CN111328491A

CN111328491A - Method for improving tobacco planting soil acidity and fertilizing by reconstructing plough layer

Info

Publication number: CN111328491A
Application number: CN202010169182.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 邓小华; 邓永晟; 黄杰; 刘勇军
Original assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Current assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Priority date: 2020-03-12
Filing date: 2020-03-12
Publication date: 2020-06-26

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco planting soil treatment, and particularly discloses a method for improving acidity of tobacco planting soil and fertilizing by reconstructing a plough layer. The technical scheme of the invention can realize the synchronous improvement of the acidity and the fertility of cultivated land, particularly the surface layer and the subsurface layer of a mountain land, can effectively improve the tobacco-planting soil environment, improve the agronomic characters of flue-cured tobacco, improve the chemical component coordination of tobacco leaves and improve the planting benefit of flue-cured tobacco.

Description

Method for improving tobacco planting soil acidity and fertilizing by reconstructing plough layer

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a method for realizing soil acidity improvement and fertilization of a full plough layer by reconstructing a plough layer.

Background

Flue-cured tobacco is one of the important economic crops in China. Due to the development mode of long-term continuous cropping and heavy-duty light culture, the problems of mountain soil acidification, low organic matter, shallow plough layer and the like are caused, the problems become limiting factors for increasing yield and improving quality of the flue-cured tobacco, and the sustainable development of the flue-cured tobacco production is severely limited. Therefore, the improvement of the mountain acidic tobacco planting soil is urgent.

The existing tobacco planting soil and acid tobacco planting soil improvement methods have more patents.

(1) The conventional method. The traditional acidified soil improvement method is to apply alkaline inorganic modifiers such as lime and the like to directly neutralize acidity, although the method is economical and convenient, the long-term and large-scale application of the inorganic modifiers can cause soil hardening and soil magnesium and potassium deficiency, the soil phosphorus effectiveness is reduced, the soil re-acidification (soil is acidified again after the alkaline consumption of lime) is also promoted, and the defects are obvious.

(2) Patent related to inorganic modifier. In the patent of a tobacco field soil improvement method (patent number: 201310689049.8), the slightly acidified tobacco field soil is improved mainly by spreading hydrated lime at the bottom of ridges and irrigating transplanting planting water containing polyacrylamide. The patent (patent number: 201510249011.8) mainly comprises dolomite powder, quicklime, biological black carbon and calcium silicate powder which are mixed in proportion to form the improver, and then the improver is spread to improve the soil acidification condition of the tobacco field. The patent of tobacco stem biochar soil conditioner of acid tobacco planting soil and a processing method thereof (patent number: 201510192427.0) adopts a chitosan film layer to wrap tobacco stem biochar, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, zinc oxide, borax, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the like to prepare the conditioner, which can effectively improve the organic carbon content of soil and improve acid tobacco planting soil in south China. The patent of acidified tobacco-planting soil conditioner and the use method thereof (patent number: 201310351491.X) is mainly prepared by mixing quicklime, dolomite powder, lime nitrogen and turf according to a proportion, and improves the soil structure and prevents soil hardening. The patent of a soil conditioner for tobacco fields and a preparation method and application thereof (patent number: 201710823590.1) is prepared by mixing modified tobacco straw biochar, modified bentonite, humic acid raw powder, dolomite powder, quicklime, biological black carbon, sulfur and bacillus subtilis according to a proportion, and improves the pH value, soil layer structure and physical and chemical properties of soil. The ingredients of the acid soil conditioner applied in the above patent are focused on certain minerals and industrial by-products. Most of these minerals and industrial by-products contain certain heavy metal elements. Although many research results show that the heavy metal elements do not reach harmful levels, the accumulation of the heavy metal ions in the soil cannot be ignored, and thus the safety of the tobacco leaves is affected. Meanwhile, the methods can only transiently increase the pH value of the soil, especially cannot realize the synchronization of acidity improvement and soil fertility improvement, and have certain difficulty in long-acting prevention and control of soil acidification.

(3) Organic and inorganic modifiers are combined. The inorganic modifier is applied in combination with organic modifiers such as organic fertilizers, straws, agricultural and forestry wastes, planting green manure and the like, so that the improvement of soil acidity and the improvement of soil fertility can be realized simultaneously. According to the patent of the acidified soil improvement method for the rubber garden (patent number), leguminous green manure with high acid resistance and shading resistance is selected, lime is used, the pH value of the soil of the rubber garden, the content of organic matters in the soil and the like are increased, and the acidified soil of the rubber garden is improved. In the patent of tobacco field soil improvement method (patent number: CN201410615136.3), ryegrass is turned over and pressed, and conditioner is applied to tobacco fields to reduce the volume weight of soil and increase the content of organic matters in the soil. The patent of 'precise proportioning method of lime substance and organic fertilizer' for improving acidified soil (patent number: 201710423820.5) mainly adopts lime and organic fertilizer to improve acidified soil. The patent 'improvement and conservation method of acid tobacco planting soil' (application number 201710919902.9) mainly combines planting green manure with applying straw compost, amino acid calcium, quicklime, tobacco stem ash, polyacrylamide, potassium humate and biochar to improve soil acidity and fertilize soil. The patent of a method for improving tobacco field soil by using polygonum hydropiper as green manure (application number: 201811240934.7) mainly aims at improving the tobacco field soil by planting polygonum hydropiper as green manure, mainly fertilizes the soil, and cannot improve the acidity of the soil. The inorganic modifier is applied, and simultaneously, organic substances (mainly green manure) are additionally applied, so that the buffering performance of soil to acid is enhanced, the fertility level of the soil is improved, and the effect of the inorganic modifier on the acidification improvement of the soil with the potential acidification tendency is better. There are two significant drawbacks: firstly, the improvement of the microbial diversity of the acid soil is not enough due to the lack of the help of microorganisms; and secondly, only the acidity improvement and fertilization can be realized on the surface soil, but the acidity improvement and fertilization cannot be performed on the surface soil and the lower soil of 20-50 cm, so that the long-term control on the acidified soil is difficult.

(4) Organic, inorganic and microbial fertilizer comprehensive control related patents. According to the patent of tobacco-planting soil acidification ecological resistance control and restoration method (application number: 201810562640X), effects of improving soil pH by applying lime, increasing soil buffer capacity by green manure, improving root zone soil pH by using alkaline organic fertilizer, and soil microorganism and the like are superposed, so that the soil acidification process is effectively prevented and restored. The patent 'reclamation improvement method for waste coal gangue stacking site' (application number 201711233423.8) mainly adopts lime, applies alkaline fertilizer and sprays microbial compound bacteria, and seeds green manure crops to repair and improve the waste coal gangue stacking site. Although the patent shows good complementarity by adopting the organic fertilizer, the inorganic fertilizer and the microbial fertilizer to be applied in a matching way, the modifier has poor mobility in soil, can only neutralize acidity and improve fertility of surface soil with the thickness of more than 15-20cm, is basically ineffective for surface soil and bottom soil with the thickness of less than 20cm, and cannot realize the acid synchronization improvement of the surface soil and the surface soil.

(5) Patent "a method for constructing a fertile plough layer of a tobacco field in red soil slope farmland" (application number 201910440110.2). The method mainly comprises the steps of uniformly spreading straw biochar, an EM microbial inoculum, crushed corn straws and a special tobacco compound fertilizer on the surface of soil, and turning over and pressing various fertilizers together with green manure by using a rotary machine, wherein the green manure can only be turned over and pressed to a soil layer of 0-20 cm. In the patent, "the soil layer of 0-20 cm and the soil layer of 20-30 cm are exchanged by using a rotary machine … …", which cannot be realized by a common rotary cultivator, and because the blade of the horizontal rotary cultivator is less than 20cm, the blade can be formed by ridging according to calculation. In the patent, "soil layers of 30-40 cm are deeply loosened by using a rotary machine … … at the same time", which cannot be realized by a horizontal rotary cultivator. According to the method, a soil layer of 30-40 cm is subjected to deep scarification, and straw biochar, EM microbial inoculum, crushed corn straw, green manure and the like are not turned into the soil layer of 30-40 cm, namely, the soil of the surface layer and the lower layer is not fertilized. Therefore, although this patent has a plough layer construction, only the plough layer construction is performed on the surface soil. Meanwhile, the acidity improvement of the acid soil is not carried out.

