CN111109022A - Method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat - Google Patents
Method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat Download PDFInfo
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- 240000006162 Chenopodium quinoa Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 244000130270 Fagopyrum tataricum Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 83
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000009342 intercropping Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 235000015493 Chenopodium quinoa Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 33
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping chenopodium quinoa and tartary buckwheat, which comprises the following steps of selecting a land block of previous non-chenopodium quinoa or tartary buckwheat crops, deep ploughing twice by using a mini-tiller, selecting chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 seeds, sowing in a way of 10-line chenopodium quinoa/15-line tartary buckwheat intercropping, wherein each hole of chenopodium quinoa contains 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds, and leaving 3-4 plants/holes of seedlings after seedling emergence; each hole of the tartary buckwheat contains 10-15 tartary buckwheat seeds, and 10 seedlings/hole are reserved after seedling emergence; weeding once in the bud stage of quinoa and buckwheat, applying a compound fertilizer once in the whole growth period without irrigation, wherein the using amount of the compound fertilizer is 8 kg/mu; and harvesting the straws in a sunny day in time. The invention adopts a mode of intercropping chenopodium quinoa and tartary buckwheat, can realize reasonable close planting, and improves the yield per mu; the optimal row ratio of the quinoa to the tartary buckwheat is 10 rows/15 rows, so that ventilation and light transmission of the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat in intercropping are facilitated, and the biological yield can be improved through reasonable close planting.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat.
Background
Chenopodium quinoa Willd, also called quinoa grain, quinoa, etc., is an annual dicotyledonous plant of the genus Chenopodium L of the family Amaranthaceae. Chenopodium quinoa is a crop used as both medicine and food, and has no gluten, high protein, amino acid, flavone, saponin and other elements, so that the Chenopodium quinoa is called as 'gold grain', is considered as one of crops capable of ensuring global food safety in the future, and is also the only one single plant capable of meeting all nutrition of human beings.
Quinoa can grow in places from sea level to altitude 4000m in bolivia and peru. The geographic distribution is wide, from 2 degrees north latitude of south Columbia to 43 degrees south latitude of coast of Chilean, including Argentina northwest and some subtropical regions of Bolivia. Quinoa has five typical ecotypes: quinoa of valley type, quinoa of plateau type, quinoa of salt beach type, quinoa of beach type, and quinoa of subtropical type or high-density rain type. The abundant genetic diversity of chenopodium quinoa germplasm enables chenopodium quinoa to adapt to different environments. The quinoa has strong stress resistance, particularly strong drought resistance, can meet the growth of the quinoa in the growth period by 120ml of water under extreme conditions, and has the seed yield of 9t/hm in places with good water and fertilizer conditions2The biological yield reaches 15t/hm2。
However, the difference between the seed yield and the biomass is large in different areas, different years and geographical conditions, mainly because links such as variety selection, variety collocation, crop collocation, weed control and the like of chenopodium quinoa are not perfect.
The tartary buckwheat (L.) is a common cultivated species of buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill) plants in Polygonaceae, is rich in nutrition, has no gluten-free, contains flavonoid functional factors, and is an important medicinal and edible crop.
However, most of the current tartary buckwheat production areas are alpine mountain areas or barren areas, no irrigation conditions exist (such as 'lazy crops' harvested by eating in the sky, filling idle and rescuing disasters, and only after sowing and the like), usually, large crops cannot be produced, only few crops such as potatoes, oats and tartary buckwheat are produced, and continuous cropping obstacles are increasingly prominent. The continuous cropping not only can reduce the fertility of the tartary buckwheat rhizosphere soil, but also can induce the increase of germs and worm eggs, so that the incidence rate of diseases and insects of the tartary buckwheat is increased until the yield is reduced. Therefore, the introduction of quinoa in the tartary buckwheat planting field is beneficial to crop rotation and can increase the biological yield.
