CN111034553A - Cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in sunlight greenhouse - Google Patents
Cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in sunlight greenhouse Download PDFInfo
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- CN111034553A CN111034553A CN201911163283.0A CN201911163283A CN111034553A CN 111034553 A CN111034553 A CN 111034553A CN 201911163283 A CN201911163283 A CN 201911163283A CN 111034553 A CN111034553 A CN 111034553A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/12—Supports for plants; Trellis for strawberries or the like
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
Abstract
The invention provides a cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse, which comprises the following steps: selecting cucumber varieties with strong disease resistance, low temperature and high humidity resistance, weak light resistance and high yield; in the first ten days of 10 months, the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling is grafted by a grafting method; before ridging, furrow application of farmyard manure base fertilizer and soil covering are carried out, then ternary compound fertilizer is spread, ridging in the east-west direction is adopted, after ridging, a drip irrigation belt is laid, and a mulching film is covered; two adjacent rows of cucumber seedlings on each ridge surface are in a triangular planting mode; when the cucumber seedlings grow to be higher than 20cm, hanging vines obliquely towards the south, wherein the main vines of the cucumbers form an included angle of 45-60 degrees with the ground; the hanging ropes adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to the ground and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the cucumber main vines; the temperature and humidity are controlled by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, the temperature is maintained at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime, and the temperature is maintained at 13-15 ℃ at night. The cultivation method of the invention is suitable for the cucumber to receive light uniformly under the condition of low temperature and low illumination.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agricultural cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse.
Background
Cucumber (with the scientific name Cucumis sativus L.) is an annual vine or climbing herbaceous plant of Cucurbitaceae, also called cucumber and cucumber. The cucumber is one of the main facility vegetables in China, tastes fragrant, and is rich in various vitamins and mineral substances. The caulis Seu folium Ampelopsis Brevipedunculatae is used as medicine, and has effects of diminishing inflammation, eliminating phlegm, and relieving spasm. In order to meet the requirements of people on fresh cucumbers in winter, the research on the cultivation technology of winter-surviving cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse is urgently needed. For many years, the traditional north-south ridging cultivation mode has been adopted for cucumber production. (ii) a In winter with low temperature and low illumination, because the sunlight irradiation angle is small, the illumination is weak, if a north-south ridging cultivation mode is adopted, north plants are shielded by south plants, the illumination received by the north plants is seriously insufficient, the length of the south-north ridge surface in part of regions is short and is only about 10 meters, frequent turning is needed during mechanical operation, the labor amount is large, and the production cost is high.
In summary, a cultivation method that allows a plant to uniformly receive light under low temperature and low light is in need of development.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide a cultivation method for sunlight greenhouse winter cucumbers, which allows the plants to receive light uniformly under low temperature and low light.
In order to achieve the above objects and other related objects, the present invention provides a cultivation method of winter cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse, comprising the steps of:
variety selection: selecting cucumber seeds with strong disease resistance, low temperature and high humidity resistance, weak light resistance, moderate plant age, good fruit type and high yield;
grafting and seedling raising: in the first 10 th month, the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling with developed root system, strong combining ability and strong disease resistance is selected and grafted by a grafting method;
land preparation and ridging: before ridging, furrow application of farmyard manure base fertilizer and soil covering are carried out, then, three-element compound fertilizer is spread and deeply turned over for 20-25 cm, after soil preparation and raking, ridging is carried out in the east-west direction, and the interval between two adjacent ridges is more than 1 m; after ridging, laying a drip irrigation tape, and covering a mulching film;
plant field planting: three to four rows of cucumber seedlings are fixedly planted on each ridge surface, the row spacing is smaller than the plant spacing, the plant spacing is 30-50 cm, and two adjacent rows of cucumber seedlings are in a triangular planting mode;
hanging and adjusting tendrils: when the cucumber seedlings grow to be higher than 20cm, hanging vines obliquely towards south, wherein an included angle of 45-60 degrees is formed between the main vines of the cucumbers and the ground; the hanging ropes adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to the ground and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the cucumber main vines; after the main tendrils of the cucumbers grow vigorously, selecting a sunny morning to remove the lateral tendrils in time and simultaneously removing leaves growing towards the north; picking the core of the cucumber after 6 spikes of the cucumber grow out, and reserving 2 leaves on the upper part of the spikes; when the 1 st cluster fruit grows to be normal in size and begins to turn white, removing the cucumber tendrils and lower diseased old leaves below the 2 nd cluster fruit;
temperature and humidity management: and controlling the temperature and humidity required by the cucumber growth process by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, wherein the temperature is kept at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime and is kept at 13-15 ℃ at night.
