CN110914220A - 封入含石墨烯材料中的粒状载体材料和陶瓷组件的制造方法、以及陶瓷组件 - Google Patents

封入含石墨烯材料中的粒状载体材料和陶瓷组件的制造方法、以及陶瓷组件 Download PDF

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CN110914220A
CN110914220A CN201880045437.3A CN201880045437A CN110914220A CN 110914220 A CN110914220 A CN 110914220A CN 201880045437 A CN201880045437 A CN 201880045437A CN 110914220 A CN110914220 A CN 110914220A
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graphene
particulate support
support material
ceramic component
containing material
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CN110914220B (zh
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R·穆尔霍普特
约尔格·泰勒科
文利·张
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EagleBurgmann Germany GmbH and Co KG
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Abstract

本发明涉及具有第一滑动面的滑动元件，其中所述第一滑动面(29)包括粒状载体材料(6)和含石墨烯材料(7)，所述粒状载体材料(6)至少部分地覆盖有含石墨烯材料(7)，以及材料配合连接(14)在粒状载体材料(6)和含石墨烯材料(7)之间建立。

Description

封入含石墨烯材料中的粒状载体材料和陶瓷组件的制造方 法、以及陶瓷组件
技术领域
本发明涉及具有导电性的覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的制造方法和陶瓷组件的制造方法。此外，本发明还涉及具有优异的稳定性和低磨耗性、以及优异的导电性的陶瓷组件。
背景技术
从现有技术例如DE 10 2014 205 297 A1来看，机械密封件是已知的，其含有SiC作为基础材料，补充有石墨烯作为填充剂。机械密封件的特征在于良好的断裂韧性和挠曲强度。其缺点为相当低的硬度和低弹性模量。这减少了耐磨耗性，使机械密封件较不适用于受机械和/或热冲击的系统。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的为提供陶瓷组件，特别是滑动元件、机械密封件和轴承装置或保持件，它们的特征在于改善的耐磨耗性和硬度，以及因此的即使在高机械和/或热冲击下也增加的稳定性。此外，本发明的目的为提供覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的制造方法，以及陶瓷组件、特别是滑动元件的制造方法，这些方法的特征在于简单可行性，其中在前一方法中，将以高产率获得覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料。
该目的将分别通过根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷组件和根据权利要求13所述的方法实现。
具有权利要求1所述特征的根据本发明的陶瓷组件具有高电导率(特别是大于5.3×10-3S/cm)，以及高断裂韧性，各自在室温(20℃)下测量得到。陶瓷组件包括粒状载体材料和含石墨烯材料。特别是当含多巴胺的碳源用作含石墨烯材料的原料时获得改善的电导率。
对于粒状载体材料，材料是指充当含石墨烯材料的应用的基材，即充当基础材料。粒状载体材料呈至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖有含石墨烯材料的颗粒的形式。
在本发明的范围内，对于含石墨烯材料，材料理解为至少部分地由石墨烯组成。优选地，整个石墨烯材料由石墨烯组成，除技术上不可避免的残留物以外。