Biological yields are relative to economic yields. The total amount of all organic matter produced by a crop in its lifetime is the biological yield, which usually includes the sum of the total amount of seeds and straw. Chenopodium quinoa willd and tartary buckwheat are all treasure, grains can be processed into food, and straws can be used as feed.
Chenopodium quinoa and buckwheat belong to crops which are not fully utilized, and more importantly, the Chenopodium quinoa and buckwheat have similar growth periods, bloom at the same period and mature at the same period and belong to idle disaster relief crops, so the method is suitable for intercropping. However, no feasible high-yield quinoa and tartary buckwheat intercropping method exists at present.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method for promoting the increase of biological yield by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat comprises the following steps:
s1, land selection and arrangement
Selecting plots with flat terrain, loose soil texture, deep soil layer, good soil physical and chemical properties, good fertilizer and water retention capacity and previous non-chenopodium quinoa or tartary buckwheat crops;
deep ploughing by a micro-tillage machine for 20cm, immediately raking and preserving soil moisture after ploughing, ploughing by the micro-tillage machine for 15 cm after sufficient rainwater and luxuriant weeds grow, removing weeds without using a herbicide or applying a fertilizer;
s2, selecting seeds and treating seeds
Selecting Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 seeds, winnowing, selecting full seeds without diseases and insect pests for sowing, and dressing seeds with 40% phoxim missible oil according to 0.15% of the weight of the seeds before sowing to prevent underground pests;
s3, sowing seeds
Ploughing and raking the land block by a secondary mini-tiller, dividing a planting area, and sowing in the planting area by adopting a 10-row chenopodium quinoa/15-row tartary buckwheat intercropping mode;
and (3) carrying out Chenopodium quinoa seeding: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at the row spacing of 60cm and the plant spacing of 30cm, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 3-4 plants/hole after seedling emergence;
sowing the tartary buckwheat on a spot: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at a row spacing of 30cm and a plant spacing of 25cm of tartary buckwheat, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 10-15 tartary buckwheat seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 10 seedlings/hole after seedling emergence;
s4, management after sowing
Weeding is carried out once in the bud stage of quinoa and buckwheat, and then compound fertilizer is applied once, wherein the using amount is 8 kg/mu, and the fertilizing method comprises the following steps: selecting rainy days for uniform broadcasting; no irrigation is needed in the growth period;
s5, harvesting
Harvesting the chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 in the mature period in sunny weather in time, and avoiding rainy days.
Furthermore, in S3, because the quinoa seeds are fine, the seeds are uniformly mixed with the flower substrate before sowing, and then the mixture is adjusted by a plastic bottle cap until each hole can contain 5-8 quinoa seeds for dibbling.
Furthermore, in S3, the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat are not fertilized before and after sowing, and irrigation is not performed.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping chenopodium quinoa and tartary buckwheat, a reasonable close planting mode is realized by adopting an intercropping mode of chenopodium quinoa and tartary buckwheat, so that the yield per mu is improved; the optimal row ratio of the quinoa to the tartary buckwheat is 10 rows/15 rows, so that ventilation and light transmission of the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat in intercropping are facilitated, and the biological yield can be improved through reasonable close planting. The method realizes the reduction of the fertilizer dosage and the pesticide dosage without complex later management, and only one weeding and fertilizing at the bud period. The method is a good method for increasing the biological yield, and the intercropping or rotation of the quinoa and the buckwheat is beneficial to avoiding disease frequency and yield reduction caused by tartary buckwheat continuous cropping obstacle.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat comprises the following steps:
s1, land selection and arrangement
Selecting plots with flat terrain, loose soil texture, deep soil layer, good soil physical and chemical properties, good fertilizer and water retention capacity and previous non-chenopodium quinoa or tartary buckwheat crops;
deep ploughing by a micro-tillage machine for 20cm, immediately raking and preserving soil moisture after ploughing, ploughing by the micro-tillage machine for 15 cm after sufficient rainwater and luxuriant weeds grow, removing weeds without using a herbicide or applying a fertilizer;
s2, selecting seeds and treating seeds
Selecting Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 seeds, winnowing, selecting full seeds without diseases and insect pests for sowing, and dressing seeds with 40% phoxim missible oil according to 0.15% of the weight of the seeds before sowing to prevent underground pests;
s3, sowing seeds
Ploughing and harrowing the land blocks by a secondary mini-tiller, dividing a planting area, sowing in the planting area by adopting a 10-row chenopodium quinoa/15-row tartary buckwheat intercropping mode,
and (3) carrying out Chenopodium quinoa seeding: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at the row spacing of 60cm and the plant spacing of 30cm, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 3-4 plants/hole after seedling emergence; because the quinoa seeds are fine, the seeds are uniformly mixed with the flower matrix before sowing, and then the mixture is adjusted to each hole by a plastic bottle cap, and each hole can contain 5-8 quinoa seeds for dibbling.