(6) Green manure pressure-turning technology. The traditional green manure is turned and pressed by adopting horizontal rotary tillage, and the following problems mainly exist: firstly, the green manure is around the rotation axis problem, if the stem of green manure is longer, like common vetch, using horizontal rotary cultivator to turn over the cultivation in-process, the green manure will be around on rotary cultivator's the epaxial, especially when soil moisture content is high, influences mechanical cultivation efficiency. Secondly, the uniformity problem of the green manure, the green manure can not be cut into short pieces by the traditional horizontal rotary tillage, and the green manure is easy to form piles after the tillage. Thirdly, the green manure is turned into the soil at the surface and lower layer, and the depth of the horizontal rotary tillage shaft is limited because the horizontal rotary tillage shaft rotates horizontally.

(7) Vertical deep rotary tillage technology. The soil rotary tillage method comprises horizontal rotary tillage and vertical rotary tillage. The traditional rotary tillage method is horizontal rotary tillage, which accounts for more than 95%. The application of vertical rotary tillage in China is developed only in recent years. The vertical deep rotary tillage (also called powder ridge) is used as a novel tillage mode, the soil is quickly disturbed by using a vertical spiral drill in special machinery, the deep scarification effect of plowing and ploughing is achieved, and meanwhile, the characteristics of loose soil and uniform soil particle crushing after rotary tillage are achieved. The technology is that deep ploughing can be carried out; secondly, crushing the soil; thirdly, the soil is homogenized. The technology is mainly used for soil improvement of deep root crops. The technology is directly applied to the cultivation of the flue-cured tobacco (influence of the powder ridge cultivation on the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco [ J ]. Zhejiang agricultural science, 2017, 58(5): 736) 738) and has some problems, such as unfavorable fast growth and emergence of the flue-cured tobacco and influence on the yield of the flue-cured tobacco; in the later stage of tobacco curing, the normal yellowing and maturity of the cured tobacco can be influenced, and the quality of the tobacco leaves is influenced. This is the place to pay attention to in the flue-cured tobacco production.

At present, two problems mainly face to the improvement of acid soil in China, namely the synchronous improvement of the acidity of the soil on the surface layer and the soil on the lower surface layer, and the synchronous improvement of the acid soil and the soil fertility improvement. Only if these two problems are solved at the same time, sustainable improvement of acid soil can be achieved. At present, the improvement effect of acid soil is not ideal, and the conditioner is difficult to be spread on the surface lower layer of soil, especially how organic soil conditioners such as crop straws or green manure or organic fertilizer are uniformly mixed and distributed on a soil plough layer. In order to solve the two problems existing in the prior acidified tobacco-planting soil improvement, a feasible improvement method is needed by technical personnel in the field, the surface layer and the surface layer soil acidity improvement can be synchronized, the acidified tobacco-planting soil acidity improvement and the soil fertilization can be synchronized, the full-tillage layer improvement and the fertilization of the acidified tobacco-planting soil can be realized, and the sustainable development of tobacco regions can be promoted.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the problems of soil fertility degradation, nutrient deficiency and unbalance accompanying soil acidification, the problem that the acidity of surface layer soil and surface layer soil cannot be synchronously improved, and the problems of tobacco planting soil acidification, low organic matter and shallow plough layer, the invention provides a method for improving the acidity and fertility of tobacco planting soil by reconstructing the plough layer, aiming at realizing the synchronous improvement of the acidity and fertility of the surface layer soil and the surface layer soil, solving the three problems of soil acidification, low organic matter, shallow plough layer and the like and improving the environment of flue-cured tobacco planting soil.

A method for reconstructing a plough layer to improve the acidity of tobacco-planting soil and fertilizing comprises the following steps:

step (1): after crops are harvested in autumn, lime is applied to the cultivated land to be treated;

planting green manure on cultivated land;

spreading lime on the green manure and then carrying out vertical deep rotary tillage on the cultivated land;

and (4) transplanting the flue-cured tobacco after applying the microbial organic fertilizer.

According to the technical scheme, the method for reconstructing the acidity of the tobacco-planting soil in the mountainous region and improving the soil and fertilizing the tobacco-planting soil is established by combining vertical deep rotary tillage with lime, green manure and microbial manure, the tobacco-planting soil is deepened through the vertical deep rotary tillage, the soil acidity improvement and fertilizing are realized by applying the lime, the green manure and the microbial manure additionally, the soil acidity improvement and fertilizing synchronization of the surface layer and the surface layer are realized by the vertical deep rotary tillage, and the method has two functions of synchronous improvement of the soil acidity of the surface layer and the surface layer, synchronous improvement of the acidity of the acidified tobacco-planting soil and synchronous soil fertilizing, the three problems of acidification of the tobacco-planting soil, low organic matter and shallow plough layer are solved, the long-term control of the acidified tobacco-planting soil is achieved, the tobacco quality is improved, and the continuous development of the production of.

The method can reduce the volume weight of the soil, increase the porosity of the soil, increase the content of organic matters and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in the soil, and improve the pH value of the soil, thereby realizing the synchronization of the improvement of the acidity of the soil on the surface layer and the soil on the lower layer, the synchronization of the improvement of the acid soil and the improvement of the fertility of the soil, realizing the improvement and the fertilization of a full plough layer of the acidized tobacco planting soil, improving the agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco, coordinating the chemical components of the flue-cured tobacco and improving the planting benefits of the.

In the invention, the farmland to be treated is a mountain farmland. The prior art is difficult to realize the synchronous improvement of acidity adjustment and fertilization of the surface layer and the subsurface layer of the mountainous region, and is difficult to solve the problems of acidification of planted tobacco, low organic matter and shallow plough layer of the mountainous region at the same time. However, according to the technical scheme of the invention, the problem that acidification, low organic matter and shallow plough layer of tobacco planting in mountainous regions are difficult to effectively solve and the problem that acidity improvement-fertilization of surface soil and surface soil of tobacco planting soil in mountainous regions are difficult to synchronize in the prior art can be effectively solved through the two-section lime-green manure-vertical deep rotary tillage-microbial organic fertilizer combined process, so that the conservation effect of the tobacco planting soil in mountainous regions is improved.

In the present invention, lime is applied twice, the purpose of which is different. Lime was applied at 1 st, primarily to rapidly raise soil pH. The lime applied for the second time is mainly used for accelerating the decomposition of the green manure and has the function of improving the pH value of the soil.

Preferably, in step (1), the first lime application is carried out in the cultivated land to be treated after autumn harvest.

Preferably, in the step (1), the lime is hydrated lime or quicklime. Preferably in powder form. The dosage of the hydrated lime is 1500-2500 kg/hm²(ii) a Preferably 1500-2250 kg/hm²And the application amount of quicklime is reduced by half. Preferably, lime is spread evenly over the cultivated land to be treated.

In the invention, after lime is applied to plough soil, green manure seeds are sown, and green manure is planted.

In the invention, the main purpose of planting the green manure is to increase soil organic matters so as to improve the buffering performance of soil; meanwhile, the root system of the green manure has the function of activating insoluble phosphorus and potassium in the soil, can improve the content of effective phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil, and can also improve the soil structure.

In the scheme, the sowing time of the green manure is 10 months to 11 months. It should be early and not late; too late, the green manure yield is low.

In the step (2), the green manure variety is oat or rye or common vetch.

In the invention, the green manure management is the same as that of the common green manure planting.

Preferably, in the step (3), the cultivated land is deeply ploughed, deeply loosened, crushed, green manure turned and ridged by vertical deep rotary tillage. In the invention, the operations of deep ploughing, deep scarification, soil crushing, green manure turning, ridging and the like are innovatively completed at one time by adopting a vertical deep rotary tillage machine. The machine comprises a vertical deep rotary cultivator and a ridging machine, and the deep ploughing and ridging can be completed in one operation. The vertical deep rotary tillage machine adopts a vertical spiral drill bit with a drill bit rotating shaft vertical to a cultivated land surface, and well solves the problem of the distribution of inorganic and organic modifying agents in the whole tillage layer of soil by utilizing the cutting, impacting, hammering, extruding and crushing of the high-speed vertical rotary drill bit.

Preferably, lime is applied to green manure 10-15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, and then vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out.

Preferably, in the step (3), the lime is hydrated lime or quicklime, and the dosage of the hydrated lime is 900-1300 kg/hm²Preferably 900 to 1200kg/hm²The amount of quicklime is halved.