在粒状载体材料和含石墨烯材料之间存在材料配合连接(stoffschlüssigeVerbindung，material bond)。这意味着在粒状载体材料和含石墨烯材料之间建立了配合连接，其中含石墨烯材料直接附着于粒状载体材料的表面。材料配合连接可表征为粒状载体材料和含石墨烯材料之间的物理和/或化学相互作用。石墨烯和粒状载体材料之间的互连也可参与配合连接的形成。石墨烯和粒状载体材料之间的材料配合连接，随着含石墨烯材料存在于粒状载体材料的上表面而提供永久良好的耐磨耗涂层。此外，陶瓷组件的室温(20℃)下的电阻率为1Ωcm～100Ωcm，特别是20Ωcm。
由此，陶瓷组件的特征在于即使在高机械冲击和高温下也具有高硬度和高弹性模量，这确保陶瓷组件的高耐磨耗性并且同时确保良好的滑动性。此外，实现改善的陶瓷组件的断裂韧性。
本发明有利的实施方案和改进方案(further developments)是从属权利要求的主题。
根据有利改进方案，粒状载体材料被含石墨烯材料完全覆盖。这意味着粒状载体材料的颗粒表面整个被含石墨烯材料覆盖。这可改善陶瓷组件、特别是滑动元件的耐磨耗性同时使弹性模量最大化。
仍然有利的是，陶瓷组件包括第一基体。基体被视为下部主体，在其上或在此处将分别施加或形成适当的滑动面。为了改善基体和滑动面之间的结合，第一基体仅具有粒状载体材料。换言之，这意味着第一基体由与覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料相同的粒状载体材料制成，但是与包含在第一滑动面中的粒状载体材料不同，第一基体并未覆盖有含石墨烯材料。
优选地，陶瓷组件为滑动元件。为了改善滑动性和良好的稳定性，整个第一滑动面优选由覆盖有含石墨烯材料的载体材料形成，或者进一步有利地，整个陶瓷组件独自地由覆盖有含石墨烯材料的载体材料形成。这还可减少或甚至防止含石墨烯材料中裂纹的形成。
为了降低成本同时维持良好的陶瓷组件的硬度，有利地提供的是，陶瓷组件由粒状载体材料和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的混合物构成。
仍然有利地，粒状载体材料和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的质量比为80:20至99.5:0.5，特别是90:10至99.5:0.5。尽管石墨烯给料低，但仍可以得到具有非常良好的耐磨耗性的陶瓷组件。因此，陶瓷组件可以以低成本制造。此外，由粒状载体材料和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的混合物制成的陶瓷组件的断裂韧性，优选增加5％～25％(以百分比计)，这取决于在陶瓷组件中的质量比中覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的比例。这意味着例如与仅由100％粒状载体材料制成的陶瓷组件相比，在陶瓷组件中覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的质量百分比在1～4重量％的范围内的情况下，其断裂韧性相对于仅由粒状载体材料制成的陶瓷组件的断裂韧性增加至少10％。例如通过SEVNB法(单边V形切口束)来确定断裂韧性。
为了通过提高陶瓷组件的硬度来进一步改进其耐磨耗性，陶瓷材料将优选用作粒状载体材料。已证实，即使在严苛条件如高机械和/或热冲击下，陶瓷材料，即烧结陶瓷，也特别耐磨耗。有利地是，陶瓷材料将选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物，其中出于成本的原因特别优选SiC。
考虑到进一步改进陶瓷组件的耐磨耗性，还有利地提供的是，含石墨烯的涂层包括一层至100层、特别是一层至20层、特别是一层至12层的含石墨烯材料。层结构还允许优化陶瓷组件、特别是滑动元件的摩擦性。
陶瓷组件的潜在磨耗值的显著减少可以通过有利的改进方案来实现，其中陶瓷组件含有相对于陶瓷组件总体积为6～8体积％的大孔隙。在上下文中，在本发明的意义上，大孔隙是指孔径为10～50μm的孔隙。孔径通过LSM法(激光扫描显微镜)确定。优选地，陶瓷组件没有孔径为1～10μm的微孔隙。无孔意味着在覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料与任意未覆盖的粒状载体材料之间没有微孔隙。因此，陶瓷组件的密度是优化的，从而耐磨耗性也可特别增加同时维持良好的滑动性。