Sowing the tartary buckwheat on a spot: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at a row spacing of 30cm and a plant spacing of 25cm of tartary buckwheat, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 10-15 tartary buckwheat seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 10 seedlings/hole after seedling emergence; no fertilizer is applied before and after the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat are sown, and no irrigation is performed.
S4, management after sowing
Weeding is carried out once in the bud stage of quinoa and buckwheat, and then compound fertilizer is applied once, wherein the using amount is 8 kg/mu, and the fertilizing method comprises the following steps: selecting rainy days for uniform broadcasting;
s5, harvesting
Harvesting the chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 in the mature period in sunny weather in time, and avoiding rainy days.
Example 2 control test
In the embodiment, a control test is carried out by adopting pure quinoa and pure tartary buckwheat and the 10-line quinoa and 15-line tartary buckwheat intercropping mode provided by the invention
Firstly, the method comprises the following steps: test materials
(1) Quinoa material
Selected high-altitude (3300m) quinoa variety TY-17 was the test quinoa material of this study.
(2) The tartary buckwheat material comprises the following components:
TB No. 112, growth period 80-90d, plant height 1.08m, thousand grain weight 22g, and high flavone content, and is suitable for interaction with quinoa.
Second, test method
The test is carried out on Dongchuan mop card (elevation 2600m), the annual rainfall capacity is 600-700mm, and the district is 108m2The length is 18m and the width is 6 m. Plot test is carried out on plots with uniform soil fertility for planting potatoes in the previous crop, and the plot test is repeated for 3 times.
Wherein,
the quinoa adopts a dibbling mode, the row spacing and the plant spacing are 60cm multiplied by 30cm, 3 plants are reserved in each hole, and about 9000 plants are reserved in each mu;
the tartary buckwheat is sowed in a dibbling mode, the row spacing and the plant spacing are 30cm multiplied by 25cm, 10 plants are planted in each hole, about 88000 plants are reserved for each mu of seedlings, no irrigation is carried out after sowing, the tartary buckwheat is rainy depending on the weather, weeding is carried out once in the middle, and compound fertilizer is applied once when the tartary buckwheat starts to flower. Sowing in the first ten days of 6 months and harvesting in 9-10 months.
3 treatments are set in the test, 1 treatment is carried out, chenopodium quinoa is only sowed in the whole cell,
treatment 2; clean tartary buckwheat cultivation (only chenopodium quinoa is sown in the whole plot);
the 3, 10 lines of quinoa and 15 lines of tartary buckwheat are processed for intercropping, and the process is repeated three times (I, II and III).
Third, testing step
(one) land selection
The test material Chenopodium quinoa variety TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 test field comprises an east Sichuan mop card (elevation 2600m) and a Kunming Yunnan agriculture university back mountain practice farm (elevation 1903m), wherein the two places have sufficient sunlight and large day-night temperature difference, the temperature during planting is 12-25 ℃, and the rainfall exceeds 300 ml. The selected non-chenopodium quinoa or tartary buckwheat crops have flat terrain, loose soil texture, deep soil layer, good soil physical and chemical properties, good fertilizer and water retention capacity and previous cropping.