Preferably, during grafting seedling raising, the thickness of the hypocotyl of the cucumber seedling is basically consistent with that of the hypocotyl of the pumpkin seedling, and the grafting seedling raising of the cucumber is carried out in a sunlight greenhouse.
Preferably, 3000-4000 Kg of farmyard manure base fertilizer is uniformly applied to each mu of land before planting and ridging, and the farmyard manure base fertilizer is prepared by mixing thoroughly decomposed chicken manure, plant ash and cake fertilizer; 50-60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50-60 kg of diammonium phosphate and 50-60 kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu.
Preferably, the ridge length is 25-100 m, the ridge surface width is 1-1.5 m, the ridge furrow width is 0.5-1 m, the ridge furrow depth is 0.3cm, the ridge height is 0.20-0.25 m, and 5-8 ridges are formed from south to north.
Preferably, the interval between the two south ridges is larger than that between the two adjacent north ridges, and the difference between the interval between the two south ridges and the interval between the two adjacent north ridges is 10-20 cm.
Preferably, a finishing compound soil tiller is matched with a ditch cleaning device to complete ridging, shaping and ditch cleaning.
Preferably, a multifunctional semi-automatic transplanter is adopted for mechanical field planting, and the planting frequency is more than or equal to 30 plants/min-row; the planting percent of pass is more than or equal to 90 percent; the variation coefficient of plant spacing is less than or equal to 20 percent, and drip irrigation tape is paved for film mulching during field planting.
Preferably, three to four drip irrigation belts are arranged on each ridge, and each row of cucumbers are planted on the north surface of each drip irrigation belt and are 5-15 cm away from the drip irrigation belt.
Preferably, the height of the main vines of the cucumbers on the north ridges is higher than that of the main vines of the cucumbers on the south ridges, the height difference of the main vines of the cucumbers on two adjacent ridges is 10-20 cm, and hanging ropes adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to oblique lines formed by connecting the tops of the main vines of each row of cucumbers and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines of the cucumbers.
Preferably, the method also comprises the following steps of: planting cucumber seedlings in the beginning of the first half month at the bottom of September, watering once when the growth of cucumber heart leaves is observed after the planting is carried out for 5-7 days, and watering enough water again until root melons (the first melons of cucumber plants) are seated; when the cucumbers enter a growth period, watering once every 6-7 days; watering the cucumbers once every 3-5 days in a cucumber-bearing period; when the root melon grows to 10-13 cm long, topdressing is started; and (3) watering and topdressing are combined for 2-3 times in the melon bearing period, 20kg of compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu each time, simultaneously, foliage topdressing is carried out, the compound fertilizer is sprayed once every 15-20 days, the evaporation capacity of the cucumbers is reduced along with the reduction of the air temperature, and the watering amount is reduced according to the weather condition.
As described above, the cultivation method of the winter cucumber in the sunlight greenhouse of the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
1) because the temperature is lower and the illumination is weaker during the period of planting the overwintering stubble cucumbers, the method is different from summer stubble cucumbers in selecting low-temperature-resistant varieties and adopting a grafting method to prevent and treat cucumber soil-borne diseases such as blight and epidemic diseases, and the seedling protection rate is increased; the stress resistance of the cucumbers is improved, the water and fertilizer absorption capacity of the cucumbers is enhanced, and the low temperature resistance can be improved by about 2 ℃; the growth period is prolonged and the yield is increased remarkably; the continuous cropping obstacle of the cucumber is overcome, and the labor for a greenhouse is saved;
2) the invention has longer ridge length, is convenient for mechanical operation and has small labor amount;
3) the invention adopts the southward oblique vine hanging and simultaneously removes the leaves growing to the north, thereby improving the utilization rate of illumination;
4) because the winter-surviving cucumbers are in winter in the growing period, the climate is cold, the temperature is low, and frequent topdressing and watering are not suitable, when soil preparation is needed, farmyard manure is applied firstly to increase the durability of the fertility, and then compound fertilizers are added to improve the early-stage rapid growth of the cucumbers; the water-fertilizer ratio is required to be continuously adjusted in the field planting seedling-recovering, growth period and growth period, so that the normal growth of the cucumber is ensured under the condition of low temperature and little illumination.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a vine hanging structure of example 1;
fig. 2 is a schematic view of a vine hanging structure of embodiment 3 or 4;
wherein, 1-lifting rope; 2-cucumber main vine.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention are described below with reference to specific embodiments, and other advantages and effects of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present specification.
