的。随着心律的增加,心房充盈对于心室充盈变得越来越重要,这是因为充盈收缩之间的时间间隔变得逐渐缩短。房颤和/或不同步的心室收缩可导致经由心房收缩对前负荷的贡献最小。
如上面描述的,第四心音(例如,S4)典型地是奔马律音(gallop sound),其是由于在心脏收缩前期期间的强力心房收缩将血液喷射到无法进一步扩张的心室中而导致的。在S1前约90毫秒的心脏舒张期的最后三分之一期间,会出现第四心音。S4的频率可以在约15赫兹(Hz)至约30Hz的范围内,尽管该频率有时可以在该范围之外。由于音调(pitch)低,通常无法利用典型听诊器听见S4(并且有时是S3)。可以设想的是,S4心音可以用于识别心室的主动充盈的开始。在一些情况下,处理模块110和/或电路可以被编程为恰好在期望S1心音(从一个或多个先前的心跳投影出)之前开始寻找S4心音。
心音的时间可以以随心率线性变化的方式取决于心率。例如,随着心率的增加,心音之间(例如,S1至S1;S4至S1等)的时间可以线性地且可预测方式地减少。这可以允许S4心音被用于识别可靠的心房事件和/或识别作为在心率范围内的心房定时基准。
如上面指出的,可以使用多种不同的传感器来识别和/或检测S4心音,包括但不限于高频压力传感器(例如15至30Hz)、水听器、麦克风和/或加速度计。这些仅仅是LCP 400如何可以在主动心室充盈期间检测伪迹并基于检测到的伪迹识别心房定时基准的一些示例。
尽管关于主动充盈描述了以上示例,但是可以设想的是,在被动充盈期间识别出的伪迹也可以用于识别心房事件,然后可以将其用于识别心房定时基准。例如,第三心音(例如,S3)出现在被动充盈的中间附近。被动充盈可能会生成非常低频的声音(在0到10Hz的范围内),其可以由具有DC功能的压力传感器检测到。这可以允许S3心音用于识别心房事件和/或识别作为在心率范围内的心房定时基准。
图10是示出使用与右心室布置的LCP生成心室脉冲的说明性方法500的流程图。在一些情况下,如框502处指示出的,可以利用LCP的感测模块感测指示患者的心脏的心房事件的第一信号(例如,心房伪迹)。如框504处指示出的,还可以检测与患者的心脏的心房事件有关的第二不同信号。该第二不同信号可以由LCP感测,或者可以从另一装置(例如,SICD或另一LCP)经由LCP的通信模块接收。
在一些情况下,第一信号和/或第二信号可以经由LCP的壳体内或壳体上的一个或多个传感器生成。如上面描述的,LCP 400的感测模块可以取决于试图识别主动充盈还是被动充盈来感测不同的事件(参见图7)。用于感测主动充盈的一些说明性感测模态可以包括但不限于阻抗、应变、声音、旋转或流量,其中的任何或全部可以用于检测以下中的至少一个:P波、S2心音、S3心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置、二尖瓣位置和/或无动性心室压。用于感测被动充盈的一些说明性感测模态可以包括但不限于压力、阻抗、应变、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量,其可以用于检测以下中的至少一个:P波、A波、S1心音、S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置和二尖瓣位置。
如框506处指示出的,LCP 400内的电路可以被配置为至少部分地基于第一和/或第二感测信号来确定心房定时基准。例如,电路可以被配置为基于感测到的S4心音和/或其他心房伪迹来确定何时发生A波。这只是一个示例。本领域技术人员将认识到,可以使用任何数量的伪迹(或其组合)来确定心房定时基准。如框508处指示出的,该电路可被配置为使用确定出的心房定时基准来生成并递送心室起搏脉冲。控制电路可延迟将起搏脉冲递送至心室,直到在确定出的心房定时基准之后适当的AV延迟期满为止。值得注意的是,可以将不同的AV延迟用于不同的心房定时基准(参见图14)。
虽然起搏脉冲的控制定时可以由基于在单个心跳期间检测到的动脉伪迹的心房定时基准来触发,但是可以设想的是,起搏脉冲可以由基于在两个或更多个先前的心跳期间检测到的动脉和/或其他伪迹的心房定时基准来触发。在一些情况下,LCP可以确定特定心房伪迹的平均时间和/或多个心跳内的基准时间。
