CN111117772A - 一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法 - Google Patents
一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法,将枸杞下脚料或废渣通过乙酸乙酯浸提后,再通过柱层析、一维分离制备、二维分离制备得到富含亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸的枸杞油,能够弥补现有的保健植物油中亚油酸含量较少的不足,更好的保障人们的身体健康。本发明提取方法简单可行,充分利用枸杞的各种生产废料或次品,减少了对这些废品处理的成本,同时变废为宝,绿色环保。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于天然植物提取领域,特别是涉及从枸杞提取物中分离出脂肪酸的方法。
背景技术
枸杞具有滋补肝肾、益精明目、延缓衰老等功效,其主要化学成分为脂肪酸、枸杞多糖、多种氨基酸、微量元素、维生素、牛磺酸、生物碱、挥发油等。现代临床研究表明枸杞具有降低血脂血糖、保肝、抗肿瘤、抗衰老等药理作用。现有技术中已有较多关于枸杞中有益成分,如绿原酸、花青素、枸杞多糖等的提取,也有关于枸杞中化学成分的GC/MS分析。而这些有益成分在枸杞中含量较少,往往为了得到目标成分,需要大量的枸杞原料,同时也产生大量枸杞残渣,而残渣中含有较多的脂肪酸,造成不要的浪费。
另一方面,在枸杞干果生产中(风选、分级、色选、拣选、包装等环节),其产生的下脚料约为干果重量的10%,除小部分作为饲料外,大部分都废弃了,这不仅造成了资源的浪费而且污染环境。
目前,国内外推崇的几种保健植物油中,如小麦胚芽油、玉米胚芽油、花生油、芝麻油中,亚油酸的含量相对较低,而枸杞油中亚油酸的含量较高。枸杞油对预防及辅助治疗心脏病、动脉硬化、肥胖症、糖尿病、高血压症等有一定作用,是中老年人较理想的功能保健油。同时,孕妇和婴儿适量增加摄取含亚油酸高的植物油,对婴儿大脑和幼儿心脏发育以及组织细胞生长发育有益。
因此,若能从枸杞提取枸杞多糖、花青素等有益组分后剩下的枸杞残渣或枸杞下脚料中回收枸杞油,对于枸杞的综合利用和枸杞资源的节约,以及枸杞油的成本控制具有重要意义。
发明内容
本发明主要解决的技术问题是提供一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法,能够充分利用原料,提取出具有高营养价值的枸杞油。
为解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的一个技术方案是:
提供一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法,其特征在于,包括以下内容:
(1)将枸杞下脚料或残渣制作成枸杞浸膏,再通过硅胶柱柱层析,所述柱层析采用石油醚-乙酸乙酯系统进行梯度洗脱,所述梯度洗脱的石油醚:乙酸乙酯比例依次为:①全石油醚;②8:2;③6:4;④4:6;⑤2:8;⑥全乙酸乙酯;收集各段极性相近的流出物,移除溶剂后得到若干组分,得到的物质按流出顺序依次编号;
(2)将步骤(1)中石油醚:乙酸乙酯=8:2洗脱得到的13~20号组分进行第二次柱层析,进一步分离开组分中的各化合物,收集各段极性相近的流出物,得到若干组分,得到的物质按流出顺序依次编号;
(3)将步骤(2)中的22~62号组分通过一维分离制备,通过等度洗脱得到组分F1~F10;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的F1、F3、F8、F9、F10合并即得。
本发明中对柱层析洗脱出来的物质进行识别编号采用的手段为在硅胶板上点样,再通过展开剂展开后显色识别,此为本领域的常规技术手段,无需再赘述其详细的具体操作方案。
进一步地,所述枸杞浸膏为枸杞乙酸乙酯浸膏。
进一步地,步骤(1)中,每个阶段的洗脱剂用量均为:每100g浸膏使用8.60~9.00L。
进一步地,步骤(3)中,所述一维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Click XIon,150*3.0mm,5μm;
ii流速:0.5~1.5mL/min;
iii柱温:25℃~35℃;
iv检测波长:200~205nm。
进一步地,所述一维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Click XIon,150*3.0mm,5μm;
ii流速:1.0mL/min;
iii柱温:30℃;
iv检测波长:203nm。
进一步地,步骤(3)中,所述等度洗脱的洗脱剂为:1~3%体积的乙醇和97~99%体积的正己烷的混合物溶液;优选2%体积的乙醇和98%体积的正己烷的混合物溶液。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述枸杞乙酸乙酯浸膏的制备方法为:将枸杞下脚料或残渣冷冻过夜,粉碎,在乙酸乙酯中常温浸泡得浸提液,将浸提液过滤,滤液移除溶剂后即得。
当然,现有技术中的其它可制备枸杞乙酸乙酯浸膏的方法,均可适用于本发明。