此外，根据本发明，还描述包括第一滑动面的滑动元件，其为根据本发明的陶瓷组件，特别是机械密封件。根据本发明的机械密封件包括具有第一滑动面的旋转第一密封环和具有第二滑动面的固定第二密封环，它们之间限定了密封间隙。如上所述，在根据本发明的机械密封件中，第一密封环或第二密封环，或者特别地，两个密封环设计为根据本发明的滑动元件的形状。通过将机械密封件的一个或甚至两个密封环形成为根据本发明的滑动元件的形状，根据本发明的机械密封件即使在高机械冲击和高温下也可实现高硬度和高弹性模量，从而获得第一和/或第二密封环的高耐磨耗性同时维持良好的滑动性。
另外，根据本发明还描述了包括至少一个如上所述的滑动元件的轴承装置。轴承装置可以例如呈滑动轴承或滚动轴承的形式。特别优选滑动轴承的设计，特别是径向滑动轴承或轴向滑动轴承。滑动轴承的一个或两个滑动元件或者一个或两个滑动面优选依照根据本发明的滑动元件来设计。此类轴承装置优选用于泵或磁力耦合器。
轴承装置优选包括至少一个外滚道(raceway)和一个内滚道，滚动轴承还包括滚动元件。根据本发明，如上所述，外滚道或内滚道或两个滚道设计为根据本发明的滑动元件的形式。如果轴承装置是滚动轴承，则可以可选地或另外地设计根据本发明的滑动元件形式的一个或多个滚动元件。这使得即使在高温和高机械冲击下也实现轴承装置的非常好的耐磨耗性，同时提供非常好的滑动性。
另外，根据本发明描述保持件，特别是例如卫星等空间飞行器中的保持件。此类空间飞行器的保持件或其他组件的优点在于太空中发生的温度变化的冲击对组件没有负面影响。
还根据本发明，将描述覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的制造方法。由于其非常好的机械性能，所制造的载体材料可特别用于改善陶瓷组件，例如密封环或轴承装置的滑动面的耐磨耗性，其中陶瓷组件具有非常好的电导率，特别是在5.3×10-3～5.3×10- 1S/cm的范围内。电导率可以特别通过例如使用惠斯通测量电桥测量电阻率来确定。
该方法首先包括将粒状载体材料分散在分散剂中的步骤。粒状载体材料和分散剂均不受具体限制。特别地，粒状载体材料可以如以上关于根据本发明的滑动元件所述地形成，并且为此目的，有利地可以包括至少一种陶瓷材料，并且特别是SiC。作为分散剂，选择可以使粒状载体材料容易地散布的介质。出于成本和环境原因，优选水性和/或醇分散剂，尤其是含乙醇的分散剂。分散可以例如使用超声和/或搅拌器和/或均化器来进行。粒状载体材料的颗粒在分散剂中的良好散布是至关重要的。
在另一步骤中，进行含多巴胺的碳源、特别是来自于可再生原料的添加。这里，该化合物在适当加工时适于生产含石墨烯材料。换言之，碳源为石墨烯前体。
随后，分散剂将在获得固体物质的同时除去。本文可采用常见的处理步骤，例如通过温度施加来除去分散剂、在旋转蒸发仪中蒸发分散剂或冷冻干燥。固体物质将从待形成的含石墨烯材料用的碳源和粒状载体材料中保留，其中碳源配置在粒状载体材料之上。
之后为碳化化合物的步骤。碳化在温度处理下进行，使得含石墨烯材料至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖粒状载体材料。其所需的热处理可在管式炉中进行，管式炉的温度可容易地控制。
配置在粒状载体材料的表面上的石墨烯前体的直接碳化在载体材料和所制造的石墨烯之间产生材料配合连接。含石墨烯的涂层由此以强且稳定的方式永久地结合至粒状载体材料，导致高耐磨耗性。该方法容易进行，使得能够高产率地制造覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料。
出于环境原因并且还由于该碳源来源于可再生原料，碳源有利地选自由以下组成的组：多巴胺、或者多巴胺和糠醇和/或葡萄糖的混合物。此外，这些化合物在热处理下容易高产率地形成石墨烯。多巴胺的使用为陶瓷组件提供高导电性。
为了增加覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的产率，除去分散剂后获得的固体物质优选在碳化之前粉碎。在粉碎后，固体物质具有小于1mm、特别是小于0.1mm的粒径。因此，温度处理也可在形成含石墨烯的涂层的同时均一地进行。
已经证实包括至少两个步骤的温度过程特别有利于粒状载体材料的含石墨烯涂层的形成。碳化特别地在惰性气氛下在两步温度过程中进行，其中在第一温度步骤中，固体物质使用5℃/min的加热速度在80～180℃下加热并维持在该温度范围下15～25小时，在第二温度步骤中，固体物质使用5℃/min的加热速度加热至600～1500℃并维持在该温度范围下4～8小时。这允许石墨烯前体向石墨烯的几乎完全的转换，使得围绕粒状载体材料的涂层大部分由石墨烯组成，除了技术上不可避免的残留物以外。