LCP的电路可以进一步被配置为确定心动周期内的固有间隔。此能力可以在控制电路中提供,或者作为LCP中的单独间隔确定模块提供。在一些情况下,电路可以被配置为识别固有间隔,包括心房到心房事件或伪迹间隔、心房到心室事件或伪迹间隔、心室到心房事件或伪迹间隔、和/或心室到心室事件或伪迹间隔。该信息可用于预测例如何时预期发生心房事件(例如A波)。例如,这可能有助于确认LCP感测到的心房事件。这可能也有助于识别预期心房事件的时间窗口,使得LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均(例如,参见图11),以帮助识别窗口期间的心房事件。
在一些情况下,LCP的感测模块可以被配置为在识别心房事件之前操纵信号。例如,感测模块可以包括用于滤波信号的一个或多个滤波器。在一些情况下,滤波器可以包括用于使第一频带通过的第一滤波器、用于使第二频带通过的第二滤波器以及用于使第三频带通过的第三滤波器。根据需要,该滤波器可以包括三个以上的频带或三个以下的频带。在一些情况下,滤波器可以是带通滤波器、低通滤波器、高通滤波器和/或任何其他合适的滤波器。在一些情况下,带通滤波器可能在1至5Hz的范围内。在其他情况下,带通滤波器可能在15至30Hz的范围内。在又一个示例中,滤波器可以是在0至10Hz的范围内的低通滤波器。这些仅仅是示例;可以根据需要使用其他频率范围。而且,可以采用不基于频率而是基于某些其他信号特征(诸如幅度、相位等)的滤波器。
在一些情况下,可能期望限制LCP 400正在寻找心房伪迹的时间帧。例如,当电路仅在小于整个心动周期的有限的窗口或时间段内搜索伪迹时,可以增加电池寿命。用于确定用于搜索心房伪迹的时间窗口的方法可以包括:首先识别用于心房事件(例如,心房收缩)的预期时间帧,并且然后相应地定义搜索窗口。参考图11,开始,控制模块可以为第一定时基准信号选择具有所期特性的一个或多个信号以用作时间基准。该信号可以是压力信号、声学信号、加速度信号、电信号等中的一个或多个。可以设想的是,基准信号可以是与用于识别心房伪迹以及因此的心房事件或心房定时基准的信号不同的信号。在图12中示出的示例中,所选信号可以是从右心室中的电信号生成的ECG 554。在ECG 554内,可以选择诸如但不限于R波的特定特征作为基准参考特征556。可以平均多个心动周期(例如,至少两个或更多个心动周期)的ECG 554信号,其中每个ECG 554中的基准参考特征556被对准。这种信号平均技术可以通过消除随机噪声来帮助揭示小信号。信号平均技术还可用于识别各种心脏事件、心房事件模板、针对各种不同心房定时基准(例如,A波、P波、R波和/或其他心房定时基准)的适当A-V延迟。
然后可以隔离预期发生心房事件的窗口560。例如,可以预期在下一个R波之前的时间窗口560内发生心房事件(例如,心房收缩)。使用该时间窗口560,LCP可以搜索心房事件。在一些情况下,LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均,以帮助识别时间窗口560期间的心房事件。在一些情况下,窗口560可以用作参考点以确定另一个窗口,其中应记录并搜索另一个信号以识别可从中推断出心房事件的心房伪迹。
在一些情况下,用于识别心房收缩的定时窗口可以基于在心室的被动充盈期间出现的伪迹。在一些情况下,心室压的向下冲程(例如,当A-V阀打开时)可用于打开定时窗口以检测心房伪迹和/或心房收缩。心室压的向上升可以触发感测窗口打开以检测心房强力收缩。图12示出了相对于S3和S4心音的右心室的压力分布600的一部分。在心脏收缩期开始时,右心室的压力可能会增加。随着血液离开心室,压力可能会降低。压力的这种急剧下降可以发信号给控制模块以打开搜索窗口。例如,可以在框602指示出的一般时间帧内打开搜索窗口。这可以命令控制模块开始搜索可用于启动定时窗口的心房伪迹。定时窗口604可以在S3心音606处打开并且在R波608处闭合。S4心音和心房强力收缩可以在该定时窗口内发生,如示出的。可以设想的是,控制模块可以利用自动增益控制来在定时窗口的时间段内增加灵敏度(例如,减小阈值和/或增加增益),以在预期事件(例如心房强力收缩)预期发生时帮助提高灵敏度。
