CN111227122A - Production method of fiber-containing ruminant feed and feed produced by same - Google Patents
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
- A23K10/38—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material from distillers' or brewers' waste
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Abstract
The invention discloses a production method of fiber-containing ruminant feed and a product prepared by the method. The invention belongs to the field of ruminant feed processing. The composite functional fiber-containing ruminant feed can be prepared by mixing the lignocellulose biomass raw material with a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct, carrying out pretreatment, and then compounding with auxiliary materials. The invention solves the problems that the by-product in the alcohol industry can not be effectively utilized, the treatment cost is high and the value is low. The feed product produced by the invention is rich in protein and digestible fiber, and opens up a new way for comprehensive utilization of byproducts in the alcohol industry and high-valued conversion of lignocellulose.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of ruminant feed processing, in particular to a method for preparing functional fiber-containing ruminant feed by utilizing a lignocellulose raw material and a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct and a feed product produced by the method.
Background
The proportion of the fiber roughage in the ration for ruminants is usually 40 wt% -70 wt% to stimulate chewing, rumination and rumen peristalsis, which plays an important role in maintaining rumen health and normal growth and development of ruminants. The fiber coarse fodder is mainly from crop straw, pasture, branches and leaves, etc. The straw feed is one of the important ways of solving the problem of insufficient yield of high-quality pasture in China, improving the utilization rate of straws and protecting the environment.
The main components of the straw are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, wherein the cellulose has a complex crystalline structure, and is combined and crosslinked with the hemicellulose and the lignin, so that the NDF content of the straw is high (generally accounting for more than 60 wt% of dry matter), the crude protein content is low, the texture is coarse and hard, and the straw is difficult to degrade and digest. The digestibility of direct feeding is only 20-40 wt%, the nutritive value is low, the palatability is poor, the growth performance of livestock is poor, and resource waste and environmental pollution are easily caused. The physical and chemical properties of the raw material of the coarse feed can be improved by pretreating the raw material of the coarse feed, and the digestibility and the nutritive value can be improved. For example, the straws can be pretreated by steaming the straws at high temperature and high pressure, in the process, part of hemicellulose is degraded, cellulose is swelled, part of lignin is degraded, and after steaming, the straws are sprayed under pressure, so that the generated strong shearing force destroys a compact crystal structure, the polymerization degree is reduced, the materials become fluffy, and the degradability is improved. However, because the straw has insufficient nutritive value, protein and other nutritive substances are generally required to be supplemented so as to improve the feeding effect of the straw.
The alcohol industry by-product (also known as "alcohol mash") is the residue after distillation of alcoholic fermentation. Generally, after sugar generated by degrading starch-containing raw materials is fermented by yeast, the solid-liquid separation is carried out on the waste mash after alcohol is distilled and extracted, and the concentrated solution obtained by evaporating the liquid phase part is a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct, wherein the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct is rich in components such as protein, fat, trace elements and the like and has rich nutritional value. According to the existing alcohol production process, 1 ton of alcohol is produced and about 1-2 tons of liquid alcohol industrial by-product is produced. It is counted that about 2000 million tons of liquid alcohol industrial byproducts are produced every year in China, and the liquid alcohol industrial byproducts are usually mixed with solid after alcohol distillation and dried to produce feed, namely dry whole-distillers' grains feed. However, Maillard reaction is easy to occur in the evaporation and drying processes, so that the color of the dry whole distiller's grains becomes dark, the quality is reduced, and the selling price is reduced. In order to generate higher value from the liquid alcohol industrial by-product, better industrial utilization path needs to be developed.
Therefore, how to reasonably reuse two low-value resources, namely straw and liquid alcohol industrial byproducts, in the field of feed science becomes a problem to be solved at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above technical problems, the present invention relates to a method for producing a fiber-containing ruminant feed having no side effects and high resource utilization, wherein the method comprises:
1) adding a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct into a lignocellulose raw material for pretreatment to obtain a pretreatment product;
2) adding alkali into the pretreated product for neutralization to obtain a neutralized material;
3) and adding auxiliary materials into the neutralized materials for compounding to obtain the fiber-containing ruminant feed.