在下文中，将公开覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的制造的有利改进方案。
对于使用多巴胺制造石墨烯覆盖的SiC(SiC:多巴胺90:10，重量％)，使用超声浴(15min)将SiC(18g)分散于三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(50mL；H2O中100毫摩尔/L)的溶液中。接着添加多巴胺(2.00g)在三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(50mL；H2O中100毫摩尔/L)中的溶液。将反应混合物保持在室温下同时搅拌另外72h。随后通过冷冻干燥除去水。将干燥粉末在管式炉中在惰性气氛(N2)中碳化(热解)。这通过以5℃/min的步阶(steps)加热至150℃、保持21h、然后以5℃/min的步阶增加至1000℃并热解5h来完成。这里，官能化石墨烯以多巴胺作为碳源在模板介导反应中生产，其中SiC充当模板。还获得石墨烯和SiC的均质混合物。石墨烯涂层大幅改变比表面积(从10至35m2/g)，以及SiC的颜色，所述比表面积如利用Sorptomatic 1990(Protec Hofheim)使用BET法通过N2吸附来测量，从而通过检测吸附至样品表面上的氮气量来确定样品的质量相关的比表面积。产物具有5.2重量％的石墨烯含量。具有石墨烯的涂层产生5.3×10-2S/cm的电导率。
可选地，对于使用多巴胺制造石墨烯覆盖的SiC(SiC:葡萄糖＝80:20，重量％)，使用超声浴(15min)将SiC(16g)分散于三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(50mL；H2O中100毫摩尔/L)的溶液中。接着添加多巴胺(4.00g)在三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷(50mL；H2O中100毫摩尔/L)中的溶液。将反应混合物在搅拌的同时保持在60℃下另外96h。随后通过冷冻干燥除去水。粉碎后，将干燥粉末在管式炉中在惰性气氛(N2)中碳化。这通过以5℃/min的步阶加热至150℃、保持21h、然后以5℃/min的步阶增加至1000℃并热解5h来完成。产物具有8.4重量％的石墨烯含量和66m2/g的比表面积，所述比表面积如利用Sorptomatic 1990(Protec Hofheim)使用BET法通过N2吸附来测量，从而通过检测吸附至样品表面上的氮气量来确定样品的质量相关的比表面积。
前述两项使用多巴胺作为碳源的示例性实施方案显示明显更高的电导率和1～100Ωcm范围的电阻率(室温下)。具有基于多巴胺的石墨烯的涂层导致电导率高度增加至5.3×10-2S/cm。这种高电导率允许使用SPS/FAST法(放电等离子体烧结/场活化烧结)进行SiC-石墨烯纳米复合物的烧结。这允许实现明显更快的烧结周期及改进的材料特性和完全的压实。如果产物是导电的，则也可通过改变环境介质中的电势来具体调整摩擦影响下的摩擦行为。纳米复合物的增加的电导率还允许使用创新的加工工艺如放电加工。
此外，前述两项使用多巴胺作为碳源描述的示例性实施方案显示与仅由粒状载体材料、特别是SiC制成的陶瓷组件相比显著改进的断裂韧性。例如，仅由作为粒状载体材料的SiC制成的组件的断裂韧性为3.00MPa
Figure BDA0002357854540000071
由SiC(粒状载体材料)和覆盖有石墨烯的粒状载体材料的混合物制成的组件，在98重量％的SiC和2重量％的石墨烯覆盖的SiC的百分比的情况下，断裂韧性为3.70MPa
Figure BDA0002357854540000072
包含96重量％的SiC和4重量％的石墨烯覆盖的SiC的组件的断裂韧性为3.72MPa
Figure BDA0002357854540000073
这些实验值说明将石墨烯覆盖的粒状载体材料添加至粒状载体材料可以显著增加此类陶瓷组件的断裂韧性，特别是增加10％以上。应注意的是，在所有实验中，断裂韧性使用SEVNB法测量。因此，与组件中没有石墨烯覆盖的粒状载体材料的陶瓷组件相比，除了改进电导率以外，根据本发明的陶瓷组件还展现增加的断裂韧性。即使陶瓷组件中相对少量、优选1和10重量％之间的石墨烯覆盖的粒状载体材料也足以实现关于电导率和断裂韧性的改进性质。
此外，根据本发明，还描述陶瓷组件的制造方法。由此，该方法还适用于制造如用于上述的机械密封件中的陶瓷组件、轴承装置和滑环。因此，关于优点、有利效果和改进方案，另外参考如上所述的根据本发明的滑动元件。