进一步地,所述冷冻的温度为-90~-70℃,所述浸泡时间为5~10天;
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述冷冻的温度为-80℃,所述浸泡时间为7天。
在本发明的具体实施方式中,所述枸杞原料和乙酸乙酯的料液比为1:5kg/L。
进一步地,所述二维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Kromasil,100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm);
ii流速:15~25mL/min;
iii柱温:25℃~35℃;
iv检测波长:200~205nm。
进一步地,所述二维反向液相色谱的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Kromasil,100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm);
ii流速:21mL/min;
iii柱温:30℃;
iv检测波长:203nm。
进一步地,所述二维分离制备的洗脱条件为等度洗脱,所述等度洗脱的洗脱剂为:3%~7%体积的质量分数0.1%甲酸水溶液和93%~97%体积的乙腈的混合物溶液;优选5%体积的质量分数0.1%甲酸水溶液和95%体积的乙腈的混合物溶液。
本发明还提供了上述方法制备得到的枸杞油中脂肪酸的分离方法,是将步骤(3)中各组分分别通过二维分离制备,分别进行等度洗脱,得到七个高纯度化合物:F1分离制备得到化合物1为亚麻酸,F3分离制备得到化合物2为亚油酸,F8分离制备得到化合物3为油酸,F9分离制备得到化合物4为油酸,F10分离制备得到化合物5为亚麻酸、化合物6为亚油酸、化合物7为油酸。
本发明还提供一种枸杞油,包括下列重量份组分:亚麻酸25~40份、亚油酸90~120份和油酸50~65份;
进一步地,所述枸杞油包括下列重量份组分:亚麻酸30~35份、亚油酸102~110份和油酸55~60份。
本发明的有益效果是:
(1)通过本发明的方法,可以有效从加工过后的枸杞残渣或下脚料、或者被筛选出来的枸杞残次品中,提取出具有高营养价值的枸杞油,提取出的枸杞油中主要含有亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸,能够弥补现有的保健植物油中亚油酸含量较少的不足,更好的保障人们的身体健康。
(2)本发明提取方法简单可行,充分利用枸杞的各种生产废料或次品,减少了对这些废品处理的成本,同时变废为宝,绿色环保。
附图说明
图1是硅胶柱层析结果示意图;
图2是组分I在Click XIon色谱柱上分离色谱图;
图3是组分I一维制备色谱图;
图4是F10-1、F10-2、F10-3二维制备色谱图;
图5是F10-1纯度分析及化合物结构;
图6是F10-2纯度分析及化合物结构;
图7是F10-3纯度分析及化合物结构。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
实施例1
1、乙酸乙酯浸提
将10kg枸杞-80℃低温冷冻过夜,然后研钵粉碎,再用50L乙酸乙酯常温冷浸7天,用抽滤装置将浸提液过滤,最后用旋转蒸发仪将滤液40℃蒸干,获得浸膏113g。
2、硅胶柱层析
硅胶柱层析:①拌样:113.0g乙酸乙酯浸膏与0.5kg硅胶混匀拌样,再用研钵研磨,过60目筛,最后得到0.6kg拌样硅胶;②装柱:将1.0kg硅胶装于直径0.1m,高为1.5m的柱子底部;③上样:将0.6kg拌样硅胶平填于硅胶上层;④洗脱:洗脱液为石油醚和乙酸乙酯溶液,石油醚:乙酸乙酯比例依次为:石油醚、8:2、6:4、4:6、2:8、乙酸乙酯、乙醇,各个比例的洗脱体积均为10L。将各比例洗脱下的组分进行薄层色谱检测,40℃旋蒸浓缩合并检测结果相同的组分,得到18个组分,如图1所示。
选取第一次硅胶柱层析石油醚:乙酸乙酯=8:2洗脱得到的13~20号组分进行第二次硅胶柱层析,层析步骤同上,石油醚:乙酸乙酯比例依次为:9:1、8:2、7:3,各个组分的洗脱体积均为2L,第二次硅胶柱层析得到14个组分。选择第二次硅胶柱层析中的22~62号组分(2000.0mg)用乙腈溶解、超声30min、过滤,即为本发明实验中待分离的组分I。
3、液相色谱分析方法建立
将组分I在Click XIon(3.0×150mm,5μm)色谱柱上分析,色谱分析条件如下:流动相:A为乙醇,B为正己烷;等度洗脱条件:0~30min,2%A;流速:1.0mL/min;柱温:30℃;检测波长:203nm;进样量:10μL。结果如图2所示,组分I在亲水色谱柱上有保留,且分离效果良好,因此选择Click XIon进行一维分离制备。
3.1一维分离制备
将组分I通过Click XIon制备柱进行一维制备,制备色谱图如图3。