Preferably, in the step (3), the green manure turning pressure in the vertical deep rotary tillage stage is controlled to be 7500-10000 kg/hm of oat and rye²Common vetch 22500-30000 kg/hm²Fresh grass. The redundant green manure is manually moved out of the tobacco field to prevent the green manure from being overstressed to influence the normal yellowing and maturity of the flue-cured tobacco. The green manure is too little in turnover quantity, and the effect of improving soil is poor; however, excessive green manure turnover can cause much nitrogen residue in soil in the flue-cured tobacco mature period, and influence the normal yellowing and maturation of the flue-cured tobacco.

The research of the invention finds that the direct adoption of the vertical rotary tillage technology is not beneficial to the early growth and the fast growth of the flue-cured tobacco and influences the yield of the flue-cured tobacco; in the later stage of tobacco curing, the normal yellowing and maturity of the cured tobacco can be influenced, and the quality of the tobacco leaves is influenced. In order to solve the technical problem, the invention innovatively combines a vertical rotary tillage technology with secondary lime and green manure, and further jointly controls parameters such as soil water content, depth and the like in the process of the vertical rotary tillage technology, so that the surface layer acidity, surface layer acidity and fertility can be effectively improved synchronously, the soil acidity can be effectively improved, the soil organic matter can be improved, the soil tillage depth can be increased, and the growth of flue-cured tobacco can be promoted.

Preferably, the water content of the soil is 15-20% in the vertical deep rotary tillage process. So as to ensure that the soil is finely crushed and lime and green manure can be turned into the soil of the surface lower layer. The soil has too high water content, the soil turning resistance is small, but soil blocks are not fine, particularly lime and green manure are difficult to turn into the soil of the surface layer and the soil, the lime and the green manure are difficult to mix uniformly. The water content of the soil is too small, the farming resistance is large, and the farming efficiency is influenced. Under the condition of proper water content, lime falls into the surface subsoil through the mechanical vibration of plowing, and the lime, the green manure and the soil can be uniformly mixed only by quickly disturbing the soil through a vertical spiral drill.

Preferably, the depth of the vertical deep rotary tillage is 30-40 cm. And the ridging height is added, so that the loose soil layer can reach more than 60 cm. If the soil is ploughed to a shallow depth, the acidity improvement and fertilization of the soil on the surface and the lower layer are difficult to realize; if the ploughing depth is too large, the soil with a fertile bottom layer can be excessively ploughed into the surface layer, the soil fertility of the surface layer is influenced, and the growth of flue-cured tobacco in the 1 st year is not favorable.

In the scheme, the vertical drill bit of the vertical deep rotary tillage uniformly stirs materials such as lime, green manure and the like and soil, the deep tillage and the deep scarification work realize that the soil of the surface layer and the soil of the surface layer are uniformly distributed with soil-improving materials, and the soil acidity improvement of the whole tillage layer can be realized. If a common deep scarification and deep ploughing machine is adopted, lime and green manure cannot be brought to the soil on the surface and the lower layer, and the lime and green manure cannot be uniformly mixed with the soil; if a common horizontal shaft rotary tillage machine is adopted, lime and green manure cannot enter soil on the surface layer and the green manure is easy to pile due to a shallow tillage layer, and a rotary tillage shaft can be wound.

Preferably, the ridge is 30-40 cm high; preferably 30-35 cm. The ridge is too high, so that the ridging is inconvenient; too low ridges are not conducive to root development.

Preferably, the ridge width is 1.0-1.2 m.

In the scheme, the microbial organic fertilizer is applied, so that the quantity of beneficial microorganisms in soil is increased, and the biological diversity is improved; meanwhile, the decomposition of green manure and plant stubbles can be accelerated, the organic matter content of soil is improved, the nitrogen fertilizer supply in the later period of the flue-cured tobacco is reduced, and the normal yellowing and ripening of the flue-cured tobacco are facilitated.

In the invention, a microbial organic fertilizer popularized in flue-cured tobacco production is selected.

Preferably, the dosage of the biological organic fertilizer is 450-600 kg/hm²。

Preferably, the bio-organic fertilizer is applied by hole application.

And (3) hole application of the bio-organic fertilizer is carried out during flue-cured tobacco transplanting, planting holes are opened according to the requirements of row spacing and plant spacing, the microbial organic fertilizer is applied in the holes and uniformly mixed with soil, and then the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted.

In the above scheme, the microbial organic fertilizer is required to be subjected to hole application and uniformly mixed with soil so as to improve the utilization efficiency of the microbial organic fertilizer. If the fertilizer is broadcast, a part of the bio-organic fertilizer is far away from the root system of the flue-cured tobacco and can not be absorbed and utilized by the root system of the flue-cured tobacco, so that the fertilizer is wasted.

The invention relates to a preferable scheme, which comprises the following specific steps:

(a) lime was applied at 1 st time. After crops are harvested in autumn, lime is applied to the farmland to be sown with green manure. The lime is hydrated lime or quicklime and is required to be powdery. The dosage of the hydrated lime is 1500-2250 kg/hm²(half quick lime). The lime is required to be evenly spread.

(b) And (5) planting green manure. The green manure variety is oat or rye or common vetch. At the beginning of 10 months to 11 months in each year, after the harvest of autumn crops is finished, the soil is ploughed and then green manure seeds are sown.

(c) Lime was applied 2 nd time. In the next year, when green manure is turned over, hydrated lime or quicklime is selected, and the dosage of the hydrated lime is 900-1200 kg/hm²(half of the amount of quicklime is used), lime is uniformly spread on the green manure, and then the green manure is turned over.

(d) And (5) turning and pressing the green manure. In the next year, in the flue-cured tobaccoThe green manure is turned over 10-15 days before transplanting, and the turning over amount is preferably controlled to be 7500-10000 kg/hm of oat and rye²Common vetch 22500-30000 kg/hm²Fresh grass.

(e) And (5) vertically and deeply carrying out rotary tillage. 10-15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the water content of soil is 15% -20%, deep rotary tillage operation such as deep tillage, deep scarification, soil crushing, green manure turning and pressing is realized by adopting a vertical deep rotary tillage machine, the depth is 30-40 cm, the ridge width is 1.2m, and the ridge height is 35-40 cm.

(f) Applying microbial organic fertilizer. Selecting a microbial organic fertilizer popularized in flue-cured tobacco production, wherein the using amount of the microbial organic fertilizer is 450-600 kg/hm²When the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the bio-organic fertilizer is applied in holes, planting holes are opened according to the requirements of row and plant spacing, the microbial organic fertilizer is applied in the holes and uniformly mixed with soil, and then the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted.

According to the invention, the lime is applied to quickly increase the pH value of the soil and accelerate the decomposition of the green manure. The green manure is planted and turned over, so that soil organic matters can be improved, the soil buffering capacity is improved, and the stability of the soil pH improvement effect after lime application is facilitated. The microbial organic fertilizer is additionally applied, so that beneficial microbes in soil can be increased, and the stability of the effect of improving the pH of the soil after lime application can be facilitated. The vertical deep rotary tillage utilizes the cutting, impacting, hammering, extruding and crushing of the high-speed vertical rotary drill bit to better solve the problem of the distribution of inorganic and organic modifying agents in the whole tillage layer of the soil. The vertical deep rotary tillage is combined with inorganic, organic and biological modifiers to improve the acid soil, so that the physical and chemical properties of the acid soil can be improved, the soil fertility can be improved, the soil conservation of a full tillage layer is realized, and the method has important significance for realizing the sustainable improvement of the acid soil.

The application test results show that the method can remarkably increase the pH value of the soil, reduce the volume weight of the soil, improve the porosity of the soil, improve the contents of organic matters, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil, improve the activities of soil sucrase and urease, realize the synchronization of the improvement of the acidity of the soil on the surface layer and the soil on the lower layer, the synchronization of the improvement of acid soil and the improvement of soil fertility, simultaneously solve the three problems of acidification of the tobacco planting soil in mountainous regions, low organic matters, shallow plough layer and the like, facilitate the growth of root systems and overground parts of flue-cured tobaccos, and improve the tobacco ratio, yield and output value on tobacco leaves and the like. By adopting the method, the soil can be maintained and improved, the soil cannot be polluted, the internal quality of the tobacco leaves can be improved, and the planting benefit of the flue-cured tobacco is improved.

The invention has the advantages of

According to the invention, the pH value of the soil can be rapidly increased by applying lime; the green manure is planted to improve soil organic matters; the microbial organic fertilizer is additionally applied, so that the micro-ecological environment of the soil can be optimized, and the lime, the green manure and the microbial fertilizer are comprehensively cooperated to realize the synchronization of acid soil improvement and soil fertility improvement.