In a second aspect, the present invention also relates to a fiber-containing ruminant feed produced by the method of the first aspect.
The invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
1. the inventor finds that because the liquid alcohol industrial by-product is usually weakly acidic (pH is less than 4) and has rich nutritive value, the liquid alcohol industrial by-product is mixed with the straws and then is pretreated, so that the protein content of the fiber feed can be increased, the nutritive value of the fiber feed is improved, and the straws are subjected to steam explosion, cooking and/or puffing under an acidic condition, so that part of hemicellulose is degraded, the crystal structure of cellulose is favorably damaged, and the digestibility of the fiber is further improved; then adding alkali for neutralization, thereby avoiding the damage to the intestines and stomach of the livestock caused by too low pH value. Therefore, by selecting a proper production process, treating and nutrient compounding are carried out on the straws and the liquid industrial alcohol by-product by means of biotechnology to produce the fiber-containing ruminant feed, the comprehensive utilization of the straw and the liquid industrial alcohol by-product resources can be realized, and three purposes are achieved: on one hand, the problem of resource utilization of the straw is solved, the environmental pollution and resource waste caused by straw burning are reduced, and the income of farmers is increased; on the other hand, a new way of utilizing the liquid alcohol industrial by-product is provided, the use proportion of the liquid alcohol industrial by-product in the production process of the dry whole distiller's grains is reduced, and the problems that the alcohol industrial by-product cannot be effectively utilized, the treatment cost is high and the value is low are solved, so that the quality and the price of the dry whole distiller's grains are improved, the utilization field of the alcohol industrial by-product is expanded, and a new value is created for the alcohol industry; thirdly, high-quality ruminant feed can be produced, the contradiction of insufficient high-quality pasture in China is relieved, and the development of animal husbandry is promoted.
2. The fiber-containing ruminant feed produced by the method of the present invention has low contents of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF) and Crude Fiber (CF), and has high energy value (ME) and nutritional value, and can be digested better (the feed has significantly improved NDF, ADF and CP (crude protein) degradation rates), and can be widely used in animal husbandry as a high-quality ruminant feed.
Detailed Description
The following describes in detail specific embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the present invention, are given by way of illustration and explanation only, not limitation.
The endpoints of the ranges and any values disclosed herein are not limited to the precise range or value, and such ranges or values should be understood to encompass values close to those ranges or values. For ranges of values, between the endpoints of each of the ranges and the individual points, and between the individual points may be combined with each other to give one or more new ranges of values, and these ranges of values should be considered as specifically disclosed herein.
Herein, the term "ruminant feed" refers to a feed suitable for feeding ruminants (such as camel, deer, alpaca, antelope, cattle, sheep), and is characterized in that specific components are added according to the microbial environment in the rumen of the ruminants, so that the microbial environment in the rumen of the ruminants can be changed and improved, and the purposes of efficiently utilizing the feed and promoting the growth of the ruminants are achieved.
In this context, the term "complete formula feed" refers to a formula feed that is complete in nutritional ingredients, can be used directly to feed a feeding subject, and can fully satisfy the various nutritional needs of the feeding animal. The 'complete formula feed' usually contains energy, protein, mineral feed ingredients, various feed additives and the like, various nutrient substances are complete in variety, sufficient in quantity and proper in proportion, can meet the production requirement of feeding animals, can be directly used for production, and generally does not need to be supplemented with any feed.
As used herein, the term "lignocellulosic feedstock" refers to a feedstock that is rich in lignocellulose, such as agricultural or food industry waste that can be harvested and utilized. The crop straw is a cheap lignocellulose raw material with rich sources, and generally refers to residues of stems, leaves, husks (shells), vines and the like of harvested seeds of crops such as wheat, corn, rice, cotton, sorghum, soybean, peanut, sugarcane and the like, and can be used as an industrially stable raw material source. In some embodiments, the lignocellulosic feedstock comprises one or more of the following: corn stover, corn cobs, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, millet straw, sorghum straw, rice straw, soybean straw, sweet potato straw, peanut hulls, bagasse, or banana straw.