液相条件:色谱柱为Click XIon(150*3.0mm,5μL),流动相:A为乙醇,B为正己烷,等度洗脱条件:0~30min,2%A;流速为1.0mL/min;柱温为30℃;紫外检测波长为203nm;进样量为2ml;组分的收集:3~4min为Fraction 1;4~5min为Fraction 2;5~6.5min为Fraction 3;6.5~8min为Fraction 4;8~9.5min为Fraction 5;9.5~11min为Fraction6;11~11.5min为Fraction 7;17.5~18.5min为Fraction 8;18.5~20min为Fraction 9;20~27.5min为Fraction 10,在下文中以上Fraction均简称F。组分I通过一维制备得到F1~F10共10个馏分。
3.2二维分离制备
将一维制备的10个馏分通过Kromasil 100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)制备柱进行二维分离纯化,从F1、F3、F8、F9、F10中共获得7个单体化合物。
液相条件:色谱柱为Kromasil100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm),流动相:A为0.1%甲酸-水,B为乙腈。等度洗脱条件:0~30min,95%B;检测时流速是1mL/min,制备时流速是21mL/min;紫外检测波长为203nm,柱温为30℃,检测时进样量为10μL;制备时进样量为5mL。
共得到7个高纯度化合物:1(F1:20.7mg)、2(F3:63mg)、3(F8:3.3mg)、4(F9:29.7mg)、5(F10-1:11.7mg)、6(F10-2:43mg)、7(F10-3:25.7mg);经鉴定,化合物1与化合物5均为亚麻酸,化合物2与化合物6均为亚油酸,化合物3、4与化合物7均为油酸,因此以化合物5、6、7为例,其二维制备色谱图见图4。
对二维制备的化合物5、6、7用HPLC分析其纯度,纯度检测见图5~7,从图中液相色谱表征其纯度分别为95.0%、92.0%、97.0%,通过核磁1H NMR和13C NMR以及质谱确认这3种单体化合物分别为亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸,结构见图5~7。
化合物5(亚麻酸)、化合物6(亚油酸)和化合物7(油酸)的核磁数据如下:
化合物5:Linolenic Acid亚麻酸,白色固体.1H-NMR(CDCl3,500MHz)δH:5.45–5.33(m,H-9,10,12,13,15,16,6H),2.85(t,J=6.5Hz,H-11,14,4H),2.37(t,J=7.5Hz,H-2,2H),2.09(q,J=7.5Hz,H-17,2H),2.06–2.04(m,H-8,2H),1.63–1.60(m,H-3,2H),1.35–1.31(m,H-4~7,8H),0.96(t,J=7.5Hz,H-18,3H).13C-NMR(CDCl3,125MHz)δC:131.9(C-16),130.5(C-9),128.1(C-12),128.4(C-13),127.9(C-10),127.1(C-15),80.5(C-1),34.1(C-2),29.6(C-6),29.3(C-5),29.1(C-4,7),27.7(C-8),25.7(C-11),25.5(C-14),24.7(C-3),20.5(C-17),14.1(C-18).
化合物6:Oleic Acid油酸,白色固体.1H-NMR(CDCl3,500MHz)δH:5.39(d,J=6.0Hz,H-9,1H),5.29(d,J=6.0Hz,H-9,1H),2.39(t,J=7.5Hz,H-2,2H),2.05(t,J=7.5Hz,H-8,11,4H),1.66–1.63(m,H-3,2H),1.35–1.33(m,H-17,2H),1.32–1.28(m,H-4~7,12~15,16H),1.27–1.25(m,H-16,2H),0.93(t,J=6.5Hz,H-18,3H).13C-NMR(CDCl3,125MHz)δC:179.3(C-1),130.2(C-10),127.9(C-9),33.5(C-2),31.7(C-16),29.8(C-5,6,13,14),29.2(C-7,12),29.0(C-4,15),27.3(C-8),27.2(C-11),24.6(C-3),22.5(C-17),14.0(C-18).
化合物7:Linoleic Acid亚油酸,白色固体.1H-NMR(CDCl3,500MHz)δH:5.45–5.31(m,H-9,10,12,13,4H),2.79(t,J=6.5Hz,H-11,2H),2.41(t,J=7.5Hz,H-2,2H),2.11(t,J=7.5Hz,H-8,14,4H),1.67–1.65(m,H-3,2H),1.35–1.33(m,H-17,2H),1.31–1.28(m,H-4~7,15,10H),1.26–1.24(m,H-16,2H),0.92(t,J=6.5Hz,H-18,3H).13C-NMR(CDCl3,125MHz)δC:179.6(C-1),130.3(C-10),129.9(C-13),128.3(C-9),127.7(C-12),34.3(C-2),31.6(C-16),29.6(C-7),29.4(C-15),29.2(C-5),29.1(C-6),29.0(C-4),27.5(C-8),27.2(C-14),25.8(C-11),24.6(C-3),22.5(C-17),14.1(C-18).