According to the invention, vertical deep rotary tillage is adopted, so that the plough layer and the finely-divided soil can be deepened, lime and green manure are uniformly mixed with the soil, and simultaneously, the lime and the green manure are mixed with the soil of the surface layer and the soil of the lower layer, so that the synchronous improvement and fertilization of the soil of the surface layer and the soil of the lower layer are realized.

According to the invention, the acid tobacco planting soil plough layer is reconstructed through the cooperation of the lime, the green manure, the microbial organic fertilizer and the vertical deep rotary tillage, and the excellent effect is achieved. Compared with the traditional method, the method can reduce the volume weight of the soil, increase the porosity of the soil, increase the contents of organic matters, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, quick-acting phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil, increase the activities of invertase and urease in the soil, deepen the plough layer, improve the uniformity of the soil of lime and green manure on the surface soil layer and the surface lower layer, simultaneously solve three problems of acidification of the tobacco-planting soil in mountainous regions, low organic matters, shallow plough layer and the like, is favorable for the root growth and overground part growth of flue-cured tobacco, and improves the yield and output value of tobacco leaves.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a vertical change in soil pH for case (I);

FIG. 2 shows the soil pH dynamics of case (I);

FIG. 3 shows the dynamic change of the soil volume weight of case (I);

FIG. 4 shows the dynamic variation of soil porosity for case (I);

FIG. 5 shows the dynamic change of organic matter in soil for case (I);

FIG. 6 shows the alkaline-hydrolyzable nitrogen dynamics of soil for case (I);

FIG. 7 shows the soil available phosphorus dynamics of case (I);

FIG. 8 shows the soil rapid onset of potassium kinetics for case (I);

FIG. 9 shows the soil sucrase kinetics of case (I);

FIG. 10 shows soil urease dynamics for case (one);

FIG. 11 is the effect of different cultivation methods of case (II) on the pH of the tobacco-planting soil;

FIG. 12 is the soil bulk weight dynamic for the different treatments of case (three);

FIG. 13 is the soil porosity dynamics for the different treatments of case (three);

FIG. 14 is the soil pH dynamics for the different treatments of case (three);

FIG. 15 is a vertical change in soil pH for the different treatments of case (III); in the figure, FT is a soil column before ploughing;

fig. 16 shows the soil organic matter dynamics for the different treatments of case (three);

FIG. 17 shows the alkaline nitrogen hydrolysis kinetics of soil for the different treatments of case (III);

FIG. 18 is the soil available phosphorus dynamics for the different treatments of case (three);

fig. 19 shows the soil rapid onset potassium kinetics for the different treatments of case (three).

Detailed Description

The following examples are intended to illustrate the invention but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Case (I) influence of different plough layer reconstruction methods on growth and yield quality of tobacco planting soil and flue-cured tobacco

In a flue-cured tobacco cultivation site (Cili county, Zhang Jia Jie city), tests of soil acidity and fertilization method for improving tobacco planting in mountainous regions by reconstructed cultivation layers are carried out. The soil of the test field is brown soil, the pH value is 4.54, the organic matter content is 19.42g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content is 90.45mg/kg, the available phosphorus content is 7.21mg/kg, and the available potassium content is 123.55 mg/kg. The flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 87. In the test, the tobacco planting soil is reconstructed by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage and soil improvement materials such as lime, green manure, biological organic fertilizer and the like.

The specific treatment process is (T4: vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure + acid bio-organic fertilizer):

the method comprises the following specific steps:

(a) in 10 months after the first year corn is harvested, 2250kg/hm of slaked lime is broadcast²；

(b) Ploughing the soil and sowing oat grass. The weight of the green manure is 1200kg/hm 15 days before the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted²Lime is applied according to the application amount;

(c) then, carrying out vertical deep rotary tillage according to the design requirements of the test, and carrying out deep tillage, deep scarification, soil crushing, green manure turning and ridging on the cultivated land through the vertical deep rotary tillage;

the vertical deep rotary tillage adopts an all-in-one machine which is produced by a certain manufacturer and can realize vertical deep rotary tillage and ridging, the machine adopts 4 vertical shafts to carry out rotary cutting and crushing on soil, soil tillage and ridging are completed in one step, the ridge width is 120cm, the vertical rotary tillage depth is 40cm, and the ridge height is 35 cm; the vertical deep rotary tillage machine realizes operations such as deep tillage, deep scarification, soil crushing, green manure turning, ridging and the like.

The water content of the soil in the vertical deep rotary tillage process is 15-20 percent; the green manure turnover pressure is 7500-10000 kg/hm of oat²Fresh grass.

(d) The ridge body is applied with the gold leaf expecting microorganism organic fertilizer in a hole mode, and the nitrogen application amount of the flue-cured tobacco is 109.5kg/hm²The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1.27:2.73, and the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in each treatment is kept consistent.

(e) Then transplanting the flue-cured tobacco; the planting density of the flue-cured tobacco is 16650 plants/hm²(1.2m × 0.5.5 m) other cultivation management measures are the same as the technical specification of the production of high-quality flue-cured tobacco in the same family.

On the basis of T4, the following comparative treatment scheme is further carried out: wherein, T1, rotary tillage vertically and deeply, without applying soil conditioner (on the basis of T4, a), b) step; that is, only vertical deep rotary tillage and transplanting of T4 are performed); t2, vertically and deeply carrying out rotary tillage and lime (on the basis of T4, b) and d) are omitted); t3, vertically and deeply tilling, lime and green manure (on the basis of T4, step d is omitted); CK, conventional cultivation, no soil conditioner is applied. 3 times of repetition, cell area 100m²Random block permutation.

The effect of the method is compared with that of other methods as shown in the figures 1-10 and tables 1-4.

(1) Vertical change in soil pH

As can be seen from FIG. 1, as the depth of the soil column increases, the pH of the soil decreases. The soil pH values of T2, T3 and T4 applied to the soil improvement materials are all obviously higher than those of T1 and CK in a soil plough layer of 0-50 cm, but the soil pH difference among T2, T3 and T4 is not obvious, and the soil pH difference among T1 and CK is not obvious. Therefore, the soil is reconstructed by the vertical deep rotary tillage and soil improvement material, so that the soil pH of the topsoil layer of 0-20 cm is increased, the soil pH of the topsoil layer of 20-50 cm is increased, and the soil acidity improvement synchronization of the topsoil layer and the topsoil layer is realized.

(2) Dynamic change of soil pH

As can be seen from FIG. 2, the soil pH values of T2, T3 and T4 applied with the soil improvement materials are respectively increased by 2.36, 2.48 and 2.41 units compared with the soil pH background value (4.54) 30 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. After the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the pH of the soil of T2, T3 and T4 applied with the soil improvement material is obviously higher than that of T1 and CK. The pH difference of the T2, T3 and T4 soil is not significant 30 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted; at 60d, the T2 soil pH was significantly higher than T4; at 90d, 120d, the T2 soil pH was significantly lower than T4. The difference between the soil pH value of T1 and CK is not obvious at 30d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted; however, at 60d, the T1 soil pH was significantly higher than CK. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the pH value of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) for vertical deep rotary tillage can be increased by 17.56-23.36% compared with the soil pH value of CK. Therefore, the effect of improving the pH value of the acid soil by different soil reconstruction treatments is different, and the effect of treating with T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure + bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(3) Dynamic change of soil volume weight

As can be seen from FIG. 3, the volume weight of the soil treated by the same treatment slightly increases with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted; the volume weight of the soil adopting vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is respectively 4.72 to 8.03 percent, 4.31 to 8.76 percent, 6.27 to 8.05 percent and 5.42 to 8.45 percent lower than that of the soil adopting traditional tillage (CK); the volume weight of the soil adopting the soil improving materials (T2, T3 and T4) is respectively 2.05-3.46 percent, 2.23-4.86 percent, 2.29-2.80 percent and 2.52-3.69 percent lower than that of the soil not adopting the soil improving material (T1). At 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the soil volume weight of T3 and T4 is obviously lower than that of T1, T2 and CK; compared with CK, the volume weight of soil of vertical deep rotary tillage, soil improvement and application materials (T2, T3 and T4) is reduced by 7.32-8.45%. Therefore, the soil volume weight can be reduced by soil reconstruction, the soil volume weight is slightly increased after being reduced, and the treatment effect of T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(4) Dynamic change of soil porosity

As can be seen from FIG. 4, the soil porosity of the flue-cured tobacco treated at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted is slightly reduced along with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco; the soil porosity of the vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is respectively improved by 5.76 to 8.83 percent, 5.36 to 9.53 percent, 7.29 to 9.08 percent and 6.41 to 9.23 percent compared with the traditional tillage (CK); the soil porosity of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) is improved by 1.72-2.91%, 1.72-3.96%, 1.23-1.68% and 1.59-2.65% respectively compared with the soil improvement materials (T1). And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the vertical deep rotary tillage and application of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) is improved by 8.17-9.23% compared with the soil porosity of CK. Therefore, the soil porosity can be improved by soil reconstruction, the soil porosity is slightly reduced after being increased, and the effects of vertical deep rotary tillage and soil improvement material treatment are good.