在另一示例中,S2心音可以用于识别被动充盈的开始。可以设想的是,LCP中的压力传感器可以用于检测与心房强力收缩相关联的压力变化,或者本文中识别出的心房伪迹中的任一个可以单独使用或者与心房强力收缩结合以用作心房定时基准。LCP 100、400然后可以基于伪迹、心房强力收缩或其组合来对心室起搏。在另一示例中,心室阻抗可用于识别心室中的容积变化,然后可将其用于推断由于心房收缩而引起的压力波。在另一示例中,一个或多个心房伪迹可用于识别被动充盈的结尾以用于血液动力学优化。例如,被动充盈典型地可以在S2心音后大约500毫秒完成。在又一个示例中,定时窗口可以在S3和S4心音之间打开。在一些情况下,LCP的控制模块可以设置减小的信号阈值,以允许较小的信号在S3心音之后到达输入放大器,以便增加信号。在一些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为运行压力信号的连续积分作为压力的替代,其然后可以用于创建定时窗口。可以设想的是,心室充盈和/或压力随时间的变化可用于拾取呼吸信号,该呼吸信号可用于支持LCP 100、400的其他特征。这些只是心室中的LCP如何可以检测心房伪迹的一些示例,其然后可以用于识别心房定时基准,以用在对起搏脉冲到心室的递送进行定时中。
可以设想的是,LCP 100、400的控制模块可以被配置为以一种以上的方式搜索心房伪迹并识别搜索窗口。在一些情况下,起搏可能掩盖、隐藏或以其他方式使心房伪迹扭曲,并可能然后使其难以识别。可以期望允许LCP进入监听模式,在该模式下控制电路不会发出起搏命令。监听模式可以用于心动周期期间的小于整个心动周期的预定时间窗口。这可以允许LCP 400在不隐藏或掩盖感兴趣的心房伪迹(例如,A波)的情况下识别心房事件。在一些情况下,诸如当患者不依赖于起搏时,可以在未检测到心房活动时暂停起搏一个或两个心动周期,以便确定起搏是否覆盖了一个或多个心房伪迹(如果感兴趣的话)。如果患者依赖于起搏,则可以放慢起搏率(延长周期),以在不出现起搏脉冲的情况下允许更长的时间段来搜索心房伪迹。一旦识别出心房伪迹,LCP就可以使用伪迹来控制一个或多个心动周期内的起搏脉冲的定时。如果未发现心房伪迹,则LCP可以返回到其原始起搏率。在一些情况下,LCP可以被配置为暂停或延迟起搏并在预定的时间表上寻找心房伪迹和/或事件。
还可以设想的是,如果未发现心房伪迹,则控制模块可以被配置为以改变的起搏率来递送起搏治疗。在一个示例中,改变的起搏率可以小于在检测到心房事件时递送的起搏率。在另一示例中,改变的起搏率可以大于在检测到心房事件时递送的起搏率。在进一步的示例中,在无法检测到心房事件的时间期间,改变的起搏率可以是静态的(例如,保持恒定)。在又一个示例中,在无法检测到心房事件的时间期间,改变的起搏率可以是动态的(例如,改变)。
在另一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为切换到仅起搏模式(在一些情况下为VOO模式)。在该示例中,控制模块可以被配置为分析从各种传感器模块接收到的输入,以确定一些传感器是否提供比其他传感器更清晰的信号。控制模块可以被配置为在重新进入VDD模式之前优先使用哪个传感器模块来搜索心房伪迹和/或事件。当处于VOO模式时,可以期望步测(pace off)P波。然而,如果这不可能,则可以期望基于其他传感器来打开定时窗口,其他传感器包括但不限于压力传感器和/或加速度计以识别心房收缩。可以设想的是,控制模块可以被配置为根据需要在感测模式和起搏模式之间切换。
控制模块可以被配置为确定定时窗口的质量阈值,其可以反映在定时窗口期间识别出的心房伪迹信号的质量。例如,控制模块可以被配置为分析或分级当前的A波定时窗口。如果当前的A波定时窗口不符合某些质量指标(例如,在其中检测到A波的心动周期的百分比、检测到的A波信号的信噪比等),则控制模块可以丢弃该窗口并使用先前的窗口或计算新的定时窗口。在一些情况下,控制模块可以基于检测到的信号的质量,将一种类型的心房伪迹优先于另一种类型。
如上面描述的,LCP 100、400可以使用不同的心房伪迹和/或心室伪迹来确定何时搜索伪迹以及何时打开定时窗口。LCP 100、400可包括感测模块,该感测模块包括压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少两个。在一些情况下,感测模块可以包括:至少压力测量模块;以及声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少一个。在一些情况下,控制模块可以使用心室事件(诸如R波)来识别何时开始搜索窗口。在一些情况下,控制模块可以使用不同的搜索窗口来识别来自不同测量模块的心房伪迹。控制模块可以识别其中预期发生心房伪迹和/或心房事件的一个或多个心动周期的每个心动周期期间的时间窗口。