In this context, the term "liquid industrial by-product of alcohol" refers to a concentrated solution obtained by subjecting a waste mash obtained by distilling and extracting alcohol after fermentation of sugar produced by degradation of starch-containing raw material with yeast to solid-liquid separation and evaporation of a liquid phase portion. In some embodiments, the starch-containing material is corn, wheat, barley, oat, tapioca, rice, sorghum, sweet potato, or other food crop. The liquid alcohol industrial by-product may be obtained from a plant for producing alcohol. The liquid alcohol industrial by-product has a water content which varies depending on the process of producing alcohol at each plant, and for example, the water content may be 60 wt% to 80 wt%.
As used herein, the term "pretreatment" refers to a process in which a feedstock is pretreated, for example, suitable pretreatment means may include, but are not limited to, steam explosion, cooking, and/or puffing. The pretreatment operation is generally to place the material to be treated in a pretreatment device (e.g., steam explosion device, bulking machine, digester) and pretreat the material at a certain temperature (e.g., 100-.
In this context, the term "auxiliary materials" refers to non-nutritive additive materials commonly used in the field of animal feed processing for enhancing the feeding effect and facilitating the production and storage of compound feeds, such as various antibiotics, antioxidants, mildewcides, binders, colorants, flavor enhancers, and health and metabolic regulation drugs. For the auxiliary materials acceptable in the feed science, those skilled in the art can easily select suitable materials according to the relevant records in the prior art (e.g., < feed additive item catalog (2013) >, etc.). By way of example, adjuvants herein may include, but are not limited to: dried whole distillers grains (DDGS), soybean meal, corn bran, corn, soybean hull, bran, grain dregs, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, beet meal, wheat germ powder, brewer's grains, fruit residues, molasses, puffed corn, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, stone powder, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, salt, calcium hydrogen phosphate, a premix, and any mixture thereof. The amount of the auxiliary materials to be added is appropriately selected by those skilled in the art according to the need, and the present invention is not limited thereto.
In this context, the term "premix" is a short term for additive premix feed, which is an intermediate compound feed product prepared by mixing one or more trace components (including various trace mineral elements, various vitamins, synthetic amino acids, certain drugs and other additives) with a diluent or a carrier in a required ratio and uniformly mixing. The premix can be used as a component of a ruminant feed.
In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of producing a fiber-containing ruminant feed, wherein the method comprises:
1) adding a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct into a lignocellulose raw material for pretreatment to obtain a pretreatment product;
2) adding alkali into the pretreated product for neutralization to obtain a neutralized material;
3) and adding auxiliary materials into the neutralized materials for compounding to obtain the fiber-containing ruminant feed.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 1), the lignocellulosic raw material is corn stover, corn cobs, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, millet straw, sorghum straw, rice straw, soybean straw, sweet potato straw, peanut hulls, bagasse, or banana straw, or any combination thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, the lignocellulosic feedstock is pre-comminuted prior to adding liquid alcohol industry by-product to the lignocellulosic feedstock for pre-treatment.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 1), the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct is a liquid-phase concentrated solution obtained by performing solid-liquid separation on mash obtained after alcohol is extracted from starch-containing raw materials by fermentation; preferably, the starch-containing feedstock is a food crop such as, but not limited to, corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice, tapioca, sorghum, and/or sweet potato, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the water content of the liquid alcohol industry by-product is 60 wt% to 80 wt%.
