CN1110003A - 具有陶瓷放电管的高压放电灯、适用于它的烧结体及生产烧结体的方法 - Google Patents

具有陶瓷放电管的高压放电灯、适用于它的烧结体及生产烧结体的方法 Download PDF

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CN1110003A
CN1110003A CN94119859A CN94119859A CN1110003A CN 1110003 A CN1110003 A CN 1110003A CN 94119859 A CN94119859 A CN 94119859A CN 94119859 A CN94119859 A CN 94119859A CN 1110003 A CN1110003 A CN 1110003A
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lamp
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R·蒂特
H·韦斯克
前井耕一朗
土井纯一
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Abstract

高压放电灯(1)具有陶瓷管(6)，该陶瓷管由掺杂有100—800ppm的MgO、200—1200ppm的ZrO2和10—300ppm的Y2O3的氧化铝制成。这样提高了陶瓷的负荷能力。

Description

本发明涉及适用于制造放电管的烧结体及制造该烧结体的方法。本发明还涉及具有这种陶瓷放电管的高压放电灯，更具体地说是高压钠灯，以及金属卤化物灯。
德国专利申请3201750披露了一种用氧化铝制造透光的烧结体的方法，在氧化铝中加入了重量比为0.02%至0.5%的烧结助剂氧化镁以控制晶粒的生长。通过再加入重量比0.005%至0.1%的氧化锆、氧化铪或氧化铈可得到高的机械强度和高的透明度。
德国专利申请2042379披露了一种用于高压放电灯的放电管的透光氧化铝烧结体及制造该烧结体的方法。其中掺杂了重量比0.01%至0.1%的MgO、重量比0.05%至0.5%的Y2O3及重量比0.05%至0.5%的La2O3。由于在高压放电灯工作时烧结体暴露于交变的热负荷中，因此要有足够的透明性和高的机械强度。
德国专利申请3108677披露了一种烧结体及一种制备方法。该烧结体基本上由掺杂有重量占0.03%～0.15%的MgO及重量占0.002%～0.07%的ZrO2和/或重量占0.003%～0.12%的HfO2的氧化铝构成。MgO不仅控制晶粒的生长，而且能得到高的透明度并消除陶瓷的残余孔隙。另两种氧化物能阻止尖晶相（Al2O3和MgO的混合晶体）的沉淀，还能调节颗粒的生长。
这些烧结体有利地用在高压钠放电灯中（见欧洲专利申请110248和110249）。
主要参考上述材料的内容。
本发明的一个目的是改善高压放电灯陶瓷烧结体的负荷能力及灯本身的负荷能力。负荷应理解成是指在灯工作时烧结体壁的负荷及在用作放电管的烧结体的壁处与此相关的温度。本发明的另一目的是提供一种制备这种烧结体的方法。
这些目的通过本发明达到。
具有陶瓷放电管的高压放电灯技术的开发目的在于提高发光效率和光通量以及改善演色性指数Ra。为此一定要考虑更高的放电管壁温度。通常这是通过增大放电管的尺寸以避免陶瓷材料的热过载来进行的。但是，在这种情况下必须保持足够高的钠分压。这是通过诸如蓄热片之类的方法得到的（参见德国实用新型专利8907848）。
本发明采用一种完全不同的方法来改善陶瓷材料的特性，该陶瓷材料能够制备更小尺寸和更高壁温的放电管。许多公开材料涉及用于制造灯的陶瓷烧结体的掺杂，它们造成这样一种印象，即在这个领域不会再取得进展以及可以把掺杂物质和掺杂材料的量线性地联系在一起。
然而，令人惊奇的是，已经发现，当一起使用三种掺杂物质MgO、ZrO2和Y2O3时，会发生相互作用，这将赋予陶瓷材料多种性质，这些性质明显优于这三种掺杂物质简单相加所能预期的性质。已有技术所考虑的掺杂物质或者是MgO和ZrO2，或者是MgO、Y2O3和La2O3，且使用较大的量。令人惊奇的是，已经发现掺杂MgO、La2O3和Y2O3会得到不尽人意的结果。所得到的陶瓷逊于只掺杂MgO的陶瓷。
本发明同时采用三种物质MgO、ZrO2和Y2O3、按较小的量（重量比）对Al2O3进行掺杂：
-氧化镁（MgO），量为100-800ppm，优选为100-600ppm，更具体地为150-280ppm;
-氧化锆（ZrO2），量为200-1200ppm，优选为200-800ppm，更具体地为300-600ppm;
-氧化钇（Y2O3），量为10-300ppm，优选为10-150ppm，更具体地为20-75ppm。
在一优选实施方案中，相对比例MgO∶ZrO2∶Y2O3应选择如下：比例MgO∶ZrO2应有同样的数量级，即它优选在3∶1和1∶3之间变化。与此相比，Y2O3的比例要小得多，即介于ZrO2量的3%和20%之间。这一比例的选择特别重要。