The patent is specifically implemented in an active heat storage type solar greenhouse in four new achievement bases of Huai' an national agricultural science and technology park in Huai-Yin district of Jiangsu province. The greenhouse is arranged north to south, is 52m long, has a span of 11.5m, has a top height of 5.1m, has a rear wall height of 3.68m and a thickness of 1.24m, wherein the filling thickness of the heat storage material is 1m, three longitudinal ventilation channels are uniformly distributed in the height direction of the rear wall, four axial fans are arranged in the top of the rear wall, the active heat storage type sunlight greenhouse changes the rear wall structure of the traditional sunlight greenhouse, the rear wall of the active heat storage type sunlight greenhouse adopts novel heat storage material-phase change solidified soil as the filling material, and a large amount of heat can be absorbed, stored or released according to the change of indoor temperature; the inside vertical wind channel that is equipped with of wall body forms air circulation system through axial fan, wind channel and vent, and daytime through the air circulation process with heat accumulation in the wall body, the heat of accumulating in the wall body releases night, carries high temperature indoor temperature. This structural design can effectively solve the low problem of the winter sunlight greenhouse temperature of huai' an area, improves winter indoor temperature about 3 ~ 5 ℃.
The invention provides a cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse, which comprises the following steps:
variety selection: selecting cucumber seeds with strong disease resistance, low temperature and high humidity resistance, weak light resistance, moderate plant age, good fruit type and high yield;
grafting and seedling raising: in the first 10 th month, the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling with developed root system, strong combining ability and strong disease resistance is selected and grafted by a grafting method;
land preparation and ridging: before ridging, furrow application of farmyard manure base fertilizer and soil covering are carried out, then, three-element compound fertilizer is spread and deeply turned over for 20-25 cm, after soil preparation and raking, ridging is carried out in the east-west direction, and the interval between two adjacent ridges is more than 1 m; after ridging, laying a drip irrigation tape, and covering a mulching film;
plant field planting: three to four rows of cucumber seedlings are fixedly planted on each ridge surface, the row spacing is smaller than the plant spacing, the plant spacing is 30-50 cm, and two adjacent rows of cucumber seedlings are in a triangular planting mode;
hanging and adjusting tendrils: when the cucumber seedlings grow to be higher than 20cm, hanging vines obliquely towards the south, wherein the main vines 2 of the cucumbers form an included angle of 45-60 degrees with the ground; the hanging ropes 1 adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to the ground and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines 2 of the cucumbers; after the main tendrils 2 of the cucumbers grow vigorously, selecting a sunny morning to remove the lateral tendrils in time and simultaneously removing leaves growing towards the north; picking off the core of the cucumber main vine 2 after 6 spikes grow out, and reserving 2 leaves on the upper part of the spikes; when the 1 st cluster fruit grows to be normal in size and begins to turn white, removing the cucumber tendrils and lower diseased old leaves below the 2 nd cluster fruit;
temperature and humidity management: and controlling the temperature and humidity required by the cucumber growth process by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, wherein the temperature is kept at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime and is kept at 13-15 ℃ at night.
When grafting and seedling raising are carried out, the thicknesses of the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling and the lower embryonic axis of the pumpkin seedling are basically consistent, and the grafting and seedling raising of the cucumber are carried out in a sunlight greenhouse.
Uniformly applying 3000-4000 Kg of farmyard manure base fertilizer per mu before planting and ridging, wherein the farmyard manure base fertilizer is prepared by mixing thoroughly decomposed chicken manure, plant ash and cake fertilizer; 50-60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50-60 kg of diammonium phosphate and 50-60 kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu.
The ridge length is 25-100 m, the ridge surface width is 1-1.5 m, the ridge furrow width is 0.5-1 m, the ridge furrow depth is 0.3cm, the ridge height is 0.20-0.25 m, and 5-8 ridges are formed from south to north.