(5) Dynamic change of soil organic matter

As can be seen from FIG. 5, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the organic matters in the soil treated in the same way fluctuate with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco, but the change is small; the organic matter content of the soil is represented by T4 & gt T3 & gt T2 & gt T1 & gt CK. Wherein, the organic matter content of the soil adopting vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of the traditional tillage (CK); the organic matter content of the soil of T3 and T4 is obviously higher than that of T1. And at 30d, 60d and 90d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the organic matter content of the soil of T4 is obviously higher than that of T. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the organic matters of the soil improved materials (T2, T3 and T4) by vertical deep rotary tillage can be improved by 16.89 to 27.72 percent compared with the organic matters of the soil CK. Therefore, the soil reconstruction can improve the content of organic matters in the soil, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(6) Dynamic change of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of soil

As can be seen from FIG. 6, the flue-cured tobacco is applied in the early stage (30d) and the middle stage (60d) of the field, and the content of alkaline nitrogen of soil is higher than that of the later stage (90-120 d) of the field. The content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in the soil is represented by T4 & gt T3 & gt T2 & gt T1 & gt CK at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. Wherein, the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil adopting vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of the soil adopting traditional tillage (CK); 30-90 days after flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the soil alkaline-hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil-improving materials (T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of T1, but the difference is reduced after the flue-cured tobacco transplanting is carried out for 120 days. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil modified materials (T2, T3 and T4) which are vertically and deeply applied in a rotary tillage way can be improved by 13.39-18.81 percent compared with the soil of CK. Therefore, the soil reconstruction can improve the content of the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen rapidly rises and then slowly falls, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure + bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(7) Dynamic change of available phosphorus in soil

As can be seen from FIG. 7, the effective phosphorus content of the soil in the early stage (30d) of the flue-cured tobacco field is the highest, and then is slightly reduced along with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco. The effective phosphorus content of the soil is represented by T4 & gt T3 & gt T2 & gt T1 & gt CK at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, and the difference between different treatments is obvious. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the effective phosphorus of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) can be improved by 69.83-245.17% compared with the soil effective phosphorus of CK. Therefore, the soil reconstruction can improve the effective phosphorus content of the soil, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(8) Dynamic change of soil quick-acting potassium

As can be seen from FIG. 8, the content of the soil quick-acting potassium in the early stage (30d) of the flue-cured tobacco field is the highest, and is slightly increased along with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco later. The quick-acting potassium content of the soil is represented by T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > CK at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. Wherein, the content of the quick-acting potassium in the soil by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of the soil by adopting traditional tillage (CK); the soil quick-acting potassium adopting the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of T1. At 30d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the soil quick-acting potassium of T4 is obviously higher than that of T2 and T3; the soil quick-acting potassium of T3 and T4 is obviously higher than that of T2 at 60d and 90d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) are vertically and deeply applied in a rotary tillage way, and the soil improvement materials can be improved by 47.05 to 100.91 percent compared with the soil quick-acting potassium of CK. Therefore, the soil reconstruction can improve the content of the quick-acting potassium in the soil, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(9) Dynamic change of soil sucrase

As can be seen from FIG. 9, the soil sucrase of the flue-cured tobacco transplanted for 30 days is the lowest, and the soil sucrase of the flue-cured tobacco transplanted for 60 days is the highest, and then decreases with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco and tends to be stable. At 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after flue-cured tobacco transplantation, the soil sucrase shows that T4 is more than T3 is more than T2 is more than T1 is more than CK. Wherein, the soil sucrase adopting vertical deep rotary tillage (T1, T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of the traditional tillage (CK); and (3) after 30-90 d of flue-cured tobacco transplanting, soil sucrase of soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) is obviously higher than that of T1, but soil sucrase of T3 and T4 which are only used in 120d of transplanting is obviously higher than that of T1. 30-60 days after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the soil sucrase of T3 and T4 is obviously higher than that of T2; the difference of the soil sucrases of T2, T3 and T4 is obvious 90-120 days after flue-cured tobacco transplanting. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the activity of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) prepared by vertical deep rotary tillage can be improved by 32.44-99.44% compared with the activity of soil sucrase of CK. Therefore, the soil reconstruction can improve the activity of the soil sucrase, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(10) Dynamic change of soil urease

As can be seen from FIG. 10, the soil urease for the flue-cured tobacco transplantation for 30 days is the lowest, and the soil urease for 60 days after the transplantation is the highest, and then the soil urease declines with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco and tends to be stable. And soil urease is represented by T4 & gtT 3 & gtT 2 & gtT 1 & gtCK at 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after flue-cured tobacco transplantation. Wherein, the soil urease adopting T2, T3 and T4 is obviously higher than CK; the urease difference between different treatments is obvious after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 30 days; in 60d of flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the soil urease of T1 is obviously higher than CK, and the soil urease of T4 is obviously higher than T2 and T3; in 90d of flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the soil urease of T1 is obviously higher than CK, and the soil urease of T3 and T4 is obviously higher than T2; and in 60d of flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the difference of soil urease of T2, T3 and T4 is obvious. And 3, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 120 days, the activity of the soil improvement materials (T2, T3 and T4) prepared by vertical deep rotary tillage can be improved by 79.22-129.62% compared with the soil urease activity of CK. Therefore, soil reconstruction can improve soil urease activity, and the treatment effect by T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) is the best.

(11) Influence on the root system of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 1, the root length is T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > CK, and the difference of the root length of different treatments is significant; the root surface area T4 & gtT 3 & gtT 2 & gtT 1 & gtCK, and the treatment by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage T4, T3, T2 and T1 is obviously higher than CK; the root volume is T4 & gtT 1 & gtT 2 & gtT 3 & gtCK, and the treatment is obviously higher than CK by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage of T4, T3, T2 and T1; the average diameter of the roots treated differently is not significantly different; the root tip number is T4 & gtT 2 & gtT 3 & gtT 1 & gtCK, and the treatment is obviously higher than CK by adopting T4, T3, T2 and T1 of vertical deep rotary tillage. On the whole, the treatment with T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure + alkaline bio-organic fertilizer) is more favorable for the root system development of the flue-cured tobacco.

TABLE 1 influence of different treatments on the morphological index of the root system of flue-cured tobacco

Note: and selecting 5 roots of flue-cured tobacco after transplanting the flue-cured tobacco for 120 days, and respectively taking 2 soil columns in the middle of a ridge body and at the edge of the ridge, which are 10cm away from the tobacco plants, by adopting a plant root sampler. And (3) soaking the soil column with water to separate and wash the root soil, and carrying the root system with a mesh screen to keep the root system complete as much as possible. And (3) measuring the root length, the root surface area, the root volume, the root average diameter and the root tip number by adopting an LA-2400 multi-parameter root system analysis system.

(12) Influence on agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 2, the plant heights treated by T4, T3, T2 and T1 which adopt vertical deep rotary tillage are significantly higher than CK, and the plant heights treated by T3 and T4 are relatively higher; stem circumference differences between different treatments were not significant; the number of the blades treated by the T4, the T3, the T2 and the T1 which are vertically and deeply rotary tillage is obviously higher than that of CK, and the number of the blades treated by the T4 is the largest; the length and the width of the blade treated by the T4 and the T1 in the vertical deep rotary tillage are obviously higher than those of CK, and the length and the width of the blade treated by the T4 are the largest; the maximum leaf area treated by T4, T3, T2 and T1 in vertical deep rotary tillage is significantly higher than CK, and the maximum leaf area treated by T4 is the maximum. Therefore, T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and bio-organic fertilizer) has the best agronomic character and effect.

TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco

And (3) observing 5 cigarettes per treatment, and measuring the plant height, the stem circumference, the leaf number, the maximum leaf length, the maximum leaf width and the like according to a standard tobacco agronomic trait survey and measurement method (YC/T142-2010) at 60 days after transplantation, wherein the leaf area is the leaf length × and the leaf width × 0.6345.