(II) soil preparation
Before rainy season comes, the mini-tiller carries out deep tillage for 20cm, harrows the ploughed plants immediately to preserve soil moisture, after the first rain water is sufficient and weeds grow luxuriantly in summer, the mini-tiller carries out ploughing for 15 cm on days with clear and dry weather, and the harrows are harrowed to remove the weeds without using a herbicide or applying a fertilizer. And (3) simultaneously sowing Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 before raining for 3-5 consecutive days (usually in the early sixty months).
(III) seed treatment
After the Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 seeds are winnowed, the seeds with full seeds and no plant diseases and insect pests are selected for sowing, and before sowing, seeds can be mixed with 40 percent phoxim missible oil according to 0.15 percent of the weight of the seeds so as to prevent underground pests.
(IV) sowing
Plowing and raking the land by a secondary mini-tiller, digging a pond (manually opening holes and dibbling) in a cell at a row spacing of 60cm and 30cm, uniformly mixing seeds with a flower matrix before sowing, adjusting the seeds to contain 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds for dibbling by using a plastic bottle cap until one cover of each hole can contain 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds, covering the soil for about 2cm, and leaving 3-4 seedlings/hole after seedling emergence. The tartary buckwheat is also sowed in a dibble mode, the organized districts are dug in a pond with the row spacing of 30cm and the plant spacing of 25cm, 10-15 seeds/each hole are covered with soil for about 2cm, and 10 plants/hole are reserved after seedling emergence. No fertilizer is applied before and after the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat are sown, and no irrigation is performed.
(V) post-sowing management
When 3 pairs of true leaves grow out after the chenopodium quinoa and buckwheat grow seedlings, the slurry is flapped to press the seedlings in case of heavy rain, and the seedlings are timely replenished in case of the condition. The growing period of the quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 is about 90-100 days, buds begin to appear before and after 35 days, the plant height is 1/3-1/2 of the whole plant height, and after the first flower blooms, the quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 bloom, bud, grout and grow at the same time. Therefore, we choose to weed once in the bud period, and then apply compound fertilizer once (8 kg/mu dosage), fertilization method: and selecting rainy days for uniform broadcasting.
(VI) harvesting
Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and Fagopyrum tataricum TB 112 are full and hard at maturity, which means nipping and immobility, and the whole growth period is 90-100 days, wherein Fagopyrum tataricum TB 112 is about 90 days, and Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 is about 100 days. At the moment, the season from 90-100 in the beginning of the sixth month to the bottom of September and the beginning of October is the season of Bay mop in Dongchuan and Kunming with high autumn, refreshing, dry and little rain. The biological yield can be measured after the straws are harvested in time in sunny weather, and the mature period of the quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 is avoided from rainy days, because the quinoa TY-17 can be fully absorbed in 4 hours, the quinoa TY-17 is exposed in white in 12 hours, the quinoa TB 112 germinates in 20 hours, and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 can also germinate in ears.
Fourth, test results
TABLE 1 biological yield assay in Panicum ascyron and Tartary buckwheat communities
TABLE 2 biological yield assay in Dongchuan mop Chenopodium quinoa and Tartary buckwheat plots
Five, small knot
The method only needs twice ploughing and land-turning costs of the micro-tillage machine, seeding labor, once weeding labor, harvesting labor and once compound fertilizer of 8 kg/mu, and reduces the minimum requirement of farming operation.
Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 single plant biological yield is high, but the seedling of the chenopodium quinoa is about 9000 plants/mu, and the density needs to be increased or buckwheat needs to be used for intercropping so as to realize reasonable close planting and improve the yield per mu; the remained seedlings of the tartary buckwheat TB 112 are about 88000 strains/mu, but the biomass of a single plant is lower than that of chenopodium quinoa, so that the chenopodium quinoa and the tartary buckwheat are intercropped, reasonable close planting can be realized, and the yield per mu is improved; and because the quinoa plants are high, the space deficiency of buckwheat growth caused by quinoa shading can be caused by the intercropping of a small row spacing ratio (such as 2 rows of quinoa/2 rows of tartary buckwheat, even 5 rows of quinoa/5 rows of tartary buckwheat). Therefore, the optimal row ratio of the chenopodium quinoa and the buckwheat of the 2 experiments in the research to the tartary buckwheat of the 10 rows is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission of the chenopodium quinoa and the buckwheat of the intercropping, and the biological yield can be improved through reasonable close planting. The key is that the method realizes the reduction of the fertilizer dosage and the pesticide dosage, no irrigation and no complex later management, and only one weeding and fertilization is carried out in the bud period. Completely embodies the characteristics of reducing manpower and material resources and filling idle and relieving disasters of 'lazy crops'. Under the current situation of abandoned land, barren land and no strong labor in rural areas, the method is not less than a good method for increasing the biological yield, and the intercropping or crop rotation of quinoa and buckwheat is beneficial to avoiding the disease frequency and yield reduction caused by the continuous cropping obstacle of tartary buckwheat.
Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that various changes, modifications and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for promoting biological yield increase by intercropping quinoa and tartary buckwheat is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, land selection and arrangement
Selecting plots with flat terrain, loose soil texture, deep soil layer, good soil physical and chemical properties, good fertilizer and water retention capacity and previous non-chenopodium quinoa or tartary buckwheat crops;
deep ploughing by a micro-tillage machine for 20cm, immediately raking and preserving soil moisture after ploughing, ploughing by the micro-tillage machine for 15 cm after sufficient rainwater and luxuriant weeds grow, removing weeds without using a herbicide or applying a fertilizer;
s2, selecting seeds and treating seeds
Selecting Chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and tartary buckwheat TB 112 seeds, winnowing, selecting full seeds without diseases and insect pests for sowing, and dressing seeds with 40% phoxim missible oil according to 0.15% of the weight of the seeds before sowing to prevent underground pests;
s3, sowing seeds
Ploughing and harrowing the land blocks by a secondary mini-tiller, dividing a planting area, sowing in the planting area by adopting a 10-row chenopodium quinoa/15-row tartary buckwheat intercropping mode,
and (3) carrying out Chenopodium quinoa seeding: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at the row spacing of 60cm and the plant spacing of 30cm, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 5-8 chenopodium quinoa seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 3-4 plants/hole after seedling emergence;
sowing the tartary buckwheat on a spot: digging a pond in a prepared planting area at a row spacing of 30cm and a plant spacing of 25cm of tartary buckwheat, carrying out manual hole opening dibbling, wherein each hole contains 10-15 tartary buckwheat seeds, covering soil for 2cm, and reserving 10 seedlings/hole after seedling emergence;
s4, management after sowing
Weeding is carried out once in the bud stage of quinoa and buckwheat, and then compound fertilizer is applied once, wherein the using amount is 8 kg/mu, and the fertilizing method comprises the following steps: selecting rainy days for uniform broadcasting;
s5, harvesting
Harvesting the chenopodium quinoa TY-17 and the tartary buckwheat TB 112 in the mature period in sunny weather in time, and avoiding rainy days.
2. The method for increasing the biological yield of quinoa and tartary buckwheat according to claim 1, wherein in S3, due to the small quinoa seeds, after being uniformly mixed with flower substrates before sowing, plastic bottle caps are used to adjust each hole to contain 5-8 quinoa seeds for dibbling.
3. The method for improving the biological yield of the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat intercropped according to claim 1, wherein in S3, before and after sowing, the quinoa and the tartary buckwheat are not fertilized and are free of irrigation.
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