The interval between the two ridges on the south side is larger than that between the two ridges on the adjacent north side, and the difference between the interval between the two ridges on the south side and the interval between the two ridges on the adjacent north side is 10-20 cm.
And finishing ridging, shaping and cleaning the ditch by adopting a finishing compound soil tiller matched with a ditch cleaning device.
A multifunctional semi-automatic transplanter is adopted for mechanical field planting, and the planting frequency is more than or equal to 30 plants/min-row; the planting percent of pass is more than or equal to 90 percent; the variation coefficient of plant spacing is less than or equal to 20 percent, and drip irrigation tape is paved for film mulching during field planting.
Three to four drip irrigation belts are arranged on each ridge, and each row of cucumbers are planted on the north surface of each drip irrigation belt and are 5-15 cm away from the drip irrigation belt.
The height of the main vines of the cucumbers on the north ridges is higher than that of the main vines of the cucumbers on the south ridges, the height difference of the main vines of the cucumbers on two adjacent ridges is 10-20 cm, and hanging ropes 1 adopted by the vines are parallel to oblique lines formed by connecting the tops of the main vines of each row of cucumbers and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines 2 of the cucumbers.
And further comprising water and fertilizer management: planting cucumber seedlings in the beginning of the first half month at the bottom of September, and watering once when the growth of cucumber heart leaves is observed after 5-7 days after planting until enough water is watered after the root melons (the first melons of the cucumber plants) are seated; when the cucumbers enter a growth period, watering once every 6-7 days; watering the cucumbers once every 3-5 days in a cucumber-bearing period; when the root melon grows to 10-13 cm long, top dressing is started; and (3) in the melon bearing period, watering and topdressing are combined for 2-3 times, 20kg of compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu each time, simultaneously, foliage topdressing is carried out, spraying is carried out once every 15-20 days, and 0.5kg of urea can be dissolved in 50kg of water for spraying. The evaporation capacity of cucumber decreases with the decrease of air temperature, and the watering amount is reduced according to weather conditions.
Example 1:
variety selection: due to the climate characteristics of low temperature and little illumination in the light greenhouse in the spring festival of Jiangsu province, cucumber varieties with strong disease resistance, low temperature and high humidity resistance, weak light resistance, moderate plant age, good fruit type and high yield are selected, and the variety is selected to be winter American 906 in the scheme;
grafting and seedling raising: the grafting seedling raising is generally carried out in a sunlight greenhouse, the grafting seedling raising is carried out in the upper ten days of 10 months in autumn, the grafting method mainly adopts a grafting method, the stock generally selects a pumpkin variety with developed root system, strong combining ability and strong disease resistance, the grafting standard is that the thickness of the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling is basically consistent with that of the lower embryonic axis of the pumpkin seedling, and the grafting survival rate can be improved; the grafting seedling raising can prevent and control cucumber soil-borne diseases such as blight and epidemic diseases, and the seedling protection rate is increased; the stress resistance of the cucumbers is improved, the water and fertilizer absorption capacity of the cucumbers is enhanced, and the low temperature resistance can be improved by about 2 ℃; the growth period is prolonged and the yield is increased remarkably; the continuous cropping obstacle of the cucumber is overcome, and the labor for a greenhouse is saved;
land preparation and ridging: before ridging, furrow application of farmyard manure base fertilizer and soil covering are carried out, then, three-element compound fertilizer is spread and deeply turned over for 20-25 cm, after soil preparation and raking, ridging is carried out in the east-west direction, and the interval between two adjacent ridges is more than 1 m; after ridging, laying a drip irrigation tape, and covering a mulching film; uniformly applying 3000-4000 Kg of farmyard manure base fertilizer per mu before planting and ridging, wherein the farmyard manure base fertilizer is prepared by mixing thoroughly decomposed chicken manure, plant ash and cake fertilizer; 50-60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50-60 kg of diammonium phosphate and 50-60 kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu. The width of the ridge surface is 1m, the width of the ridge groove is 1m, the depth of the ridge groove is 0.3cm, the height of the ridge is 0.20-0.25 m, and 6 ridges are formed from south to north. A finishing compound soil tiller is matched with a ditch cleaning device to complete ridging, shaping and ditch cleaning, and the equipment is suitable for the cohesive soil in Jiangsu areas.