时间窗口可以小于整个心动周期。控制模块可以分析由感测模块(例如,通过使用压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少一个)收集到的信息以识别心房事件(例如,心房强力收缩)。然后,控制模块可以递送或命令起搏模块经由LCP的起搏电极来递送心室起搏脉冲。心室起搏脉冲在至少部分地基于识别出的心房事件的定时的时间处被递送。例如,可以在识别出的心房事件之后的预定时间长度(例如,A-V延迟)递送起搏脉冲。可以设想的是,所使用的A-V延迟可以取决于识别出的特定心房事件。也就是说,不同的心房事件可能导致应用不同的A-V延迟。
控制模块可以进一步被配置为以与关于图11所描述的方式类似的方式对从感测模块收集到的信号进行平均。例如,控制模块可以被配置为使用在多个心动周期中的每个心动周期期间在感测模块处收集到的信号的信号求平均来确定信号平均值。然后,信号平均值可以用于识别心动周期内的时间窗口。然后,可以在随后的心动周期中使用识别出的时间窗口来搜索和识别心房伪迹和/或心房事件。
在一些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为移动时间窗口以搜索心房伪迹和/或心房事件。例如,如果传感器模块的测量模块之一正在提供更好的信号(例如,更好的SNR),则控制模块可以基于具有更清晰信号的在检测到的伪迹周围的窗口。由于伪迹可在心动周期内的不同时间点处发生,因此窗口可相应地移动,有时逐周期移动。控制模块可以被配置为动态地或根据具体情况选择使用哪个测量模块。
在一些情况下,控制模块可以使用不同的质量测量来确定使用哪个测量模块。例如,控制模块可以选择具有更好的信噪比(SNR)的测量模块。在另一示例中,由电描记图测量模块检测心房激活的p波可以比由压力测量模块检测心房强力收缩的压力信号具有更高的优先级。然而,由于仅心室配置不能可靠地感测P波,因此LCP可能不能仅依靠P波来识别心房伪迹和/或事件。实际上,当P波不可用时,它可以切换到检测A波,和/或可以使用A波来确认对有噪声的P波的检测。这些仅是示例。
在一些情况下,控制模块可以组合从一个以上的测量模块收集到的信息来识别心房伪迹和/或心房事件。例如,控制模块可以在识别心房伪迹和/或事件中使用压力数据和心电图数据。在一些情况下,当使用来自两个或更多个测量模块的数据时,来自每个测量模块的数据可以被不同地加权(例如,一个可能比另一个计数更多或加权更重)。还可以设想的是,控制模块可以被配置为在某些状况下加长窗口(例如,使其更长)。例如,窗口可能不够长,无法识别心房伪迹和/或事件,或者起搏脉冲可能掩盖了心房事件。在其他情况下,可以缩短窗口(例如,当存在噪声时,可以利用缩短的窗口来降低噪声)。
如本文描述的,与仅基于心电图的间隔相反,用于搜索和起搏的定时间隔可以基于压力和/或心音基准(以及本文描述的其他心房伪迹)。图13是包括心音、右心室压和心电图的说明性心脏信号的曲线图650。图13还示出了这些信号的各种伪迹之间的各种间隔。可以设想的是,在心动周期期间的许多不同的伪迹或特性可以用来形成许多不同的定时间隔。例如,如箭头652处指示出的,可以存在在两个心电图信号(E-E)之间、诸如在第一心动周期的R波幅度670和下一个心动周期的R波幅度672之间延伸的间隔。另一个间隔可以在两个压力信号(P-P)之间定义,诸如在A波压力674与同一心动周期的最大收缩压676之间定义(如箭头654处示出的)或在第一心动周期的最大收缩压676与随后的心动周期中的A波压力678之间定义(如箭头656处示出的)。另一个说明性间隔可以在两个声学信号(A-A)之间定义,诸如在S1心音680和S2心音682之间定义(如箭头660处示出的)、在S2心音682和S3心音684之间定义(如箭头660处示出的)、和/或在S3心音684和随后的心动周期的S1心音686之间定义(如箭头662处示出的)。
如图13中示出的,还可以在心电图信号和压力信号(E-P)之间、在压力信号和心电图信号(P-E)之间、在心电图信号和声学信号(E-A)之间、在声学信号和心电图信号(A-E)之间、在压力信号和声学信号(P-A)之间、和/或在声学信号和压力信号(A-P)之间,定义间隔。可以设想的是,任何可测量的参数都可以根据需要用作间隔的开始和/或结束,并且间隔不限于图13中明确描述或示出的那些。