In some preferred embodiments, in step 1), water is further added to the mixture of the lignocellulosic feedstock and the liquid alcohol industry by-product before the pretreatment, so as to further adjust the water content of the mixture, thereby advantageously avoiding carbonization of the mixture at high temperature and high pressure during the pretreatment, and the need for further adding water to the mixture can be determined by one skilled in the art according to actual needs. The water content of the material may be adjusted by those skilled in the art according to the kind of the lignocellulosic raw material used, the water content of the liquid alcohol industry by-product, the pretreatment conditions, and the like, and for example, water may be further added to the mixed material of the lignocellulosic raw material and the liquid alcohol industry by-product to a water content of 1 wt% to 99 wt%, for example, 40 wt%, and the like.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 1), the mass ratio of the liquid alcohol industrial by-product to the ligno-cellulosic feedstock is 1:20 to 5:1, preferably 1:5 to 2:1, more preferably 1:1.45 to 1:2.5 on a dry basis.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 1), the pre-treatment is selected from steam explosion, cooking and/or puffing.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 1), the temperature of the pretreatment is 100-. In a further preferred embodiment, the time of the pre-treatment is <60 minutes. In a preferred embodiment, in step 2), the base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia, sodium carbonate, urea or any mixture thereof.
In a preferred embodiment, in step 2), the alkali is added in a dry weight ratio to the lignocellulosic feedstock of from 1:10 to 1:200, preferably from 1:10 to 1:100, more preferably from 1:40 to 1: 50.
In a preferred embodiment, in the step 2), the neutralized materials are further dried, for example, the neutralized materials are dried at 65 ℃ (but not limited thereto).
In a preferred embodiment, in step 3), the auxiliary materials include: DDGS, soybean meal, corn bran, corn, soybean hull, bran, grain dregs, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, beet pulp, wheat germ meal, brewer's grains, fruit residues, molasses, puffed corn, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, stone powder, magnesium carbonate, baking soda, salt, calcium hydrogen phosphate or premix, or any combination thereof.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a fiber-containing ruminant feed produced by the above-described method; preferably, the fiber-containing ruminant feed is a complete formula feed. It is not excluded from the scope of the invention to use the fibre-containing ruminant feed produced by the above-described method in combination with other nutrients or other feeds or additives. The feed product produced by the above method combines the advantages of straw and liquid alcohol industrial by-products, and the feed has significantly improved NDF, ADF and CP degradation rates, and thus is suitable for being widely used in animal husbandry as a high-quality ruminant feed.
For illustrative purposes, the solution of the invention can be implemented, for example, by the following paragraphs:
1. a method of producing a fiber-containing ruminant feed, wherein the method comprises:
1) adding a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct into a lignocellulose raw material for pretreatment to obtain a pretreatment product;
2) adding alkali into the pretreated product for neutralization to obtain a neutralized material;
3) and adding auxiliary materials into the neutralized materials for compounding to obtain the fiber-containing ruminant feed.
2. The method of paragraph 1 wherein the pretreatment is selected from steam explosion, cooking and/or puffing.
3. The method of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein in step 1), the lignocellulosic feedstock is corn stover, corn cobs, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, millet straw, sorghum straw, rice straw, soybean straw, sweet potato straw, peanut hulls, bagasse, or banana straw, or any combination thereof.
4. The method as described in any of paragraphs 1-3, wherein, in step 1), the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct is a liquid-phase concentrated solution obtained by solid-liquid separation of mash obtained after alcohol extraction from starch-containing material by fermentation.
5. The method of paragraph 4 wherein the starch-containing material is a food crop.
6. The method of paragraph 4 wherein the starch-containing material is corn, wheat, barley, oats, rice, tapioca, sorghum, and/or sweet potato.
7. The method of any of paragraphs 1-6, wherein the water content of the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct is from 60 wt% to 80 wt%.
8. The method of any of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein water is added to the mixture of the lignocellulosic feedstock and the liquid alcohol industry by-product prior to the pre-treatment.
9. The method of any one of paragraphs 1-8, wherein, in step 1), the lignocellulosic feedstock is pre-comminuted.
10. The method of any of paragraphs 1-8, wherein the mass ratio of the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct to the lignocellulosic feedstock is from 1:20 to 5:1 on a dry weight basis.
