CN111013655A - 一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法:首先以氧化石墨和四氯化钛为原料,通过一步水热法制得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,然后以苯胺为原料,以静电吸附法将被过硫酸铵氧化得到的聚苯胺负载于二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料表面,得到所述用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,所述氧化石墨的层数为5~20层。制得的复合材料中二氧化钛为锐钛矿型,具有更多的氧空穴,催化能力更佳;石墨烯增大了光响应范围,提高了电子空穴分离率,增强了光催化能力;包覆的聚苯胺,加强了二氧化钛与石墨烯之间的联系,并且和石墨烯形成了导电网络,加快电子传导速率,并且提高了复合材料的稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于燃油脱硫领域,具体涉及一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法。
背景技术
机动车排放物中的二氧化硫(SOx)是导致酸雨和大气雾霾的主要因素之一。随着人们环保意识的加强,国家对硫的排放标准越来越严苛,低硫甚至无硫燃油的生产显得尤为重要。因此,如何从燃油中深度去除含硫有机物尤为重要。现如今已有一些被应用于脱硫领域的方法,包括加氢脱硫,吸附脱硫,生物脱硫和氧化脱硫。与其他脱硫技术相比,氧化脱硫由于反应条件温和,无氢消耗且投资少的优点而备受青睐。作为一种快速发展的氧化脱硫技术,光催化脱硫逐渐成为燃料深度脱硫的可行途径。其原理为:半导体催化剂在光的激发下会产生电子和空穴,进而与氧化剂反应生成强氧化性的超氧负离子和羟基自由基,将噻吩类硫化物氧化成对应的砜或亚砜类极性含硫物质,最后通过萃取去除。
TiO2由于其产量高,化学性质稳定,无毒和成本低等优点,被广泛应用于光催化领域。然而较宽的带隙使其对可见光的利用效率不高,而且受激发产生的光生电子容易与空穴复合,因此需要对其改性以提高其光响应范围和电子分离效率。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术中的问题,本发明提供了一种用于光催化脱硫的复合材料,即聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
为了实现上述目的,本发明所采用的技术方案为:一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法:首先以氧化石墨和四氯化钛为原料,通过一步水热法制得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,然后以苯胺为原料,以静电吸附法将被过硫酸铵氧化得到的聚苯胺负载于二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料表面,得到所述用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,所述氧化石墨的层数为5~20层。
进一步的,用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法包括如下步骤:步骤1、将氧化石墨分散于盐酸溶液中,加入四氯化钛溶液,移入水热釜,在120℃~200℃条件下水热6~18h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60~80℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,
其中,氧化石墨分散液的质量浓度为1~3mg/mL,盐酸溶液的摩尔浓度为 1~6mol/L,四氯化钛溶液的摩尔浓度为2~3mol/L,所生成的氧化钛与石墨烯的质量比为1~3:1;
步骤2、将步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于去离子水中,控制温度1~3℃,边搅拌边加入盐酸溶液调节pH至1~3,再加入苯胺和过硫酸铵,持续搅拌1~3h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60~80℃下干燥,即得所述用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,
其中,二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散液的质量浓度为1~3mg/mL,盐酸溶液的摩尔浓度为1~6mol/L,苯胺与二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的质量比为1~ 3:1,过硫酸铵与苯胺的质量比为1~3:1。
一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,是由如上所述的用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法制得。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明制备的二氧化钛为锐钛矿型二氧化钛,比金红石型二氧化钛具有更多的氧空穴,催化能力更佳;引入了石墨烯增大了光响应范围,提高了电子空穴分离率,增强了光催化能力;包覆了聚苯胺,加强了二氧化钛与石墨烯之间的联系,并且和石墨烯形成了导电网络,加快电子传导速率,并且提高了复合材料的稳定性。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制备的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料X-射线衍射图;
图2为实施例1所制备的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料扫描电镜图;
图3为实施例1和对比例1、对比例2、对比例3中所制得的材料的光催化脱硫曲线。
图4为实施例1和对比例1、对比例2、对比例3中所制得的材料的光催化脱硫效率对比图。
具体实施方式
本发明下面结合实施例作进一步详述:
以下实施例和对比例中氧化石墨层数为5~20层,可采用如下方法制备:以鳞片石墨为原料,通过改进的Hummers法制备,具体步骤为:将480mL浓硫酸和53.2mL浓磷酸加入到1000mL的四口烧瓶中,搅拌均匀,在持续搅拌的过程中缓慢加入4g鳞片石墨和24g高锰酸钾,混合均匀后,此时温度会自然上升到 35~40℃,待分散均匀后,50℃水浴下持续搅拌12h。反应结束后,待其冷却至室温,将混合物倒入装有冰水和40mL过氧化氢(30%)混合液的容器中,静置过夜。最后用蒸馏水离心、洗涤至中性,放置于真空干燥箱中干燥即可制得氧化石墨烯(GO)。
实施例1
一种用于光催化脱硫的复合材料,具体制备步骤如下:
步骤1、将200mg氧化石墨分散于60mL盐酸溶液(3mol/L)中,加入2mL 四氯化钛溶液(2.5mol/L),移入水热釜中,在160℃条件下水热12h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料;
步骤2、取200mg步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于100mL 去离子水中,控制温度为2℃,在搅拌中加入盐酸溶液调节pH至2,再加入400mg 苯胺和800mg过硫酸铵,持续搅拌2h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
实施例2
一种用于光催化脱硫的复合材料,具体制备步骤如下:
步骤1、将100mg氧化石墨分散于60mL盐酸溶液(1mol/L)中,加入1mL 四氯化钛溶液(2mol/L),移入水热釜中,在120℃条件下水热6h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料;