图14是包括心音、右心室压和心电图的说明性心脏信号的曲线图700。图14还示出了这些信号的各种伪迹之间的各种间隔。如本文描述的,使用各种感测到的参数可以存在许多不同的间隔。不仅从感测到的伪迹到另一感测到的伪迹存在各种间隔,而且从感测到的伪迹到起搏脉冲也存在各种间隔。
在702处示出的E-E(R波至随后的R波)、A-A(S1至随后的S1)和P-P(最大压力至随后的最大压力)间隔是三个心室间隔。在704处示出的E-E(P波至随后的P波)、A-A(S4至随后的S4)和P-P(心房强力收缩至随后的心房强力收缩)间隔是三个心房间隔。这些固有的相同腔室间隔706在相同感测到的伪迹或事件之间具有相同或大致相同的时间间隔,而无关乎使用哪个参数(例如,R波至R波、S1至S1、最大压力至最大压力)。相反,腔室708之间的间隔变化很大。如可以在图14中的708处看到的,房室(A-V)间隔显着变化,这取决于为心房定时基准选择了哪个心房事件。在708处示出的E-E(P波到R波)间隔、A-E(S4到R波)间隔和P-E(心房强力收缩到R波)间隔是三个说明性房室(AV)间隔,每个AV间隔具有不同的持续时间。这些AV间隔中每个的持续时间都可以在一个或多个固有心跳(例如无起搏)期间被感测到。在一些情况下,可以在多个固有心跳(无起搏)期间感测到这些间隔中的每个的持续时间,并且然后取平均,从而得出了不同心房定时基准中的每个的平均AV间隔,如710处示出的。
如上面描述的,在植入心室的装置中可能无法一致地检测到P波。像这样,可能期望使用压力伪迹(例如,a波或心房强力收缩)作为心房定时基准以及对应的AV间隔来对心室起搏脉冲(VP)定时。在另一示例中,可能期望使用声学伪迹(例如,S4)作为心房定时基准以及对应的AV间隔来对心室起搏脉冲(VP)定时。如在图14中的710处看到的,与声学伪迹(例如,S4)一起使用的对应AV间隔可以不同于与压力伪迹一起使用的AV间隔。在又一示例中,可能期望使用电伪迹(例如,P波)作为心房定时基准以及对应的AV间隔来对心室起搏脉冲(VP)定时,如图14中的712处看到的。这些仅是示例。LCP可以取决于许多因素(诸如当前感测到的信号质量)在这些和其他心房定时基准之间动态切换。在一些情况下,可以从两个或更多个心脏伪迹确定心房定时基准,有时一个被加权超过另一个。
LCP 100、400的感测模块可以包括压力测量模块和声学测量模块中的一个或多个。然而,可以根据需要使用其他测量模块,包括但不限于:包括用于确定关于图6和图7描述的伪迹的合适传感器的测量模块。例如,感测模块可以进一步包括电描记图测量模块。如本文描述的,感测模块可以被配置为收集适合于确定一个或多个心房定时基准的信息。该信息可以包括但不限于诸如参考图6和图7所讨论的那些中的任何一个的心房伪迹。在一些情况下,从测量模块之一收集的信息可以用于确定另一个测量模块的消隐间隔。
在一些情况下,压力测量模块可以检测或确定最大压力(心房或心室)、最小压力(心房或心室)、平均压力(心房或心室)、压力时间积分(心房或心室)和/或压力时间导数(心房或心室)中的至少一个。声学测量模块可以检测或确定S1心音、S2心音、S3心音和/或S4心音中的至少一个。加速度测量模块(如果存在的话)可以检测或确定以下中的至少一项:S1心音、S2心音、S3心音、S4心音、心肌(例如心壁)运动、患者活动和/或患者姿势。这些和其他伪迹可以用作心房定时基准的基础。
在一些情况下,可能期望将LCP 100、400被配置为以多种不同的起搏模式进行操作。一些说明性起搏模式可以包括但不限于VDD、VDDR、VVI、VVIR、VOO和VOOR。如本文所使用的,起搏模式使用北美起搏和电生理学会(NASPE)和英国起搏和电生理学组(BPEG)的起搏器代码,如下表1中列出的:
Figure BDA0002518187770000381
Miller RD.Miller麻醉,第六版,费城:Elsevier公司,2005年,第1417页
表1. 2002年NBG起搏器代码中修订的NASPE/BPEG VDD装置是在心室中起搏、感测心房和心室、并使用触发和抑制的起搏的装置。