11. The method of paragraph 10, wherein the mass ratio of the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct to the lignocellulosic feedstock is from 1:5 to 2:1 on a dry weight basis.
12. The method of paragraph 11 wherein the mass ratio of the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct to the lignocellulosic feedstock is from 1:1.45 to 1:2.5 on a dry weight basis.
13. The method as set forth in any of paragraphs 1-12, wherein the temperature of the pretreatment in step 1) is 100-220 ℃.
14. The method of paragraph 13 wherein the temperature of the pretreatment is 120-.
15. The method of any of paragraphs 1-14, wherein in step 1), the time of said pre-treatment is <60 minutes.
16. The method of any of paragraphs 1-15, wherein in step 2) the base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, sodium carbonate, urea, or any mixture thereof.
17. The method of any of paragraphs 1-16, wherein the alkali is added in a dry weight ratio to the lignocellulosic feedstock in the range of from 1:10 to 1: 200.
18. A method as paragraph 17 recites, wherein the alkali is added in a dry weight ratio to the lignocellulosic feedstock of from 1:10 to 1: 100.
19. A method as recited in paragraph 18, wherein the alkali is added in a dry weight ratio to the lignocellulosic feedstock of from 1:40 to 1: 50.
20. The method of any of paragraphs 1-19, wherein in step 2), the neutralized mass is further dried.
21. The method of any of paragraphs 1-20, wherein in step 3), the adjunct comprises: dried whole distillers 'grains, bean pulp, corn bran, corn, soybean hull, bran, grain dregs, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, beet pulp, wheat germ powder, brewer's grains, fruit residues, molasses, puffed corn, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, stone powder, magnesium carbonate, baking soda, salt, calcium hydrogen phosphate or premix, or any combination thereof.
22. A fiber-containing ruminant feed produced by the method of any of paragraphs 1-21.
23. A ruminant feed as in paragraph 22 wherein the ruminant feed is a complete formula feed.
Examples
The present invention is described in detail below with reference to specific examples. The advantages and features of the present invention will become more apparent as the description proceeds. These examples are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The experimental procedures used in the following examples are conventional unless otherwise specified. Materials, reagents, equipment and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified. Unless otherwise specified, the auxiliary materials used in the following examples are all feed additives commonly used in the field of food and feed processing, and are commercially available.
The compound feeds prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 2 were subjected to component measurement and energy value calculation according to the following methods, unless otherwise specified.
Crude Protein (CP) assay: kjeldahl method (GB 6432-94);
for the determination of crude fat (EE), GB/T6433-2006.
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Acid Detergent Lignin (ADL) measurements: van mode fiber assay (Van Soest et al, 1991);
ash (Ash) determination: GB/T6438-2007.
Metabolic Energy (ME) calculation: refer to the Chinese feed ingredient and nutrition value table (28 th edition in 2017).
Prediction of Total Digestible Nutrient (TDN) referring to the calculation method of w.p. weiss (1993), the formula is as follows:
TDN(％DM)＝0.98×(100-NDFN-CP-Ash-EE)+0.93×CP+2.25×(EE-1)+0.75×(NDFN-ADL)×[1-(ADL/NDFN)0.667]-7
wherein NDFNIs nitrogen-free neutral washing fiber; NDFNNDF-NDICP + ADICP, which are proteins in NDF and ADF of feed samples, respectively, i.e., NDFNSeparating the content of CP after NDF and ADF from feed sample; EE is crude fat.