Plant field planting: three to four rows of cucumber seedlings are fixedly planted on each ridge surface, the row spacing is smaller than the plant spacing, the plant spacing is 30-50 cm, and two adjacent rows of cucumber seedlings are in a triangular planting mode, so that the ventilation effect among cucumber plants can be effectively increased, the shading degree is reduced, and the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants is enhanced; a multifunctional semi-automatic transplanter is adopted for mechanical field planting, and the planting frequency is more than or equal to 30 plants/min-row; the planting percent of pass is more than or equal to 90 percent; the variation coefficient of plant spacing is less than or equal to 20 percent, and drip irrigation tape is paved for film mulching during field planting. Three to four drip irrigation belts are arranged on each ridge, and each row of cucumbers are planted on the north surface of each drip irrigation belt and are 5-15 cm away from the drip irrigation belt.
As shown in fig. 1, vine hanging adjustment: when the cucumber seedlings grow to be higher than 20cm, the vines are hung in a southward inclined mode, vines are hung by using vine hanging pulleys (CN201820518110.0) hung on the top of a greenhouse, nylon ropes are wound in grooves of the pulleys, ratchet structures are arranged between the side portions of the pulleys and hooks, the length of the nylon ropes can be adjusted according to needs, an included angle of 45-60 degrees is formed between a main vine 2 of the cucumber and the ground, and if the cucumber vines are too heavy, bamboo poles are added or supports are matched with the nylon ropes to improve the supporting force of the cucumber vines; the hanging ropes 1 adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to the ground and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines 2 of the cucumbers; after the main tendrils 2 of the cucumbers grow vigorously, selecting a sunny morning to remove the lateral tendrils in time and simultaneously removing leaves growing towards the north; picking the core of the cucumber main vine 2 after 6 spikes grow out, and reserving 2 leaves on the upper part of the spikes; when the 1 st cluster fruit grows to be normal in size and begins to turn white, the tendrils and the lower diseased old leaves of the cucumbers below the 2 nd cluster fruit are removed, so that the nutrient consumption is reduced, ventilation and light transmission are facilitated, and diseases caused by overhigh humidity of the lower parts of the cucumbers are prevented;
temperature and humidity management: the temperature and humidity required by the growth process of the cucumbers are controlled by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, the temperature is maintained at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime and is maintained at 13-15 ℃ at night, the seedling-reviving period of the fixedly planted cucumbers is in a period with higher temperature and stronger illumination, the sunlight greenhouse is required to roll up the front slope surface skirt film, and the rear slope ventilation window is partially opened. In sunny noon, the sun-shading net is pulled to shade to prevent wilting; when the skirt film is in the growing period, the air release rate is gradually reduced along with the gradual reduction of the outside air temperature until the skirt film is put down, and the air is released early in the daytime and is closed late; meanwhile, the seedlings are prevented from overgrowing due to overhigh temperature and humidity in the greenhouse by paying attention to cold protection and heat preservation; after 11 months, the autumn and winter cucumber enters the cucumber-forming period, at the moment, the outside air temperature drops faster, the indoor air temperature is lower, the sunshine time is short, the illumination is weak, the cucumber seedlings grow slowly, the tendrils are weak, the resistance is poor, diseases are easy to occur, in order to increase the growth vigor, a reflective curtain is preferably hung on the rear wall in the greenhouse, and facilities such as an LED light supplement lamp and the like can be additionally arranged, so that the cucumber yield can be effectively increased.
When grafting and seedling raising are carried out, the thicknesses of the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling and the lower embryonic axis of the pumpkin seedling are basically consistent, and the grafting and seedling raising of the cucumber are carried out in a sunlight greenhouse.