(13) Influence on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 3, the ratio of the tobacco leaves with equal tobacco is T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > CK, and the treatment by adopting T4, T3 and T2 of vertical deep rotary tillage is obviously higher than CK; the moderate tobacco proportion in the tobacco leaves is T4 & gtT 3 & gtT 2 & gtT 1 & gtCK, and the treatment by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage of T4, T3, T2 and T1 is obviously higher than CK; the average price of the tobacco leaves is T4 & gtT 3 & gtT 1 & gtT 2 & gtCK, and the treatment by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage T4 and T3 is obviously higher than that by CK; the yield of the tobacco leaves is T3 & gtT 4 & gtT 2 & gtCK & gtT 1, and the processing is obviously higher than CK by adopting T4, T3 and T2 of vertical deep rotary tillage; the yield value of the tobacco leaves is T4 & gtT 3 & gtT 2 & gtT 1 & gtCK, and the treatment by adopting vertical deep rotary tillage T4, T3, T2 and T1 is obviously higher than CK. Therefore, the flue-cured tobacco treated by the T4 (vertical deep rotary tillage, lime, green manure and acid bio-organic fertilizer) has the best economic character.

TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

(14) Influence on chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from table 4, total sugars, reducing sugars, potassium of T4, T3 treatments were significantly higher than CK; the nicotine content of different treatments was not significantly different; total nitrogen for T4, T3 treatments was significantly lower than CK; the total chlorine for the T4, T3 treatments was significantly higher than CK, but within a suitable range. It can be seen that the tobacco leaves treated by T4 and T3 (vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure + bio-organic fertilizer, vertical deep rotary tillage + lime + green manure) have the best chemical composition compatibility.

TABLE 4 Effect of different treatments on tobacco chemical composition

The test result of the case (one) shows that the soil pH value can be increased by 17.56-23.36% by using the reconstructed plough layer to improve the soil acidity of the tobacco planting in the mountainous region and the fertilizing method can be compared with the control by 120 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the soil volume weight is reduced by 7.32-8.45%, the soil porosity is increased by 8.17-9.23%, the soil organic matter is increased by 16.89-27.72%, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is increased by 13.39-18.81%, the soil available phosphorus is increased by 69.83-245.17%, the soil available potassium is increased by 47.05-100.91%, the soil sucrase activity is increased by 32.44-99.44%, and the soil urease activity is increased by 79.22-129.62%. The method for improving the acidity of the tobacco planting soil in the mountainous region and fertilizing by adopting the reconstructed plough layer is beneficial to the growth of the root system of the flue-cured tobacco, improves the agronomic characters of the flue-cured tobacco, improves the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco and coordinates the chemical components of the tobacco. Therefore, in the tobacco zone of the mountainous region, the comprehensive synergistic improvement of the acidic tobacco planting soil by combining vertical deep rotary tillage with multiple materials such as inorganic materials, organic materials, biological materials and the like can be realized, the full-tillage-layer improvement and the fertilization of the acidic soil can be synchronously realized, and the planting benefit of the flue-cured tobacco is improved.

Case (II) reconstructed plough layer improved acid soil field contrast test

In a flue-cured tobacco cultivation field (Huayuan county, western Hunan), a comparison test of reconstructing a plough layer to improve the acidity of the tobacco-planted soil in the mountainous region and fertilizing the land is carried out. The previous stubble of the test field is rice, the soil is rice soil developed by yellow soil, the pH value is 5.27, the organic matter is 17.01g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 83.75mg/kg, the effective phosphorus is 16.06mg/kg, and the quick-acting potassium is 106.46 mg/kg. The flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 87. In 10 months after the first year corn is harvested, 2250kg/hm of slaked lime is broadcast²Ploughing soil and sowing common vetch; at 15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, 1200kg/hm of lime is added²Uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the green manure on the surface of the cultivated land, and turning and ridging according to the design requirements of the test. Vertical deep rotary tillage and ridging 1-time operation mode (vertical deep for short) is set for testPloughing), rotary tillage and ridging for 2 times (traditional ploughing for short). T, a vertical deep ploughing mode is adopted, an all-in-one machine which is produced by a certain manufacturer and can realize vertical deep rotary tillage and ridging is adopted, 4 vertical shafts are adopted for rotary-cutting and crushing soil, soil ploughing and ridging are completed in one-step operation, the ridge width is 120cm, the vertical rotary tillage depth is 40cm, and the ridge height is 30 cm. CK, traditional farming mode adopts small-size tractor area rotary cultivator rotary tillage operation, and miniature mechanical ridging, soil turn over plough with the ridging divide 2 operation completions, ridge width 120cm, turn over about 20cm of depth, ridge height 30 cm. The test is repeated for 3 times, and the area of the cell is 300m². The nitrogen application amount of the flue-cured tobacco is 109.5kg/hm²The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1:1.27:2.73, and the application amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in each treatment is kept consistent. And (4) hole application of the bio-organic fertilizer before transplanting. The planting density of the flue-cured tobacco is 16650 plants/hm²(1.2m × 0.5.5 m), transplanting in the last ten days of 4 months, topping in the last ten days of 7 months, reserving 16-18 leaves, and performing other cultivation and management measures in the same way as the technical specification of the production of high-quality flue-cured tobacco in the autonomous state of Hunan West.

The results of this method are shown in FIG. 11 and tables 5-10, compared with other methods.

(1) Influence on pH of tobacco-planting soil

As can be seen from the left side of FIG. 11, the pH difference of the soil in the plough layer is not significant at 25d, 50d, 80d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted; the soil pH variation coefficients of 25d, 50d, 80d and 120d samples are respectively 1.04%, 1.12%, 2.42% and 1.21% of T, and are respectively 2.88%, 2.40%, 4.37% and 3.35% of CK, and the soil pH variation coefficients of T are respectively 63.74%, 53.14%, 44.57% and 63.79% lower than those of CK; the result shows that the pH uniformity of the soil in the plough layer of the vertical deep ploughing mode is better than that of the soil in the plough layer of the traditional ploughing mode. As can be seen from the right part of FIG. 11, the soil pH of the T-shaped column is higher than CK in the soil with the depth of 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm and 40-50 cm, and particularly the soil pH of 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm and 30-40 cm is obviously higher than CK. The difference value between the maximum value and the minimum value of the soil pH of the T, CK soil column is 0.50 and 0.59 respectively, and the coefficient of variation is 3.81 percent and 4.38 percent respectively; the vertical deep ploughing mode can reduce the vertical difference of the pH value of the soil and can obviously improve the pH value of the soil of 10-40 cm, and the main reason is that the soil stirring depth of the traditional ploughing mode is generally less than 30cm, and the soil stirring depth of the vertical deep ploughing mode reaches 50cm, so that the lime is favorably and uniformly mixed in a surface soil layer, the lime can be mixed in deep soil and the soil below the surface layer to be uniformly mixed, the acidity of the surface soil and the soil below the surface layer is synchronously improved, and the effect of improving the soil by the lime is improved.

(2) Influence on physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planting soil

As can be seen from Table 5, the soil volume weight average of 25d, 50d, 80d and 120d after flue-cured tobacco transplantation is that T is significantly lower than CK; the porosity of the soil is T which is obviously higher than CK. The organic matter of T soil is obviously higher than CK 25 days, 50 days and 80 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. The alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil 25 days after the flue-cured tobacco is that T is obviously lower than CK; the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil 50d and 80d after transplanting is that T is obviously higher than CK. The effective phosphorus in T soil is obviously lower than CK 25 days, 50 days, 80 days and 120 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. The quick-acting potassium in soil at 25d and 50d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted is that T is obviously lower than CK; the quick-acting potassium in soil after 80 days of transplantation is that T is obviously higher than CK.

TABLE 5 influence of different cultivation methods on physicochemical characteristics of tobacco-planting soil

(3) Influence on root growth of underground part of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 6, the length, surface area, volume and root tip number of the T root system are all obviously greater than those of CK 25 days after flue-cured tobacco transplantation, and the development of the T root system is better than that of CK. 50d after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the length, the surface area, the volume and the number of root tips of ridge roots are all T which is obviously larger than CK, and the length, the surface area, the volume and the number of root tips of ridge edges are T which is obviously smaller than CK; at 80d after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the length, the surface area and the number of root tips of ridge root systems are T which is obviously larger than CK, the volume and the average diameter of the ridge root systems are T which is obviously smaller than CK, and the length, the surface area and the volume of ridge root systems are T which is obviously larger than CK; presumably, the deep distribution of the flue-cured tobacco roots in the vertical deep ploughing is deep, and the shallow distribution of the flue-cured tobacco roots in the traditional ploughing is caused. At 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the length, the surface area, the volume, the average diameter and the number of root tips of T roots are all larger than CK, but the difference is not obvious, and the difference is probably related to that the root system is sampled far away from tobacco plants.