Digestion energy: DE (MJ/kg) 4.409 XTDN/100 (NRC,1976)
Metabolic energy: ME (MJ/kg) ═ 0.82 XDE (NRC,1976)
Example 1
The method comprises the following steps of weighing corn straws, alkali, liquid alcohol industrial byproducts and the auxiliary materials according to the dry weight ratio (namely the dry weight ratio) of straws/liquid alcohol industrial byproducts (the water content is 70 wt%)/DDGS/guniting corn husks/cottonseed meal/corn germ meal/corn/premix/salt/calcium oxide/calcium hydrophosphate (28/12/14/5/6/20/11/2/1/0.6/0.4), and carrying out the following operations to prepare the complete compound ruminant feed:
1) adding liquid alcohol industrial by-product (the water content of the final mixture is 8.4 wt%) into corn straw which is pre-crushed into 1-2cm in length, then placing the mixture into a steam explosion tank (the working pressure range of the equipment is 0.1-3.0MPa), carrying out steam explosion pretreatment for 25 minutes at the temperature of 150 ℃ and the pressure of 0.48MPa, and then completely spraying out the pretreated materials to obtain a steam explosion product;
2) adding calcium oxide into the obtained steam explosion product for neutralization to obtain a neutralized material, and drying at 65 ℃ to obtain a dried neutralized material;
3) adding DDGS, sprayed corn bran, cottonseed meal, corn germ meal, corn, premix (4% beef cattle compound premix feed purchased from Zhongliang (Beijing) feed science and technology Co., Ltd.), salt and calcium hydrogen phosphate into the dried and neutralized material, mixing and compounding to prepare the complete formula feed.
Comparative example 1
The procedure of example 1 was followed except that the comminuted corn stover was mixed with a liquid alcohol industrial by-product in step 1) without steam explosion pretreatment.
Comparative example 2
The procedure is as in example 1, except for the following differences, the steps and materials are exactly the same: adding water to the pulverized corn stalks in step 1) to a water content of 8.4 wt% of the final mixture without adding a liquid alcohol industrial by-product for steam explosion pretreatment, and adding a liquid alcohol industrial by-product and calcium oxide in step 2).
The chemical components (w/w) and energy value calculation results of the complete formula feeds prepared in example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 2 are shown in table 1. As can be seen from the results of table 1, the CP content in the feed obtained in example 1 of the present invention was significantly increased and the NDF and ADF contents were significantly decreased by the steam explosion pretreatment, as compared to comparative example 1; meanwhile, compared to comparative example 2, in example 1, by mixing corn stover with a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct before steam explosion, hemicellulose in the stover was degraded through steam explosion pretreatment, and the contents of NDF and ADF were further reduced. Accordingly, the invention
The EE (crude fat) level and the Metabolizable Energy (ME) value of the complete formula feed prepared in example 1 were also significantly increased.
TABLE 1 chemical composition (w/w) and energy values of the feeds in example 1 and comparative examples 1-2
Note: the difference of the superscript letters of the same row indicates that the results of the row are remarkably different (P < 0.05); except ME, the values are calculated and the other values are measured.
Example 2 Effect of different treatments on the degradation Rate of the feed
The method comprises the steps of crushing wheat straws to 1-2cm in length, mixing the wheat straws with liquid alcohol industrial byproducts (the water content is 70 wt%) in a dry weight ratio of 7:3, adding water into the mixture until the water content of the final mixed material is 40 wt%, then carrying out steam explosion pretreatment, carrying out steam explosion pretreatment for 25 minutes at the temperature of 160 ℃ and under the pressure of 0.62MPa, then completely spraying out the pretreated materials, adding calcium oxide in a dry weight ratio of 1:46.67 to the wheat straws for neutralization, and then drying the materials at the temperature of 65 ℃ to obtain the feed serving as an experimental group. In addition, a feed obtained by the same operation and material as those of the experimental group except that the steam explosion pretreatment was not performed was used as the control group 1; the feed obtained by the same operation and material as those of the experimental group except for the following differences was used as the control group 2: water was directly added to wheat straw to adjust the water content to 40 wt% without adding liquid alcohol industrial by-product, mixed for steam explosion pretreatment, and then liquid alcohol industrial by-product and calcium oxide were added in the same proportion as the experimental group.
