CN111331263B - Device and method for accurately preparing turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser - Google Patents
Device and method for accurately preparing turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser Download PDFInfo
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- CN111331263B CN111331263B CN202010232751.1A CN202010232751A CN111331263B CN 111331263 B CN111331263 B CN 111331263B CN 202010232751 A CN202010232751 A CN 202010232751A CN 111331263 B CN111331263 B CN 111331263B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/36—Removing material
- B23K26/38—Removing material by boring or cutting
- B23K26/382—Removing material by boring or cutting by boring
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/02—Positioning or observing the workpiece, e.g. with respect to the point of impact; Aligning, aiming or focusing the laser beam
- B23K26/06—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing
- B23K26/064—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms
- B23K26/0648—Shaping the laser beam, e.g. by masks or multi-focusing by means of optical elements, e.g. lenses, mirrors or prisms comprising lenses
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
- B23K26/70—Auxiliary operations or equipment
- B23K26/702—Auxiliary equipment
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Abstract
A device and a method for accurately preparing a turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser belong to the field of ultrafast laser precision machining. The processing process of the turbine blade cooling hole is divided into two stages by controlling and integrating a coaxial CCD (charge coupled device), a laser and a six-degree-of-freedom translation stage into integrated control software: selecting equipment attributes, compiling programs, developing machining work and monitoring in real time. The six-degree-of-freedom translation table clamps a workpiece to move by using a Gaussian beam at a fixed position emitted by a picosecond solid laser, so that picosecond laser irradiates the surface of the workpiece along a preset path, and the laser and a material interact with each other, thereby processing. The invention can realize high-quality cooling hole processing with high roundness, low taper, no microcrack and no heat affected zone.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of ultrafast laser precision machining, and particularly relates to a device and a method for accurately preparing a turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser.
Background
The thrust-weight ratio of the engine is an important index for measuring the technical performance of the engine, and the most important point for increasing the thrust-weight ratio is to improve the thermal efficiency, which further puts forward requirements on the high-temperature performance of the turbine blade. The turbine front temperature of the current engine is over 2000K, which is far beyond the normal working temperature of the high-temperature alloy material of the current blade, and the problem is generally solved by adopting a high-quality film hole cooling technology.
The traditional processing of the gas film hole mainly adopts special processing methods, including electric spark punching, electrochemical punching, long pulse laser punching and the like. However, with the increasing processing requirements, the defects of the methods gradually appear, such as obvious recast layer of the hole wall, low processing efficiency, insufficient process stability and the like. With the development of laser technology, ultrafast laser is gradually paid attention from both academic and industrial fields due to its extremely short pulse width, extremely strong optical field intensity and unique processing characteristics. The ultrafast laser processing has the characteristics of no material selectivity, no mechanical and large-area thermal strain, capability of realizing minimization of a recast layer, minimization of microcracks and the like.
At present, a femtosecond laser processing system is matched with a galvanometer structure to directly carry out a processing method of concentric circle and spiral track scanning, but the processing of a large-depth taper-free hole cannot be realized, and the hole pattern is difficult to meet the requirement; in addition, the laser positioning is adjusted by the rotation of the dove prism, the rotation of a plurality of optical films and other processing systems driven by a motor along an axis, the positioning precision is limited, and the energy of a light beam is lost in the deflection process of the prism; the method is not suitable for the problem of equipment structure, and can not process the air film hole with a more complex structure, such as the non-vertical relation between the radial direction of the hole body and the inlet plane; the femtosecond laser structure is relatively complex and the operation and maintenance cost is higher.
Therefore, there is a need for a processing method that can simultaneously achieve high average power, repetition rate and processing precision to produce high-precision gas film holes.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for accurately preparing a turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser, which are used for solving the defects that recasting layers and the like are generated on the upper surface and the lower surface of a blade and on a heat affected zone of the inner wall of a cavity in the processing process of the blade cooling hole in the modes of electric spark processing, long-pulse wide laser processing and the like, and simultaneously overcoming the problems that a femtosecond laser is relatively complex in structure, expensive in price, high in operation and maintenance cost, difficult to apply to the technology and engineering application in practical production and the like.