如果在掺杂锆的同时进行钇的掺杂，则钇的掺杂在避免钠或铝扩散到灯的外泡上而弄黑外泡壁方面起到决定性的作用。随着温度的升高，ZrO2单斜晶体在1200℃时变为四方晶体，在2200℃变为立方晶体，且材料的密度也改变了。在较冷的状态，例如在灯工作时，一些ZrO2晶粒保留于高温晶态。这是需要的，由于其较高的密度，它们在周围的Al2O3基体中产生平衡压应力。
这些高温晶态通过加入当量匹配的Y2O3来稳定。这样，提高了稳定后陶瓷的强度。压应力能阻止在陶瓷中形成微裂纹并大大减少钠和铝通过陶瓷放电管向外泡的扩散。由于没有外泡的变黑，因而在灯泡寿命内发光效率维持恒定。以一种氧化锆和氧化钇相结合的化合物的形式向氧化铝粉末中加入这两种材料是较好的。特别是对于少量的氧化钇（10-50ppm），极希望使用部分稳定的氧化锆（PSZ），这是因为，如果不这样，则这些少量的氧化物在氧化铝基体中分散得太细而致使它们无法共同作用。这种PSZ材料本身是熟知的，可参见诸如J.Am.Ceram.Soc.75，1229-1238，1992。但是，此前，还未想到当以极小量仅作为掺杂剂使用时它的稳定特性在氧化铝基体中也有效。对量大一些的氧化钇（典型的为100ppm或更多），可以与氧化锆分开加入部分甚至全部氧化钇，这是因为这两种成分的结合容易实现和/或少量未结合的氧化钇是有益的。的确，已经发现，在陶瓷材料中这两种成分ZrO2和Y2O3有进行结合的自然倾向。在高温影响（在工作条件下已得到）下它们能产生一特殊相，该相在室温下象一种水滴状结构，其中这两种成分的比例ZrO2∶Y2O3固定为约3∶1的比例。
掺杂MgO的下限量为100ppm。如果MgO的比例更小，则烧结体的颗粒生长会不成比例地增加，使陶瓷的机械强度变差。如果MgO的量大于600ppm，则开始形成有利于钠向外泡扩散的第二相。这样，可以接受的最高MgO量为800ppm。因此，优选采用较小量的MgO，特别是150-280ppm范围内的值。
加入ZrO2提高了烧结体耐高温及耐填充物中侵蚀性成分、特别是钠的侵蚀的能力，所说的侵蚀在灯的工作压力较高时尤其强烈。如果采用低于200ppm的ZrO2量，则效果尚不如人意。如果采用高于800ppm的ZrO2量，则不需要的副作用就变得明显了，这一副作用即晶粒长大的加速，当ZrO2的量超过1200ppm时，这一加速将使烧结体的机械强度和密度变差。通过同时使用约100-500ppm的MgO和约300-600ppm的ZrO2能得到特别好的结果，再加少量上述的Y2O3，会产生一些其它的意想不到的效果。它可以减少MgO和ZrO2的比例。
对于MgO，它对限制第二相的形成特别有益。只有当灯已连续工作超过2000小时后这一效果才会较明显。对于ZrO2，它对陶瓷的机械性稳定有益。更重要的是，透明性明显提高，而且还提高了阻止各成分由填充物向外泡扩散的能力。
如果Y2O3的量小于10ppm，则不能获得明显的积极效果。加入高于150ppm的Y2O3开始按不需要且不均匀的方式加速晶粒的生长，给光透过性带来不利影响。因此，Y2O3的量不能超过300ppm，添加Y2O3的一个特定特征是可以把添加量保持为明显低于它所代替的MgO和ZrO2的量。
一组特别优选的掺杂材料比例为150-280ppm的MgO、300-600ppm的ZrO2及20-75ppm的Y2O3。
因为先有技术添加Y2O3的方法没有与同时添加ZrO2特意联系起来，因而最终已证明它对灯的制造是不利的。但是，在这种已知的一般条件下，它会引起透光性以及机械强度的不规则地波动。幸运的是所需要的掺杂材料的量很小;这种波动不会起太大作用。
在灯的制造中，已证明陶瓷材料对钠和铝的扩散的强抵抗作用是特别有益的。如今壁温可选择为比此前所用的1100℃至1200℃高大约15%从而最高达到1350℃。
放电管的壁负荷可选择为比先有技术高最高达60%，典型值为25W/cm2。
典型的放电管为筒形结构。更具体地说，为圆柱形或外凸的圆柱形管，它也可弯曲（曲面）或折角（如U形）。相应地这种管的内径可减小10-15%，节省陶瓷材料和填充材料，且可减小灯的尺寸。
下面将通过几个实施方案对本发明进行更详细的说明，其中：
图1表示本发明的高压钠放电灯。
图2表示具有陶瓷放电管的高压钠放电灯的发光效率（图2a）、光通量（图2b）和工作电压（图2c）运行情况的对比。
图3表示作为工作电压的函数、在运行100小时后额定功率400W的高压钠放电灯的演色性指数（图3a）和发光效率（图3b）的对比。
图4表示额定功率70W的高压钠放电灯的发光效率和光通量的运行情况的对比。