The degradation rates of different groups of feeds were determined by in vitro digestion methods, respectively. Specifically, rumen fluid of a cow is collected and filtered by four layers of gauze, a sample is digested in a Daisy in-vitro simulation incubator, and the contents of NDF, ADF and CP before and after digestion are measured, so that the degradation rate is calculated. The method comprises the following specific steps:
(i) reagent
1) Buffer solution A
| Reagent | g/L |
| Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4 | 10.0 |
| Magnesium sulfate MgSO4·7H2O | 0.5 |
| Sodium chloride NaCl | 0.5 |
| Calcium chloride CaCl2·2H2O | 0.1 |
| Urea | 0.5 |
2) Buffer solution B (for use in the spot)
| Reagent | g/L |
| Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 | 15.0 |
| Sodium sulfide Na2S·9H2O | 1.0 |
3) Neutral detergent solution and acidic detergent solution
Corresponding washing solutions formulated as in the NDF and ADF assays.
(ii) The method comprises the following steps:
1) preparation of filter bags and samples: the F57 filter bags (ANKOM, F57 type) were washed beforehand with 20mL of acetone for 3-5 minutes and completely dried at room temperature in a fume hood (filter bag surfactant was removed by acetone washing so as not to affect rumen microbial fermentation), each F57 filter bag was weighed and the weight was recorded (W1), and 0.5g of the sample (W2) was weighed in the filter bag after peeling. Sealing the filter bag and placing the filter bag in DaisyIIDigestion tanks of an in vitro simulated incubator (up to 25 samples per tank). The samples were placed on average on both sides of the partition plate of the digestion tank. A sealed blank filter bag (C1) was placed as a control.
2) Preparation of buffer solution (combination type): (for each digester)
a) Buffer A and buffer B were preheated at 39 deg.C and 266mL buffer B and 1330mL buffer A were added at a 1:5 volume ratio to each digestion tank, which was about 1600mL A/B mix, in an amount that would result in a mix pH of 6.8 (at 39 deg.C) without readjustment.
b) The digestion tank containing the sample and buffer solution was placed in DaisyIIIn the in vitro simulation incubator, the heating and rotating switch is turned on to ensure that the temperature of the digestion tank is between 20 and 30mEquilibrium is reached in.
3) Preparation of rumen fluid: (the temperature of all glass containers was kept at 39 ℃ C.)
a) 2L thermos bottles are preheated by 39 ℃ water, and rumen fluid is collected after hot water is poured out. At least 2000mL of rumen fluid was collected and placed in an incubator.
b) The rumen fluid was shaken well and filtered through 4 layers of gauze into a 5L Erlenmeyer flask (pre-heated to 39 ℃). Wrapping the edges with larger gauze, squeezing the fiber components, and continuously introducing CO into the conical flask during the filtration process2。
4) In vitro culture
a) From DaisyIITaking off a digestion tank from the in-vitro simulation incubator, adding 400mL rumen fluid into the digestion tank containing the buffer solution and the sample, and introducing CO2After 30 seconds of gas (CO make)2Gas forms a gas cushion in the upper space of the digestion tank) and the cover is screwed tightly, the digestion tank is put back into the incubator for continuous culture.
b) The above operation is repeatedly performed for each digestion tank.
c) The temperature of the in vitro simulated incubator is set to 39.5 +/-0.5 ℃, and the culture is carried out for 48 hours.
d) After the culture is finished, the digestion tank is taken out, the liquid is poured out, and the filter bag is washed by cold water until the filter bag is clean.
e) When NDF and ADF degradation rates are measured, the filter bag after fermentation is placed in an ANKOM A2000i fiber analyzer for detection, and the operation refers to NDF and ADF measuring methods.