The technical scheme of the invention is to provide an ultrafast laser accurate preparation method of a turbine blade cooling hole, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step one, according to different absorptivity of a workpiece to be processed on laser beams with wavelengths of 355nm-1064nm, selecting laser wavelengths with high absorptivity, and performing equipment attribute selection and performance debugging; programming and setting software according to the aperture, depth and shape of the cooling hole to be processed;
and step two, directly irradiating picosecond Gaussian laser beams on the surface of the workpiece, punching, observing through a coaxial CCD system, and monitoring the processing process in real time.
In the processing process of the ultrafast laser accurate preparation method of the turbine blade cooling hole, the CCD camera imaging function is adopted.
The machining process of the cooling hole of the turbine blade is divided into two sections, namely equipment attribute selection and program compiling, machining work development and real-time monitoring, different hole-making processes are adopted according to different absorption rates of different materials to laser beams with different wavelengths and the specific requirements of the cooling hole, and therefore the nondestructive high-quality machining of the inlet, the outlet and the hole wall of the cooling hole and the nondestructive machining of the opposite wall of a cavity of the blade in the hole-making process are achieved.
Preferably, in the step one, the processing device selects an appropriate component for assembly and debugging according to specific processing requirements. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
at present, most of picosecond lasers which are mainstream at present only have three wavelengths of 355nm, 532nm and 1064nm to be selected, the curve is checked, the wavelength with the highest absorption rate is closer to one of the three wavelengths, and accordingly, the laser with the wavelength of 355nm-1064nm is selected; according to the principle that the laser polarization direction is always perpendicular to the hole wall and the specific cooling hole outlet shape requirement, the circular polarized light beam can realize a right circular hole and the linearly polarized light beam can realize an elliptical hole according to the angle formed by the entrance plane of the processed cooling hole and the laser beam, namely if the cooling hole outlet requirement is elliptical, the laser beam is in a linear polarization state; if the outlet of the cooling hole is required to be in a right circular shape, the laser beam is in a circular polarization state, and the laser is adjusted to be a circular polarization laser beam or a linear polarization laser beam by selecting different polarizing plates;
and selecting a focusing lens with a proper focal length for focusing the laser beam, adjusting the focal plane of the laser beam and the CCD camera focal plane to be on the same plane, and focusing the focal plane of the laser beam and the CCD camera focal plane on the surface of the workpiece to be processed together. The light reflected in the interaction process of the laser and the material is transmitted to the coaxial CCD system through the lens of the camera, the image of the processing surface is synchronously collected in the whole laser irradiation process, and the real-time observation of the processing process is carried out.
And calling picosecond laser and six-degree-of-freedom translation table processing technological parameters through software programming in a control system, and performing trial operation on the called parameters.
Preferably, the picosecond laser and six-degree-of-freedom translation table processing technological parameters during the cooling hole processing are as follows: picosecond laser pulse width is 10-20ps, power is 1-20W, wavelength is 355nm, 532nm or 1064nm, the scanning mode is concentric circle scanning or spiral line scanning, the minimum radius and the maximum radius of a scanning line are set according to the radius of a processed cooling hole, the range is 0-0.8mm, the stepping speed of a six-freedom-degree translation stage is 0.2-0.8 mm/s, the repetition rate of laser irradiation is 50-80%, a complete spiral path is drawn by rotating 10-80 circles, and a one-time sub-flow is set; through programming and actual tests, according to the thickness of an ablation material of each sub-process, when the constant speed is finished in the running process of each sub-process or through regulating and controlling a six-degree-of-freedom translation table, the focus of laser focusing is reduced by 0.05-0.3mm, and the whole laser irradiation processing flow is composed of 2-5 sub-processes according to the required depth of a processed cooling hole, so that the cooling hole is prepared.
Preferably, an auxiliary gas blowing device is added in the whole cooling hole machining process, nitrogen or argon is applied as auxiliary protective gas through the coaxial auxiliary gas blowing device, and the pressure of the applied auxiliary gas is 0.2-0.6 MPa.
Preferably, the whole process of the second step is fully automatic, manual operation is not needed, and the processing process can be observed through the CCD.
The invention also provides an ultrafast laser preparation device of the turbine blade cooling hole, which comprises a light beam scanning system, a processing real-time observation system and a control system;
the beam scanning system is sequentially provided with a picosecond laser, a light beam polarization modulation system, a turning lens, a focusing lens and a workpiece to be processed along a light path, the workpiece to be processed is fixed on a six-degree-of-freedom translation table through a clamping device, and an auxiliary air blowing device is positioned between the focusing lens and the turning lens;
the processing real-time observation system is a CCD, and the CCD is arranged to be coaxial with the light path and is positioned right above the turning lens;
the picosecond laser, the six-degree-of-freedom translation stage and the CCD are connected to a control system, and the control system is used for receiving and processing image data transmitted by the real-time observation system;
the beam scanning system and the processing real-time observation system are both fixed on the same plane of the optical platform.