And further comprising water and fertilizer management: planting cucumber seedlings in the beginning of the first half month at the bottom of September, and watering once when the growth of cucumber heart leaves is observed after 5-7 days after planting until enough water is watered after the root melons (the first melons of the cucumber plants) are seated; when the cucumbers enter a growth period, watering once every 6-7 days; watering the cucumbers once every 3-5 days in a cucumber-bearing period; when the root melon grows to 10-13 cm long, top dressing is started; and (3) in the melon bearing period, watering and topdressing are combined for 2-3 times, 20kg of compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu each time, simultaneously, foliage topdressing is carried out, spraying is carried out once every 15-20 days, and 0.5kg of urea can be dissolved in 50kg of water for spraying. The evaporation capacity of cucumber decreases with the decrease of air temperature, and the watering amount is reduced according to weather conditions. Different from the traditional large-water large-fertilizer flood irrigation mode, the early-stage filtration and water-fertilizer stirring functions of irrigation water can be realized by adopting a water-fertilizer integration technology and an optimized integration system, and water-fertilizer coupling control equipment is developed, so that the water-fertilizer system can automatically and dynamically control fertilization and irrigation according to environmental parameters and crop conditions; 6 irrigation zones are realized; the irrigation control precision error is less than or equal to 5 percent, and the fertilizer is matched with spraying of foliar fertilizer and flushing of functional fertilizer containing alginic acid, chitin, biological bacterial fertilizer and the like, so that the growth of stem leaves and root systems is promoted, and the stress resistance of plants is improved
And (3) pest control: a developed fixed pipeline type normal-temperature smoke system comprises an outdoor main control system and an indoor pipeline execution system. The fixed pipeline is matched with a gas-liquid two-phase flow nozzle. The diameter of the fog drops sprayed by the system is 20-60 um; the spraying distance of the single spray head can reach 2-8 m; the operation efficiency is 10-20 min per shed; the system solves the problems of high labor intensity and low operation efficiency of the traditional pesticide application mode, realizes the separation of human and pesticide and the reduction of the pesticide, and meets the requirements of high efficiency, green and safe plant protection of modern facility agriculture. The pesticide variety is mainly used for preventing and treating diseases such as downy mildew, bacterial angular leaf spot, powdery mildew, target spot, gray mold and the like, and mainly used for preventing and treating insect pests such as aphids, whiteflies, leaf miners, diaphania cucurbitae and the like.
The cucumber yield is 5500 kg/mu by adopting the scheme.
Example 2:
the interval between the two ridges on the south side in the embodiment 1 is larger than that between the two ridges on the adjacent north side, and the difference between the interval between the two ridges on the south side and the interval between the two ridges on the adjacent north side is 10-20 cm.
The cucumber yield is 5620 kg/mu by adopting the scheme.
Example 3:
as shown in figure 2, the height of the main vines of the cucumbers in the north ridge is higher than that of the main vines of the cucumbers in the south ridge in the embodiment 1, the height difference of the main vines of the cucumbers in two adjacent ridges is 10-20 cm, and hanging ropes 1 for hanging the vines are parallel to a straight line formed by connecting the tops of the main vines of each row of cucumbers and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines 2 of the cucumbers.
The cucumber yield is 5710 kg/mu by adopting the scheme.
Example 4:
as shown in fig. 2, the interval between two south ridges in example 1 is greater than the interval between two adjacent north ridges, and the difference between the interval between two south ridges and the interval between two adjacent north ridges is 10-20 cm. The height of the main vines of the cucumbers on the north ridges is higher than that of the main vines of the cucumbers on the south ridges, the height difference of the main vines of the cucumbers on two adjacent ridges is 10-20 cm, and hanging ropes 1 adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to a straight line formed by connecting the tops of the main vines of each row of cucumbers and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines of the cucumbers.
The cucumber yield is 5860 kg/mu by adopting the scheme.
Comparative example 1:
the cultivation direction in example 1 was changed to north-south cultivation, the ridge length was 10m, and 15 ridges were used to ensure the same area as that in example 1. The cucumber yield is 4800 kg/mu.
The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which may be accomplished by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method suitable for winter-surviving cucumbers in a sunlight greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps:
variety selection: selecting cucumber varieties with strong disease resistance, low temperature and high humidity resistance, weak light resistance, moderate plant age, good fruit type and high yield;
grafting and seedling raising: in the first 10 th month, the lower embryonic axis of the cucumber seedling with developed root system, strong combining ability and strong disease resistance is selected and grafted by a grafting method;
land preparation and ridging: before ridging, furrow application of farmyard manure base fertilizer and soil covering are carried out, then, three-element compound fertilizer is spread and deeply turned over for 20-25 cm, after soil preparation and raking, ridging is carried out in the east-west direction, and the interval between two adjacent ridges is more than 1 m; after ridging, laying a drip irrigation tape, and covering a mulching film;
plant field planting: three to four rows of cucumber seedlings are fixedly planted on each ridge surface, the row spacing is smaller than the plant spacing, the plant spacing is 30-50 cm, and two adjacent rows of cucumber seedlings are in a triangular planting mode;
hanging and adjusting tendrils: when the cucumber seedlings grow to be higher than 20cm, hanging vines obliquely towards the south, wherein the main vines of the cucumbers form an included angle of 45-60 degrees with the ground; the hanging ropes adopted for hanging the vines are parallel to the ground and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the cucumber main vines; after the main tendrils of the cucumbers grow vigorously, selecting a sunny morning to remove the lateral tendrils in time and simultaneously removing leaves growing towards the north; picking the core of the cucumber after 6 spikes of the cucumber grow out, and reserving 2 leaves on the upper part of the spikes; when the 1 st cluster fruit grows to be normal in size and begins to turn white, removing the cucumber tendrils and lower diseased old leaves below the 2 nd cluster fruit;
temperature and humidity management: and controlling the temperature and humidity required by the cucumber growth process by adopting a sunlight greenhouse, wherein the temperature is kept at 25-30 ℃ in the daytime and is kept at 13-15 ℃ at night.