可以设想的是,取决于一种或多种感测到的状况,使用诸如本文描述的心房活动的远程跟踪的右心室LCP 100、400可以自动从一种起搏模式复归到另一种起搏模式。为了安全操作和/或增强起搏治疗的有效性,复归行为可能是期望的。控制模块可以被配置为搜索和识别可以指示出期望复归的状况。一些状况可以包括但不限于:心房伪迹(例如,心房定时基准)太靠近R波(或其他心室基准)出现;指示出当前起搏治疗比另一种起搏治疗或无起搏治疗更差的血液动力学反应,无论是实际还是预期的(由于姿势、心率、呼吸速率、呼吸周期、患者活动、生理噪声、环境噪声等中的一个或多个造成);连续或间歇性心房跟踪伪迹或基准丢失;由于与重新获取心房伪迹或基准相关联的搜索算法而导致的实际或预期的连续或间歇性心房跟踪伪迹或基准丢失;相邻的心房伪迹或基准之间的时间段太短(例如,由于生理或环境噪声或房性快速性心律失常引起的过度感测);和/或心室间隔太短(例如,由于生理或环境噪声或室性快速性心律失常引起的过度感测)。这些只是一些示例。可以检测到其他事件和状况,并导致复归行为。
LCP 100、400可以基于当前状况而经历或被配置为使用不同类型的复归行为。在第一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为改变起搏模式。如果发生心房定时基准丢失,心房速率超过指定阈值或心房噪声超过阈值,则LCP可以被配置为在VDD和VVI模式之间自动切换。如果发生心室噪声高于阈值,则LCP可以被配置为在VDD或VVI和VOO模式之间自动切换。如果发生血液动力学信号减少,则LCP可以被配置为在VDD或VVI和OOO模式之间自动切换。
在一个示例中,LCP 100、400复归到VDI模式,在该模式中装置继续搜索和/或测量心房伪迹,但是不使用任何检测到的心房伪迹来触发心室起搏。如果LCP确定出可以可靠地确定心房基准,则LCP会复归回到允许从心房基准触发心室起搏的模式(例如VDD模式)。
在一些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为操纵跟踪算法。例如,控制模块可以使用跟踪估计和搜索在连续跟踪和间歇跟踪之间切换。在又一个示例中,心房定时基准信号可以被复归。在另一示例中,可以改变或切换用于确定心房定时基准的信号的类型和/或信号的一部分。在又一个示例中,心房定时基准可以从两个或更多个信号的第一加权平均值改变为相同或不同的两个或更多个信号的第二不同加权平均值。这些仅是示例。
图15是用于确定LCP 100、400是否应利用复归的说明性方法的流程图800。控制模块可以连续地验证当前起搏模式在当前状况下是最佳的。如果需要复归,则控制模块可以动态地改变起搏模式(例如,如果需要,在逐个搏动的基础上改变)。LCP 100、400可以首先递送起搏,如802处示出的。在递送起搏之后,控制模块可以检查以查看是否检测到心房伪迹和/或事件(例如,心房定时基准),如804处示出的。如果检测到心房定时基准,则LCP100、400可以继续其正常操作模式,其在一些情况下可以是VDD跟踪,其中起搏在对应的AV间隔之后发生,如806处示出的。当正常VDD跟踪由于室性期前收缩而抑制起搏脉冲时,可能会发生异常,如808处示出的。如果未检测到或未解决心房定时基准,则LCP 100、400可能会进入复归模式,如810处示出的。在一些情况下,在复归模式下,LCP 100、400可以进入VDD伪跟踪模式,在该模式下,LCP 100、400使用估计的心房定时基准时间来起搏。可以适当地使用其他复归模式。控制模块可以被配置为至少部分地基于所跟踪的心房伪迹/事件中的一个或多个来选择心室起搏治疗和/或模式。在一些情况下,第一心室起搏治疗可具有第一起搏率,而复归(或第二)心室起搏治疗可具有与第一起搏率不同的第二起搏率。例如,复归心室起搏治疗可以延长起搏率,以帮助寻找心房定时基准。
图16示出了当LCP 100、400在正常VDD模式820下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔和当LCP 100、400在VDD伪跟踪模式830下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔的比较。如在正常VDD模式820中可以看到的,控制模块正在检测心房定时基准822,并且使用适当的AV延迟824在适当的时间递送起搏脉冲826。LCP 100、400将继续以这种方式操作,除非状况改变,使VDD起搏不安全或不太理想。