Preferably, the platform used by the control system is an industrial personal computer or a microcomputer.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. in the ultrafast laser preparation process of the turbine blade cooling hole, the invention adopts a coaxial CCD imaging method to monitor the processing process in real time and ensure high-quality processing effect
2. The process method and the device can realize the autonomous processing of the processing process, and realize the high-efficiency and high-quality processing of the cooling holes with different sizes, different outlet shapes and different angles between the hole inlets and the cavity by calling parameters.
3. The device of the invention adopts as few lenses as possible without using a galvanometer system, thereby reducing the energy loss of laser beams; and a picosecond laser is adopted for processing, so that the maintenance and use cost is greatly reduced while high processing quality is ensured.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an ultrafast laser fabricating apparatus for a turbine blade cooling hole according to the present invention;
labeled as: 1-an industrial personal computer or a microcomputer, 2-a picosecond laser, 3-a light beam polarization modulation system, 4-a light beam, 5-a CCD, 6-a turning lens, 7-an auxiliary blowing device, 8-a focusing lens, 9-a workpiece to be processed, 10-a clamping device and 11-a six-degree-of-freedom translation table.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and specific examples.
The invention relates to a high-quality high-efficiency gas film hole preparation method and a device, which adopt fixed laser beams, a six-position translation table to clamp a workpiece to be processed, a CCD (charge coupled device) to monitor and feed back in real time, adopt corresponding processing methods and process parameters according to different material types and processing requirements, and realize control of automatic processing through integrated programming software.
The method can be realized by the following steps:
firstly, selecting equipment attributes and debugging performance according to the material type of a workpiece to be processed; programming and setting software according to the parameters of the gas film hole to be processed;
and step two, directly irradiating picosecond Gaussian laser beams on the surface of the workpiece, punching, observing through a coaxial CCD system, and monitoring the processing process in real time.
Adjusting the picosecond laser 2 according to the difference of the absorption rate of the processed material to each wave band of the laser, selecting the wavelength closest to the highest position of the absorption rate, selecting the laser with the range of 355nm-1064nm, and transmitting the light beam 4 along a fixed light path; according to the angle formed by the entrance plane of the processed air film hole and the laser beam, the exit of a circular hole can be realized by the circularly polarized light beam and the exit of an elliptical hole can be realized by the linearly polarized light beam according to the principle that the polarization direction of the laser is always vertical to the hole wall, and the laser can be adjusted into the circularly polarized laser beam or the linearly polarized laser beam by selecting different polarizing films in the light beam polarization modulation system 3, so that the exit of the circular hole or the elliptical hole of the cooling hole can be obtained;
and selecting a focusing lens 8 with a proper focal length for focusing the laser beam, adjusting the focal plane of the laser beam and the focal plane of the CCD observation system to be on the same plane, and focusing the focal plane and the focal plane on the surface of the workpiece to be processed together. The light reflected in the interaction process of the laser and the material is upwards transmitted through the lens of the camera, passes through the turning lens 6 and reaches the coaxial CCD system, and the image of the processing surface is synchronously acquired in the whole laser irradiation process to carry out real-time observation on the processing process.
And calling picosecond laser and six-degree-of-freedom translation table processing technological parameters through software programming in a control system, and performing trial operation on the called parameters.
The workpiece 9 to be processed is fixed on a six-freedom translation stage 11 through a clamping device 10, and the stepping precision of the six-freedom translation stage is 0.1 mu m.
The processing technology and parameters are set on an industrial personal computer or a microcomputer 1 which is used as a working platform, and the parameters of the picosecond laser and the six-degree-of-freedom translation platform processing technology when the air film hole is processed are as follows: picosecond laser pulse width is 10-20ps, power is 1-20W, wavelength is 355nm, 532nm or 1064nm, the scanning mode is concentric circle scanning or spiral line scanning, the minimum radius and the maximum radius of a scanning line are set according to the radius of a processed air film hole, the ranges are 0-0.8mm, the stepping speed of a six-freedom-degree translation stage is 0.2-0.8 mm/s, the repetition rate of laser irradiation is 50-80%, a complete spiral path is drawn by rotating 10-80 circles, and the process is set as a one-time sub-process; through programming and actual test, according to the thickness of an ablation material of each sub-process, when the constant speed is finished in the running process of each sub-process or through regulating and controlling a six-degree-of-freedom translation table, the focus of laser focusing is reduced by 0.05-0.3mm, and the whole laser irradiation processing flow is composed of 2-5 sub-processes according to the required depth of a processed gas film hole, so that the preparation of the gas film hole is realized.