TABLE 6 influence of different cultivation methods on the morphological index of the root system of flue-cured tobacco

(4) Influence on growth of overground part of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 7, the height of T plants, the stem circumference, the number of leaves and the maximum leaf area are all obviously greater than CK 25 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, and the growth and development of the above-ground parts are better than those of CK. 50 days after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the height of the T plant, the stem circumference and the area of the middle tobacco leaf are all obviously larger than CK, and the difference between the leaf number and the area of the lower tobacco leaf and the upper tobacco leaf is not obvious, which shows that the overground part of T has worse growth and development than CK. And at 80 days after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the height of the T plant, the area of the middle tobacco leaf and the area of the upper tobacco leaf are all obviously larger than CK, which indicates that the overground part of the T has better growth and development than CK. Therefore, the root distribution of the traditional cultivation is shallow, and the flue-cured tobacco growth is superior to that of the vertical deep cultivation mode in the early stage of vigorous growth; but the roots of the vertical deep ploughing are distributed deeply, which is beneficial to the later growth of the flue-cured tobacco.

TABLE 7 influence of different cultivation methods on the growth of the upper part of the flue-cured tobacco land

(5) Influence on accumulation and distribution of tobacco substances

As can be seen from table 8, the dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nicotine accumulated in the flue-cured tobacco are mainly distributed to the tobacco leaves, T is relatively more distributed to the tobacco leaves than CK, and CK is relatively more distributed to the tobacco stems than T. From the view of the dry matter accumulation amount of the flue-cured tobacco, the dry matter accumulation amount of T is larger than CK, which mainly shows that the dry matter accumulation amount of tobacco roots and tobacco leaves is large, but the dry matter accumulation amount of tobacco stems of CK is larger than T; the nitrogen accumulation amount of T is greater than CK, mainly indicate that the nitrogen accumulation amount of tobacco leaves is more, but the tobacco stem nitrogen accumulation amount of CK is greater than T; the accumulated amount of the phosphorus T is larger than CK, which mainly shows that the accumulated amounts of the phosphorus of tobacco roots and tobacco leaves are large; the potassium accumulation of the tobacco plant T is greater than that of CK, which mainly shows that the potassium accumulation of tobacco roots and tobacco leaves is more, but the potassium accumulation of tobacco stems of CK is greater than that of T; from the view of nicotine accumulation, the difference between the two cultivation modes is not obvious, but the nicotine accumulation of the tobacco roots T is greater than CK, and the nicotine accumulation of the tobacco leaves T is less than CK. The flue-cured tobacco which is vertically and deeply ploughed grows vigorously, which is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the tobacco leaves, and the traditional ploughing mode is beneficial to the accumulation of dry matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the tobacco stems and the accumulation of nicotine of the tobacco leaves.

TABLE 8 influence of different cultivation methods on the accumulation and distribution of tobacco substances

(6) Influence on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from table 9, the upper and middle tobacco proportions and the average price difference of the two cultivation methods are not significant, but the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco in the vertical deep cultivation are significantly greater than those of the traditional cultivation. Therefore, the vertical deep ploughing can improve the yield and the output value of the tobacco leaves.

TABLE 9 influence of different cultivation methods on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

(7) Influence on chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaves

As can be seen from Table 10, the contents of total sugar and reducing sugar in the vertically deep-ploughed tobacco leaves are lower than those in the conventional cultivation manner, and the potassium content in the tobacco leaves is relatively high, as seen from the B2F level. From the C3F level, the total sugar content of the tobacco leaves subjected to vertical deep ploughing is lower than that of the tobacco leaves subjected to traditional ploughing, and the potassium content of the tobacco leaves is relatively higher. It can be seen that the sugar content of the tobacco leaves in the vertical deep ploughing is relatively low (within a suitable range)^[17]But the content of potassium in the tobacco leaves is high.

TABLE 10 influence of different cultivation methods on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves

The test result of the case (II) shows that the pH value of the soil of the whole plough layer can be improved by adopting the reconstructed plough layer to improve the acidity of the tobacco-planted soil of the mountain land and the fertilizing method, and the effect of improving the acid soil by lime is favorably improved; the volume weight of soil can be reduced, the porosity of the soil is improved, the organic matter of the soil is increased, and the nitrogen and potassium effectiveness of the soil in the middle and later periods of the flue-cured tobacco field is improved; can promote the root development of the flue-cured tobacco, and is beneficial to the overground part growth of the flue-cured tobacco in the middle and later periods of the field; the accumulation of dry matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of the tobacco leaves is facilitated; can improve the yield and output value of the tobacco leaves and the potassium content of the tobacco leaves. Therefore, the method for improving the acidity of the tobacco planting soil in the mountainous region by reconstructing the plough layer and fertilizing can deepen the plough layer of the soil, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil, has the effect of synchronously improving the acidity of surface soil and subsurface soil and fertilizing, promotes the growth of flue-cured tobacco, improves the planting benefit of the flue-cured tobacco, and is a tobacco planting soil improvement method which is worth popularizing.

Case (III) depth test of vertical deep rotary tillage

In a flue-cured tobacco cultivation field (Huayuan county, western Hunan), a reconstructed plough layer depth test is carried out. The corn is used as the previous crop of the test field, the yellow soil is used as the soil, the pH value is 5.04, the organic matter is 16.70g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 57.46mg/kg, the available phosphorus is 14.71mg/kg, and the quick-acting potassium is 90.87 mg/kg. The flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 87.

Step 1: in 10 months after the first year corn is harvested, 2250kg/hm of slaked lime is broadcast²Ploughing soil and sowing common vetch; at 15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, 1200kg/hm of lime is added²Uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the green manure on the surface of the cultivated land, and turning and ridging according to the design requirements of the test.

Step 2: setting 4 vertical deep rotary tillage deep treatments, namely T1, and vertically deeply tilling 50 cm; t2, vertically and deeply tilling for 40 cm; t3, vertically and deeply tilling for 30 cm; CK, conventional cultivation, and rotary tillage depth of about 20 cm.

And step 3: the flue-cured tobacco fertilization and cultivation density and the field management technology are the same as the case (I).

The results of this method are shown in FIGS. 12 to 19 and tables 11 to 14.

(1) Dynamic change of soil volume weight

As can be seen from FIG. 12, the volume weight of the tobacco-planting soil increases with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco; the volume weight of the soil treated by the T1, T2 and T3 is significantly lower than that of the traditional farming (CK). The soil volume weight can be reduced by the aid of the plough layer reconstruction method.

(2) Dynamic change of soil porosity

As can be seen from FIG. 13, the porosity of the tobacco-planted soil decreases with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco; t1, T2, T3 soil porosity is significantly lower than traditional tillage (CK); the soil porosity can be improved by the plough layer reconstruction method.

(3) Dynamic change of soil pH

As can be seen from FIG. 14, the pH difference between the soils treated differently was not significant. The soil pH values of 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted are respectively increased by 32.95-37.03%, 25.42-29.82%, 8.30-10.87% and 3.70-7.77% compared with the background value (pH5.04). It can be seen that the pH of the tobacco-planting soil decreases along with the growth process of the flue-cured tobacco, and particularly the pH of the soil decreases to a large extent in 90-120 d, which may be related to the gradual decrease of the effect of lime application.

(4) Vertical change in soil pH

As can be seen from FIG. 15, the pH changes of the T1, T2, T3, CK and FT pillars are respectively 6.09-6.86, 4.88-6.84, 4.64-6.82, 4.65-6.92 and 4.60-5.03; the pH of 0-50 cm soil of T1 is above 6, the pH of 0-40 cm soil of T2 is above 6, the pH of 0-30 cm soil of T3 is above 6, the pH of 0-20 cm soil of CK is above 6, and the pH of 0-50 cm soil of FT is below 6. The soil pH difference of T1, T2, T3 and CK is not obvious in the range of 0-20 cm, but is obviously higher than FT; the soil pH difference of T1, T2 and T3 is not obvious in the range of 20-30 cm, but is obviously higher than CK and FT, and the soil pH of CK is also obviously higher than FT; the soil pH difference of T1 and T2 is not obvious in the range of 30-40 cm, but is obviously higher than that of T3, CK and FT, and the soil pH of T3 is also obviously higher than that of CK and FT; the soil pH of T1 is obviously higher than that of T2, T3, CK and FT at 40-50 cm, but the difference of T2, T3, CK and FT is not obvious. The results show that the reconstructed plough layer is beneficial to fully and uniformly mixing acid regulating agents such as lime, green manure and the like with the soil, and the acid regulating effect of the soil can be improved.