图1示意性地表示了一个典型的高压钠放电灯，额定功率为约35W至1000W。它有一个硬玻璃的外层泡壳，该泡壳可如图示那样为圆柱形或为椭球形，上有螺丝灯座2。两根供电线4、5熔封于芯柱3中，沿轴向支撑着在外层泡壳中心的筒形圆柱陶瓷放电管6。供电线中较短的一根4把放电管临近灯座的一端7处的第一电极（在图中看不到）与灯座一个接点连接起来。供电线中较长的一根5沿放电管6接到放电管6远离灯座的一端8并把远离的这一端8处的第二电极连接到第二个灯座接点。放电管6由掺杂100-600ppm MgO、200-800ppmZrO2及10-150ppmY2O3的多晶氧化铝陶瓷组成。放电管的两端7、8通过诸如主要由氧化铝制成的陶瓷塞9密封起来，气密的铌连通件10通过该陶瓷塞伸进放电管内，达到电极。填充物包括不活泼的基本气体（例如氙气或者是氩气和氖气的混合气）和钠，钠通常以钠汞合金的形式引入，但它也可以其它形式存在于放电管中。在参考的公开材料中对灯进行了更详细的说明（再参见重点参考的美国专利5，192，239）。
图2示出了几种具有陶瓷放电管的、额定功率为250瓦的高压钠放电灯的特性，其中氧化铝陶瓷已掺杂了：
a）500ppm的MgO和300ppm的ZrO2
b）500ppm的MgO和500ppm的ZrO2
c）500ppm的MgO和1000ppm的ZrO2
d）500ppm的MgO和400ppm的ZrO2和50ppm的Y2O3
该放电管内径4.8mm（先有技术为6.7mm）、壁厚0.7mm（先有技术为0.75mm）、总长86mm（先有技术为94mm）。已经发现，添加50ppm的Y2O3（材料d）对工作电压（图2c）随工作时间（显示到9000小时）的变化有很积极的影响。在9000小时点工作电压常数值比未掺杂Y2O3的陶瓷的工作电压值高大约10%。发光效率（图2a）显示了类似的积极影响。9000小时后，掺杂材料d）-即有50ppm的Y2O3-的陶瓷的发光效率相对于15小时点仅下降大约9%。只掺杂MgO和ZrO2而没有Y2O3（材料a）或b））的陶瓷发光效率降低大约15%。这也类似地适用于光通量的降低（图2b）。材料d）的这一优点能保持到工作时间超过12000小时。在12000小时后材料d）的图2所讨论的三个特性均优于9000小时后另三种材料a）-c）的特性。
图3示出额定功率400W的灯的数据。为改进光色（豪华），它包括200毫巴的氙气和钠的重量比占24.5%的30mg钠汞合金的填充物。先有技术的这种类型的灯要求有蓄热元件以确保具有下列尺寸的圆柱形放电管内有足够的蒸汽压：内径10.9mm、壁厚0.75mm、长102.0mm。放电管由掺杂有750ppm的MgO的多晶氧化铝组成。工作电压为105V，光通量为38.5Klm，演色性指数为57。
本发明的灯使用掺杂有400ppm ZrO2、200ppm MgO和20ppm Y2O3的放电管。该圆柱形放电管不再需要蓄热元件，其尺寸如下：内径8.0mm、壁厚0.75mm、长80.0mm。这使得光通量提高到40.0Klm，演色性指数提高到60。
图3表示了演色性指数（图3a）和发光效率（图3b）随工作电压微小变化而变化在理论值105V附近的100小时的值。十字测点对应于标准型，圆圈测点对应于含钇小尺寸的改进型。对于发光效率，也给出了含钇而没有减小放电管尺寸的改进型的值（X形测点）。演色性指数增加了大约10%（在工作电压为100V时，增量为7%，从54到58;在105V工作电压下，增量为12%，从57到64）。对105V的工作电压，可得到105  lm/W的发光效率，比发光效率约97  lm/W的标准型提高了8%。
图4表示了填充压强为30毫巴的氙气和30毫克钠汞合金（钠的重量比占18.4%）的70W灯的测量值。具有已进行已知掺杂（Al2O3掺杂750ppm的MgO）的陶瓷放电管的灯在其寿命期间发光效率（流明/瓦）和光通量（千流明）明显降低（线1）。在大约9000小时后，发光效率和光通量降到大约为其初值的三分之二。当使用含钇陶瓷（400ppm ZrO2、200ppm MgO和20ppm Y2O3）时（线2），这两个被测特性的初值基本上维持不变。为便于比较，所有测量是用内径3.3mm的陶瓷管进行的。然而，先有技术的内径为3.7mm，即现在管壁负荷高了26%。
本发明的烧结体的制造可用主要在参考材料中说明的几种方法中的某一种进行。起始材料为大致均匀的氧化铝分散体，向其中混入了100-800ppm的MgO（或其等当量的前体，例如硝酸镁）、200-1200ppm的ZrO2（或其等当量的前体）和10-300ppm的Y2O3（或其等当量的前体）。优选以PSZ材料形式加入氧化钇和氧化锆。氧化铝应大体上以α相存在。然后，该分散体成形为绿色体，它先被预烧一下，最后在高于1700℃的温度下在氢气或优选在真空中烧结。
在烧结体的制造过程中，处理材料及灯工作所需的高温会使最初加入的MgO的量稍微减小。这一减小量最高多达10%。例如，在一特殊情况下，在Al2O3粉末中最初500ppm的MgO的掺杂量在成品灯的放电管中的量最后为455ppm。但是，在有些情况下，掺杂材料的量可能保持不变。
塞子可由与放电管同样的材料或类似的材料制成。
另一实施方案为具有陶瓷放电管的金属卤化物灯，所说的放电管由如上所述掺杂有MgO、ZrO2和Y2O3的氧化铝制成。填充物包括作为基础气体的氩气和作为可蒸发气体的汞，还包括少量的金属卤化物，特别是包括钠的卤化物，优选碘化钠。