图16示出了一个示例,其中LCP 100、400的控制模块已确定出心房伪迹/事件832缺失或不可靠。然后,控制模块可以感测心室事件834(诸如但不限于R波),并且本质上将心室事件834用作下一个心动周期的心房起搏基准。控制模块可以确定适当的AV间隔836,其使用心室固有间隔(例如,R波到随后的R波)减去先前存储的起搏到R波间隔而计算出。在示出的示例中,从感测到的心室事件834开始,可以在等于R波到R波固有间隔减去历史AV间隔的百分比的时间处递送起搏脉冲838。可以设想的是,历史AV间隔的百分比可以在大约30%至70%的范围内。可替选地,可以使用诸如但不限于约200毫秒的固定时间段来代替历史AV间隔的百分比或先前存储的起搏到R波间隔。然后,控制模块可以继续使用R波到R波固有间隔840作为定时间隔,使用起搏脉冲838作为定时基准来进行起搏,直到识别出合适的心房定时基准为止。如果控制模块未能重新获取合适的心房定时基准,则控制模块可以命令装置进入搜索模式,以尝试检测固有的心房和/或心室事件。这只是复归情形的一个示例。
控制模块可以被配置为通过分析起搏治疗的有效性来确定心房定时基准的准确性。在一个示例中,控制模块可以在顺序的心动周期上使用上冲程(例如,dP/dt或峰值压力)来估计A波检测的准确性。如果由于不正确的心房定时基准造成LCP 100、400在不正确的时间起搏,则可以减少被动充盈,从而降低dP/dt。类似地,控制模块可以使用积分器来找到压力波形下的面积,该面积可以表示心室的充盈容积,或者LCP的电极之间的阻抗可以用作对心室容积的指示。充盈量不足可能指示出心房定时基准不正确。在又一个示例中,控制模块可以被配置为使用例如高通极(high-pass pole)来搜索边缘以创建微分器来帮助识别次佳的心房定时基准。如果确定出心房定时基准不准确,则LCP可以复归到异步起搏(例如,VOO模式)。可替选地,如果患者的固有心率足够高(例如50BPM),则LCP可能会复归到无起搏(例如OOO模式)。
除了一阶微分器之外,高阶微分可以进一步提供更好的定时基准(例如,更清晰)和其他措施,诸如信号质量验证。位置的三阶时间导数称为“加加速度(jerk)”,它是加速度相对于时间的变化。图17示出了信号902的高阶微分的说明性关系的曲线图900。信号902可以是任何合适的信号,包括egram、压力信号、加速度信号或任何其他合适的信号。压力相对于时间的变化可以被认为是一阶导数904。一阶导数904相对于时间的变化可以被认为是二阶导数906。二阶导数相对于时间的变化可以认为是等同于加加速度908(或三阶导数)。当信号是压力信号时,由A波产生的拐点可能会产生三阶光点,该三阶光点可用于定时或验证信号质量。
本领域技术人员将认识到,本公开可以以除本文描述和考虑的具体示例以外的多种形式来体现。例如,如本文描述的,各种示例包括被描述为执行各种功能的一个或多个模块。然而,其他示例可以包括将所描述的功能划分为比本文所描述的模块更多的模块的附加模块。另外,其他示例可以将所描述的功能合并为更少的模块。因此,在不脱离所附权利要求中所描述的本公开的范围和精神的情况下,可以进行形式和细节上的偏离。

Claims (15)

1.一种无引线心脏起搏器(LCP),其被配置为感测心脏活动并向患者的心脏递送起搏治疗,所述LCP包括:
壳体;
第一电极,其相对于所述壳体固定并且暴露于所述壳体外部的环境中;
第二电极,其对所述壳体外部的环境进行响应;
感测模块,其相对于所述壳体固定并且暴露于所述壳体外部的环境中,所述感测模块包括压力测量模块和声学测量模块中的一个或多个,所述感测模块被配置为收集适合于识别与所述患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准的信息;
控制模块,其可操作地耦接到所述第一电极、所述第二电极和所述感测模块,所述控制模块被配置为:
处理由所述感测模块收集到的信息,以识别与所述患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准;并且
经由所述第一电极和所述第二电极将起搏脉冲递送到所述患者的心脏,其中,在至少部分基于识别出的一个或多个定时基准的时间处递送所述起搏脉冲。
2.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中,在所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一之后的预定时间处递送所述起搏脉冲。
3.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中,在所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准之后的预定时间处递送所述起搏脉冲。