And an auxiliary gas blowing device is added in the whole gas film hole machining process, nitrogen or argon is applied as auxiliary protective gas through a coaxial auxiliary gas blowing device 7, and the pressure of the applied auxiliary gas is 0.2-0.6 Mpa.
The whole process of the second step is full-automatic, manual operation is not needed, the machining process can be observed through the CCD, and machining is stopped or process setting is changed at any time.
Claims (1)
1. An ultrafast laser preparation method of a turbine blade cooling hole is disclosed, and the used device comprises a light beam scanning system, a processing real-time observation system and a control system;
the beam scanning system is sequentially provided with a picosecond laser, a beam polarization modulation system, a turning lens, a focusing lens and a workpiece to be processed along a light path, the workpiece to be processed is fixed on a six-degree-of-freedom translation table through a clamping device, and an auxiliary blowing device is positioned between the focusing lens and the turning lens;
the processing real-time observation system is a CCD, and the CCD is arranged to be coaxial with the light path and is positioned right above the turning lens;
the picosecond laser, the six-degree-of-freedom translation stage and the CCD are connected to a control system, and the control system is used for receiving and processing image data transmitted by the real-time observation system;
the light beam scanning system and the processing real-time observation system are both fixed on the same plane of the optical platform;
the method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
according to different absorption rates of the processed material to various wave bands of laser, selecting the laser wavelength with higher absorption rate of the workpiece material to be processed in the range of 355nm-1064 nm; according to the angle formed by the entrance plane of the processed cooling hole and the laser beam and the principle that the polarization direction of the laser is always vertical to the hole wall, the polarization state of the Gaussian beam can influence the shape of the exit of the cooling hole, namely the linear polarization can be elliptic, and the circular polarization can be circular; according to the actual processing requirement, namely the outlet is oval or circular, different polaroids are selected to adjust the laser to be a circularly polarized laser beam or a linearly polarized laser beam;
adjusting a focal plane of a laser beam and a focal plane of a CCD camera to be on the same plane, and focusing on the surface of a workpiece to be processed together; the light reflected in the interaction process of the laser and the material is transmitted to a coaxial CCD system through a lens of a camera, the image of the processed surface is synchronously acquired in the whole laser irradiation process, and the real-time observation of the processing process is carried out;
picosecond laser and six-freedom-degree translation table processing technological parameters during cooling hole processing are as follows: picosecond laser pulse width is 10-20ps, power is 1-20W, wavelength is 355nm-1064nm, the scanning mode is concentric circle scanning or spiral line scanning, the minimum radius and the maximum radius of a scanning line are set according to the radius of a processed cooling hole, the range is 0-0.8mm, the stepping speed of a six-freedom-degree translation stage is 0.2-0.8 mm/s, the repetition rate of laser irradiation is 50-80%, a complete spiral path is drawn by rotating 10-80 circles, and a one-time sub-flow is set;
according to the thickness of the ablation material of each sub-process, the laser focusing focus is reduced by 0.05-0.3mm when the constant speed is finished in the running process of each sub-process, and the whole laser irradiation processing process is composed of 2-5 sub-processes according to the required depth of the processed cooling hole, so that the cooling hole is prepared;
an auxiliary blowing device is added in the whole cooling hole machining process, nitrogen or argon is applied as auxiliary protective gas through the coaxial auxiliary blowing device, and the pressure of the applied auxiliary gas is 0.2-0.6 Mpa.
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| CN202010232751.1A CN111331263B (en) | 2020-03-28 | 2020-03-28 | Device and method for accurately preparing turbine blade cooling hole by picosecond laser |
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| CN114161004A (en) * | 2021-11-25 | 2022-03-11 | 北京理工大学 | Method for precisely machining turbine blade air film hole |
| CN114425668A (en) * | 2021-12-28 | 2022-05-03 | 西安中科微精光子制造科技有限公司 | Method, apparatus and medium for monitoring micropore penetration during laser machining |
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