综上所述,通过本发明的方法,可以有效从加工过后的枸杞残渣或下脚料、或者被筛选出来的枸杞残次品中,提取出具有高营养价值的枸杞油,提取出的枸杞油中主要含有亚麻酸、亚油酸、油酸,能够弥补现有的保健植物油中亚油酸含量较少的不足,更好的保障人们的身体健康。且本发明提取方法简单可行,充分利用枸杞的各种生产废料或次品,减少了对这些废品处理的成本,同时变废为宝,绿色环保。
尽管已经示出和描述了本发明的实施例,对于本领域的普通技术人员而言,可以理解在不脱离本发明的原理和精神的情况下可以对这些实施例进行多种变化、修改、替换和变型,本发明的范围由所附权利要求及其等同物限定。
Claims (10)
1.一种从枸杞下脚料或残渣中提取枸杞油的方法,其特征在于,包括以下内容:
(1)将枸杞下脚料或残渣制作成枸杞浸膏,再通过硅胶柱柱层析,所述柱层析采用石油醚-乙酸乙酯系统进行梯度洗脱,所述梯度洗脱的石油醚:乙酸乙酯比例依次为:①全石油醚;②8:2;③6:4;④4:6;⑤2:8;⑥全乙酸乙酯;收集各段极性相近的流出物,移除溶剂后得到若干组分,得到的物质按流出顺序依次编号;
(2)将步骤(1)中石油醚:乙酸乙酯=8:2洗脱得到的13~20号组分进行第二次柱层析,进一步分离开组分中的各化合物,收集各段极性相近的流出物,得到若干组分,得到的物质按流出顺序依次编号;
(3)将步骤(2)中的22~62号组分通过一维分离制备,通过等度洗脱得到组分F1~F10;
(4)将步骤(3)中得到的F1、F3、F8、F9、F10合并即得;
进一步地,所述枸杞浸膏为枸杞乙酸乙酯浸膏。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)中,每个阶段的洗脱剂用量均为:每100g浸膏使用8.60~9.00L。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述一维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Click XIon,150*3.0mm,5μm;
ii流速:0.5~1.5mL/min;
iii柱温:25℃~35℃;
iv检测波长:200~205nm。
进一步地,所述一维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Click XIon,150*3.0mm,5μm;
ii流速:1.0mL/min;
iii柱温:30℃;
iv检测波长:203nm。
4.根据权利要求1~3任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)中,所述等度洗脱的洗脱剂为:1%~3%体积的乙醇和97%~99%体积的正己烷的混合物溶液;优选2%体积的乙醇和98%体积的正己烷的混合物溶液。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述枸杞乙酸乙酯浸膏的制备方法为:将枸杞下脚料或残渣冷冻过夜,粉碎,在乙酸乙酯中常温浸泡得浸提液,将浸提液过滤,滤液移除溶剂后即得;
进一步地,所述冷冻的温度为-90~-70℃,所述浸泡时间为5~10天;进一步地,所述冷冻的温度为-80℃,所述浸泡时间为7天。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,所述枸杞原料和乙酸乙酯的料液比为1:5kg/L。
7.根据权利要求1所述的分离方法,其特征在于,所述二维分离制备的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Kromasil,100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm);
ii流速:15~25mL/min;
iii柱温:25℃~35℃;
iv检测波长:200~205nm。
进一步地,所述二维反向液相色谱的色谱条件包括下列的一项或多项:
i色谱柱:Kromasil,100-5-C18(4.6×250mm,5μm);
ii流速:21mL/min;
iii柱温:30℃;
iv检测波长:203nm。
8.根据权利要求1所述的分离方法,其特征在于,所述二维分离制备的洗脱条件为等度洗脱,所述等度洗脱的洗脱剂为:3%~7%体积的质量分数0.1%甲酸水溶液和93%~97%体积的乙腈的混合物溶液;优选5%体积的质量分数0.1%甲酸水溶液和95%体积的乙腈的混合物溶液。
9.一种权利要求1所得的枸杞油中脂肪酸的分离方法,其特征在于,将步骤(3)中各组分分别通过二维分离制备,分别进行等度洗脱,得到七个高纯度化合物:F1分离制备得到化合物1为亚麻酸,F3分离制备得到化合物2为亚油酸,F8分离制备得到化合物3为油酸,F9分离制备得到化合物4为油酸,F10分离制备得到化合物5为亚麻酸、化合物6为亚油酸、化合物7为油酸。
10.一种枸杞油,其特征在于,包括下列重量份组分:亚麻酸25~40份、亚油酸90~120份和油酸50~65份;
进一步地,所述枸杞油包括下列重量份组分:亚麻酸30~35份、亚油酸102~110份和油酸55~60份。
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