5) And (3) calculating:
CP, NDF and ADF degradation rates: the loss of CP, NDF and ADF of the sample in the filter bag before and after rumen fermentation is the degradation rate of CP, NDF and ADF of the sample. Taking NDF degradation rate as an example, it can be calculated by the following formula (CP and ADF degradation rates are calculated in the same way):
as shown in table 2, compared to control group 1, the degradation rates of the NDF, ADF, and CP of the feeds of the experimental group (wheat straw + liquid alcohol industrial byproduct steam exploded together + calcium oxide added subsequently) and control group 2 (wheat straw single steam exploded + liquid alcohol industrial byproduct and calcium oxide added subsequently) were all improved, but the improvement of the experimental group was more significant, that is, the steam explosion pretreatment could improve the degradation rates of the NDF, ADF, and CP of the feeds to some extent, and the addition of the liquid alcohol industrial byproduct before the steam explosion pretreatment could improve the degradation rates of the NDF, ADF, and CP of the feeds more significantly. The degradation rates of CP, NDF and ADF of the feed of the experimental group were increased by about 16%, 21% and 26%, respectively, compared to the degradation rate of the control group 1 (p <0.001, statistically significant).
TABLE 2 degradation rates of NDF, ADF, CP in different groups of feeds
Note: the difference in the superscript letters of the same row indicates that the difference between the results of the row is significant (P < 0.05).
Claims (10)
1. A method of producing a fiber-containing ruminant feed, wherein the method comprises:
1) adding a liquid alcohol industrial byproduct into a lignocellulose raw material for pretreatment to obtain a pretreatment product;
2) adding alkali into the pretreated product for neutralization to obtain a neutralized material;
3) and adding auxiliary materials into the neutralized materials for compounding to obtain the fiber-containing ruminant feed.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pre-treatment is selected from steam explosion, cooking and/or puffing.
3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein in step 1) the lignocellulosic feedstock is corn stover, corn cobs, wheat straw, barley straw, oat straw, millet straw, sorghum straw, rice straw, soybean straw, sweet potato straw, peanut hulls, bagasse, or banana straw, or any combination thereof.
4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, in step 1), the liquid alcohol industrial by-product is a liquid-phase concentrated solution obtained by solid-liquid separation of mash obtained after alcohol extraction by fermentation from starch-containing raw material; preferably, the starch-containing raw material is a food crop, preferably corn, wheat, barley, oat, rice, cassava, sorghum and/or sweet potato; preferably, the water content of the liquid alcohol industry by-product is 60 wt% -80 wt%;
further preferably, water is added to the mixture of the lignocellulosic feedstock and the liquid alcohol industry by-product prior to the pre-treatment.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, in step 1), the lignocellulosic feedstock is previously subjected to comminution;
preferably, the mass ratio of the liquid alcohol industrial by-product to the ligno-cellulosic raw material is 1:20 to 5:1, preferably 1:5 to 2:1, more preferably 1:1.45 to 1:2.5 on a dry weight basis.
6. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein in step 1) the temperature of the pretreatment is 100-;
further preferably, the time of the pre-treatment is <60 minutes.
7. The process according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein in step 2) the base is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, aqueous ammonia, sodium carbonate, urea or any mixture thereof;
preferably, the alkali is added in a dry weight ratio to the lignocellulosic feedstock of from 1:10 to 1:200, preferably from 1:10 to 1:100, more preferably from 1:40 to 1: 50.
8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein in step 2), the neutralized mass is further dried.
9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein in step 3), the adjunct comprises: dried whole distillers 'grains, bean pulp, corn bran, corn, soybean hull, bran, grain dregs, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, beet pulp, wheat germ powder, brewer's grains, fruit residues, molasses, puffed corn, urea, ammonium sulfate, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, stone powder, magnesium carbonate, baking soda, salt, calcium hydrogen phosphate or premix, or any combination thereof.
10. A fiber-containing ruminant feed produced by the method of any one of claims 1-9; preferably, the ruminant feed is a complete formula feed.
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| CN1208569A (en) * | 1998-09-08 | 1999-02-24 | 广西大学 | Method for producing livestock and poultry feed by utilizing molasses alcohol waste liquor and bagasse or plant straws in sugar mill |
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