2. The cultivation method of the winter cucumber in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hypocotyl of the cucumber seedling is substantially the same as the hypocotyl of the pumpkin seedling in the grafting seedling, and the grafting seedling of the cucumber is performed in the sunlight greenhouse.
3. The cultivation method of the winter-surviving cucumber in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 2, wherein 3000-4000 Kg of farmyard manure base fertilizer is uniformly applied to each mu before ridging, and the farmyard manure base fertilizer is selected from fully decomposed chicken manure, plant ash and cake fertilizer; 50-60 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, 50-60 kg of diammonium phosphate and 50-60 kg of potassium sulfate are applied to each mu.
4. The cultivation method of the winter cucumbers in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 3, wherein the ridge length is 25-100 m, the ridge surface width is 1-1.5 m, the ridge furrow width is 0.5-1 m, the ridge furrow depth is 0.3cm, the ridge height is 0.20-0.25 m, and 5-8 ridges are formed from south to north.
5. The cultivation method of the winter cucumbers in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 4, wherein the interval between two southern ridges is larger than the interval between two adjacent northern ridges, and the difference between the interval between two southern ridges and the interval between two adjacent northern ridges is 10-20 cm.
6. The cultivation method of the winter cucumbers in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 5, wherein the finishing compound soil tiller is matched with a ditch cleaning device to complete ridging, shaping and cleaning.
7. The cultivation method of the winter cucumbers in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 6, wherein a multifunctional semi-automatic transplanter is adopted for mechanical field planting, and the planting frequency is more than or equal to 30 plants/row/minute; the planting percent of pass is more than or equal to 90 percent; the variation coefficient of plant spacing is less than or equal to 20 percent, and drip irrigation tape is paved for film mulching during field planting.
8. The cultivation method of the winter cucumbers in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 7, wherein three to four drip irrigation belts are arranged on each ridge, and each row of cucumbers is planted on the north of each drip irrigation belt and is 5-15 cm away from the drip irrigation belt.
9. The method for cultivating the winter-surviving cucumber in the sunlight greenhouse as claimed in claim 8, wherein the height of the main vines of the cucumbers in the north ridges is higher than that of the main vines of the cucumbers in the south ridges, the height difference between the heights of the main vines of the cucumbers in two adjacent ridges is 10-20 cm, and the vines are hung by using hanging ropes which are parallel to the oblique lines formed by connecting the tops of the main vines of each row of cucumbers and move up and down in parallel along with the growth of the main vines of the cucumbers.
10. The cultivation method of the sunlight greenhouse winter cucumber as claimed in claim 9, further comprising the following steps: planting cucumber seedlings in the beginning of the first half month at the bottom of September, watering the seedlings once 5-7 days after planting when the growth of cucumber heart leaves is observed, and watering the seedlings once again until the root cucumbers are seated; when the cucumbers enter a growth period, watering once every 6-7 days; watering the cucumbers once every 3-5 days in a cucumber-bearing period; when the root melon grows to 10-13 cm long, topdressing is started; and (3) in the melon bearing period, watering and topdressing are combined for 2-3 times, 20kg of compound fertilizer is topdressed per mu each time, simultaneously, foliage topdressing is carried out, spraying is carried out once every 15-20 days, the evaporation capacity of the cucumbers is reduced along with the reduction of the air temperature, and the watering amount is reduced according to the weather condition.
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