4.根据权利要求3所述的LCP,其中,所述预定时间取决于所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的哪个被用作所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准。
5.根据权利要求3-4中的任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述压力测量模块,并且所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一对应于由所述压力测量模块检测到的导致压力定时基准的压力事件,并且其中所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准是所述压力定时基准。
6.根据权利要求3-4中的任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述声学测量模块,并且所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准之一对应于由所述声学测量模块检测到的导致声学定时基准的声学事件,并且其中所述一个或多个识别出的定时基准中的预定的一个定时基准是所述声学定时基准。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块还包括电描记图测量模块。
8.根据权利要求7所述的LCP,其中,所述控制模块被配置为处理由所述压力测量模块、所述声学测量模块和所述电描记图测量模块中的两个或更多个收集到的信息,并且识别与所述患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准。
9.根据权利要求7所述的LCP,其中,所述控制模块被配置为处理由所述压力测量模块、所述声学测量模块和所述电描记图测量模块中的两个或更多个收集到的信息,并且将所述信息进行融合以识别与所述患者的心脏的心动周期相关联的一个或多个定时基准。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述一个或多个定时基准被至少部分地用于识别一个或多个心脏间隔,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔是房室间隔、心室到心室间隔和/或心房到心房间隔。
11.根据权利要求10所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述压力测量模块,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的起始在由所述压力测量模块检测到的压力事件处开始。
12.根据权利要求10所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述声学测量模块,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的开始在由所述声学测量模块检测到的声学事件处开始。
13.根据权利要求10至12中的任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块还包括电描记图测量模块,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结束对应于由所述电描记图测量模块检测到的电气事件/或向所述患者的心脏递送的起搏脉冲。
14.根据权利要求10至13中任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述压力测量模块,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结束对应于由所述压力测量模块检测到的压力事件。
15.根据权利要求10至14中任一项所述的LCP,其中,所述感测模块包括所述声学测量模块,并且所述一个或多个心脏间隔中的至少一个的结束对应于由所述声学测量模块检测到的声学事件。
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