步骤2、取100mg步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于100mL 去离子水中,控制温度为1℃,在搅拌中加入盐酸溶液调节pH至1,再加入100mg 苯胺和100mg过硫酸铵,持续搅拌1h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60℃下干燥,即得用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
实施例3
一种用于光催化脱硫的复合材料,具体制备步骤如下:
步骤1、将300mg氧化石墨分散于60mL盐酸溶液(6mol/L)中,加入3mL 四氯化钛溶液(3mol/L),移入水热釜中,在200℃条件下水热18h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在80℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料;
步骤2、取300mg步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于100mL 去离子水中,控制温度为3℃,在搅拌中加入盐酸溶液调节pH至3,再加入900mg 苯胺和2700mg过硫酸铵,持续搅拌3h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在80℃下干燥,即得用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
对比例1
一种用于光催化脱硫的复合材料,具体制备步骤如下:
将实施例1中加入石墨烯的操作换成加入氮化碳,其他操作与实施例1相同:
步骤1、将200mg氮化碳分散于60mL盐酸溶液(3mol/L)中,加入2mL 四氯化钛溶液(2.5mol/L),移入水热釜中,在160℃条件下水热12h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/氮化碳复合材料;
步骤2、取200mg步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/氮化碳复合材料分散于100mL 去离子水中,控制温度为2℃,在搅拌中加入盐酸溶液调节pH至2,再加入400mg 苯胺和800mg过硫酸铵,持续搅拌2h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/氮化碳复合材料。
对比例2
将实施例1中生成的锐钛矿型二氧化钛换成金红石型二氧化钛,其他操作与实施例1相同:
1、将200mg氧化石墨分散于60mL盐酸溶液(3mol/L)中,加入600mg 金红石型氧化钛,移入水热釜中,在160℃条件下水热12h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得金红石型二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料;
2、取200mg步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于100mL去离子水中,控制温度为2℃,在搅拌中加入盐酸溶液调节pH至2,再加入400mg 苯胺和800mg过硫酸铵,持续搅拌2h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/金红石型二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
对比例3
去掉实施例1中负载聚苯胺的操作,其他操作与实施例1相同:
1、将200mg氧化石墨分散于60mL盐酸溶液(3mol/L)中,加入2mL四氯化钛溶液(2.5mol/L),移入水热釜中,在160℃条件下水热12h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在70℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料。
图1X-射线衍射图中可以看出,本发明所制备的复合材料是聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,其中二氧化钛为锐钛矿型二氧化钛。
图2扫描电镜图中可以看出,本发明步骤1所制备的复合材料中锐钛矿二氧化钛负载在石墨烯片上,图3透射电镜图中可以看出在二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料表面包覆了一层聚苯胺。
脱硫性能测试:
实验所用模拟汽油由正辛烷和二苯并噻吩配制而成,硫含量为200ppm。具体操作步骤为:取500mL模拟汽油于光化学反应仪中,加入500mg催化剂并加入4~5滴双氧水(30%),开启磁力搅拌装置,暗吸附30min后打开350W氙灯, 90min后取样,离心,DMF萃取分离出油相,于RPP-2000S型荧光定硫仪测定硫含量。脱硫率通过下式计算:
D=(1-Ct/C0)×100%
其中:D为脱硫率(%),C0为初始硫含量(ppm),Ct为反应t时间后的硫含量 (ppm)。
图4光催化脱硫效率图可以看出,实施例1比对比例1、对比例2和对比例3具有更强的光催化脱硫效果,150min后实施例1至3中脱硫率分别可达到93.5%、87.6%、88.3%,150min后对比例1至3脱硫率分别达到61.5%、78.5%、43.9%。
以上所述,仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式,但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此,任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内,根据本发明的技术方案及其构思加以等同替换或改变,都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:首先以氧化石墨和四氯化钛为原料,通过一步水热法制得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,然后以苯胺为原料,以静电吸附法将被过硫酸铵氧化得到的聚苯胺负载于二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料表面,得到所述用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,所述氧化石墨的层数为5~20层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
步骤1、将氧化石墨分散于盐酸溶液中,加入四氯化钛溶液,移入水热釜,在120℃~200℃条件下水热6~18h,待冷却至室温后,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60~80℃下干燥,即得二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,
其中,氧化石墨分散液的质量浓度为1~3mg/mL,盐酸溶液的摩尔浓度为1~6mol/L,四氯化钛溶液的摩尔浓度为2~3mol/L,所生成的氧化钛与石墨烯的质量比为1~3:1;
步骤2、将步骤1制得到的二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散于去离子水中,控制温度1~3℃,边搅拌边加入盐酸溶液调节pH至1~3,再加入苯胺和过硫酸铵,持续搅拌1~3h,抽滤洗涤至中性,洗涤后的样品在60~80℃下干燥,即得所述用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,
其中,二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料分散液的质量浓度为1~3mg/mL,盐酸溶液的摩尔浓度为1~6mol/L,苯胺与二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的质量比为1~3:1,过硫酸铵与苯胺的质量比为1~3:1。
3.一种用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料,其特征在于:是由如权利要求1或2所述的用于光催化脱硫的聚苯胺/二氧化钛/石墨烯复合材料的制备方法制得。
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