(5) Influence on soil organic matter

As can be seen from fig. 16, the organic matters of T1, T2 and T3 soils are significantly higher than those of conventional farming (CK); the organic matters of the soil treated by the reconstructed plough layer are respectively improved by 1.00-9.57%, 15.01-29.41%, 14.12-20.04% and 22.72-36.73% compared with CK after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 30d, 60d, 90d and 120d, which may be related to the vertical deep rotary tillage and fine crushing of the soil, the improvement of the soil permeability and the contribution to the decomposition of soil stubbles by soil microorganisms.

(6) Influence on alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of soil

As can be seen from FIG. 17, after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted for 30d, the soil alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of T2 and T3 is significantly higher than that of T1 and CK; the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen of the soil 60d, 90d, 120d, T1, T2 and T3 after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted is obviously higher than that of the soil in the traditional Cultivation (CK). The nitrogen is easy to be leached and dissolved, and the soil of the vertical deep rotary tillage is fine and has large porosity, which is beneficial to the adsorption of the nitrogen fertilizer and can reduce the loss of the nitrogen fertilizer. Therefore, the reconstructed plough layer can improve the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen in the soil.

(7) Influence on available phosphorus in soil

As can be seen from FIG. 18, the effective phosphorus in the soil with the tilling depth of 40-50 cm is relatively low 30 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, because the tilling layer is reconstructed to turn part of the soil at the bottom layer over the upper soil layer; and after transplanting, the effective phosphorus of the soil with the tilling depth of 30-40 cm is relatively high at 90d and 120d, which is caused by insoluble phosphorus in the reconstructed tilling layer activated soil. The mechanical friction effect and soil environment condition are improved in the vertical deep rotary tillage process, and the phosphorus fixed in the soil can be promoted to be released again, so that the effective phosphorus content in the soil is increased. Therefore, the depth is properly controlled, and the effective phosphorus content of the soil is favorably improved.

(8) Influence on soil quick-acting potassium

As can be seen from FIG. 18, 30d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the quick-acting potassium content of the soil treated by the reconstituted plough layer is obviously higher than CK, and the quick-acting potassium content of the soil is reduced along with the increase of the depth (T3 to T1). The mechanical friction effect and soil environment condition are improved in the vertical deep rotary tillage process, and the release of potassium fixed in the soil can be promoted, so that the quick-acting potassium content in the soil is increased. And after transplanting, 60d, 90d and 120d, the soil quick-acting potassium with the tilling depth of 30-40 cm is obviously higher than T1 and CK. Therefore, the reconstructed plough layer is beneficial to improving the content of the quick-acting potassium in the soil.

(9) Influence on root growth of underground part of flue-cured tobacco

From table 11, it can be seen that the root length, surface area, volume and root tip number of T1, T2 and T3 are all significantly greater than those of conventional cultivation 30d after flue-cured tobacco transplantation, and the root system difference at different depths is not significant. 60d after flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the root length, the root surface area and the root tip number of T1 and T2 are all obviously larger than those of T3 and CK from the root system of ridge; from the root system at the ridge edge, the growth index of the T3 root system is best, and then CK, T1 and T2 are relatively poor; this is probably related to the shallower root distribution of T3 and CK than T1 and T2. At 90d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the root growth indexes of T1 and T2 are better in ridge view, and then T3 and CK are relatively poor; from the ridge edge, the root growth index of T3 is better, and secondly, T2, T1 and CK are relatively poor. At 120d after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, T1 is beneficial to improving the length and the number of root tips, and T3 is beneficial to improving the average diameter, the surface area and the volume of the root system. The reconstructed plough layer is beneficial to the growth and development of the flue-cured tobacco root system, and the depth increase is beneficial to the root system rolling down.

TABLE 11 tobacco root morphology indices for different treatments

(10) Influence on growth of overground part of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 12, 30 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted, the plant height, the stem circumference, the number of leaves and the maximum leaf area of the flue-cured tobacco are sorted as follows: t1 > T2 > T3 > CK, but overall, the growth of the cured tobacco treated by the restructured plough layer is better than that of the conventional plough. 60 days after flue-cured tobacco transplanting, the plant heights, stem circumferences and leaf numbers of T1 and T2 are obviously greater than those of T3 and CK, and the leaf area difference of different treatments is not obvious. The flue-cured tobacco of T1 and T2 grows better than T3 and CK 90 days after the flue-cured tobacco is transplanted. Therefore, the reconstructed plough layer is beneficial to the growth of the flue-cured tobacco, and the flue-cured tobacco with the depth of 40-50 cm has better agronomic characters.

TABLE 12 overground part growth of tobacco with different treatments

(11) Influence on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

As can be seen from Table 13, the yields and values of the tobacco leaves treated differently are ranked as T2 > T3 > CK > T1; the first smoke proportion is highest at T2, followed by T3; the mean smoke and mean price differences for the different treatments were not significant. The flue-cured tobacco processed by T1 has high yield of fresh tobacco leaves, but the tobacco leaves are yellow later than other processing due to sufficient aftereffect, and the tobacco leaves are more than other processing after being baked, so that the yield and the output value are low. Therefore, the proper reconstruction of the plough layer depth is beneficial to improving the yield and the output value of the tobacco leaves.

TABLE 13 Effect of different treatments on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco

(12) Influence on chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaves

As can be seen from Table 14, T1, T2 and T3 are advantageous in increasing the potassium content of tobacco leaves. The tobacco leaves with the plowing depth of 40-50 cm (T1, T2) have high chlorine content. The nicotine content of B2F-grade tobacco leaves with the cultivation depth of 30-40 cm (T2 and T3) is high; however, at the C3F level, the nicotine content of T1 and CK tobacco leaves is higher. Therefore, the reconstructed plough layer cultivation can improve the potassium content of the tobacco leaves and the chlorine and nicotine content of the tobacco leaves due to the developed root systems of the tobacco plants.

TABLE 14 Effect of different treatments on tobacco chemical composition

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Claims

1. A method for reconstructing a plough layer to improve the acidity of tobacco-planting soil and fertilizing is characterized by comprising the following steps:

planting green manure on cultivated land;

2. The method for improving the acidity and fertility of tobacco-planted soil by reconstructing the plough layer according to claim 1, wherein the cultivated land to be treated is a mountain land cultivated land.

3. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing plough layer according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step (1), the lime is hydrated lime or quicklime; wherein the dosage of the hydrated lime is 1500-2500 kg/hm²And the application amount of quicklime is reduced by half.

4. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing the plough layer according to claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the sowing time of the green manure is 10 months to 11 months;

the green manure variety is oat or rye or common vetch.

5. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing the plough layer according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the cultivated land is deeply ploughed, deeply loosened, crushed, green manure turned and ridged by vertical deep rotary tillage;

preferably, lime is applied to green manure 10-15 days before flue-cured tobacco transplanting, and then vertical deep rotary tillage is carried out;

preferably, the lime is hydrated lime or quicklime, wherein the dosage of the hydrated lime is 900-1300 kg/hm²The amount of quicklime is halved.

6. The method for improving acidity and fertility of tobacco-planting soil by restructuring plough layer according to claim 5, wherein in step (3), the green manure turnover pressure is controlled to be 7500-10000 kg/hm of oat and rye²Common vetch 22500-30000 kg/hm²Fresh grass.

7. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing plough layer according to claim 5, characterized in that the ridge height is 30-40 cm; the ridge width is 1.0-1.2 m.

8. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing plough layer according to claim 1, characterized in that the water content of the soil is 15-20% in the vertical deep rotary tillage process.

9. The method for improving the acidity of tobacco-planted soil and fertilizing by reconstructing the plough layer according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the vertical deep rotary tillage is 30-40 cm.

10. The method for improving the acidity and fertility of tobacco-planted soil by reconstructing plough layer according to claim 1, characterized in that the bio-organic fertilizer is applied by hole application; the dosage of the biological organic fertilizer is 450-600 kg/hm²。