Claims (10)

1、透光的多晶烧结体，它适用于制造用于灯的放电管，含有主要掺杂有氧化镁和氧化锆的氧化铝，其特征在于所述烧结体由包含作为掺杂材料的下列成分(以重量的ppm表示)的氧化铝制成：
MgO   100-800ppm，优选100-600ppm，
ZrO2200-1200ppm，优选200-800ppm，
Y2O310-300ppm，优选10-150ppm。
2、按照权利要求1烧结体，其特征在于掺杂材料包括150-280ppm的MgO。
3、按照权利要求1烧结体，其特征在于掺杂材料包括300-600ppm的ZrO2。
4、按照权利要求1烧结体，其特征在于掺杂材料包括20-75ppm的Y2O3。
5、按照上述权利要求中任一项的烧结体，其特征在于重量比ZrO2∶Y2O3大约为5∶1至20∶1。
6、具有陶瓷放电管（6）的高压放电灯，所说的放电灯具有临近放电管两端（7，8）的电极和包括至少一种可蒸汽化的金属和一种惰性基本气体的填充物，所说的放电管为根据上述任一权利要求的掺杂有氧化镁、氧化锆和氧化钇的透光多晶氧化铝陶瓷的烧结体。
7、按照权利要求6的灯，其特征在于所说的放电管（6）由一透明的外层泡壳（1）包围。
8、按照权利要求6的灯，其特征在于所说的放电管包括至少一种惰性气体作为基本气体和至少有钠作为可蒸汽化的金属。
9、制造按照权利要求1或6的透光多晶烧结体的方法，其特征在于向氧化铝粉末中混入下列添加剂而形成大致均匀的分散体：
a）重量占100-800ppm的MgO或其等当量的前体;
b）重量占200-1200ppm的ZrO2或其等当量的前体;
c）重量占10-300ppm的Y2O3或其等当量的前体;
-由这种分散体制成绿色体并进行预烧;和
-最后在高于1700℃的温度下在氢气气氛中和/或在真空中进行绿色体的烧结。
10、按照权利要求9的方法，其特征在于以化合物形式加入氧化钇和氧化锆，特别是以部分稳定的氧化锆（PSZ）形式加入。
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EP0657399A1 (en) 1995-06-14
ATE155452T1 (de) 1997-08-15
JP2780941B2 (ja) 1998-07-30
US5625256A (en) 1997-04-29
JPH0817396A (ja) 1996-01-19
EP0657399B1 (en) 1997-07-16
CN1069442C (zh) 2001-08-08
HU215321B (hu) 1998-11-30
DE69312299T2 (de) 1998-01-15
HUT69828A (en) 1995-09-28
DE69312299D1 (de) 1997-08-21

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