在根据本发明的方法中，制造陶瓷组件、例如滑动元件，所述陶瓷组件包括特别设计的滑动面。对此，一步生产包括粒状载体材料和至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的混合物。例如，通过上述用于制造覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的方法，可获得覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料。可以例如使用搅拌器和/或均化器和/或超声以常规方式进行混合。
混合物本身可形成为滑动元件，但也可以应用于例如特别是由粒状载体材料构成的基体，然后仅形成滑动元件的滑动面。
在另一步骤中，添加混合物的烧结程序，在粒状载体材料和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的载体材料之间产生材料配合连接，即烧结结合(Sinterverbindung，sinter bond)。具体地，在烧结程序中产生无孔滑动面。通过根据本发明的方法生产的滑动元件的特征在于在简单且由此还具有成本效益的制造方法中即使在高机械和/或热冲击下也具有高稳定性和耐磨耗性。
为了提高陶瓷组件的表面、特别是滑动面的硬度，粒状载体材料有利地选自陶瓷材料，特别是在由以下组成的组中选择：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物，特别是由SiC组成。
为了进一步降低成本同时维持滑动元件的高稳定性，将混合物施加至基体，特别是由陶瓷材料构成的基体，所述陶瓷材料特别选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物，并特别是SiC。
附图说明
下文中，将参考附图详细描述本发明的优选示例性实施方案。在附图中，相同或功能上相同的部件用相同的附图标记标识，其中：
图1是根据本发明的第一示例性实施方案的机械密封件的截面示意图；
图2是图1所示的第二滑环的截面示意图；
图3是根据本发明的第二示例性实施方案的轴承装置的纵向示意图；
图4是图3所示的轴承装置的截面；
图5是图2所示的固定滑环的覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的截面示意图；
图6是根据本发明实施方案的覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料的制造方法的示意图示；
图7是根据本发明实施方案的滑动元件的制造方法的示意图示。
具体实施方式
通过示例性实施方案详细描述本发明。附图仅示出本发明的基本特征，为清楚起见省略了所有其他特征。此外，相同的附图标记表示相同的元件。
图1示意性示出形成为机械密封件装置1的陶瓷组件，包括具有第一滑动面29的旋转滑环2和具有第二滑动面30的固定滑环3。密封间隙4以已知方式限定在两个滑环2、3之间。旋转滑环2经由驱动元件9连接至旋转组件10，如轴套等。附图标记12和13表示O形环。固定滑环3连接至固定组件11，如外壳等。
机械密封件装置1将产品区域20隔开大气区域21而密封。
在本发明的范围内，固定滑环3被视为滑动元件并且在图2中详细示出。固定滑环3包括第二滑动面30。第二滑动面30由包含粒状载体材料6和含石墨烯材料7的烧结材料制成。粒状载体材料6被含石墨烯材料7至少部分地覆盖，使得含石墨烯材料7至少局部地围绕粒状载体材料6的表面。在图2中，含石墨烯材料7示例为完全围绕粒状载体材料6，但这不是必须的。
从图2中还可以看出，第二滑动面30不仅包括覆盖有含石墨烯材料的载体材料5，而且还包括未覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料6。换句话说，第二滑动面30包括粒状载体材料6和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5的混合物。
在此，粒状载体材料6和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5的质量比有利地为80:20至99.5:0.5，尤其是90:10至99.5:0.5。
在所示实施方案中，粒状载体材料6由陶瓷材料构成，所述陶瓷材料特别选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物。由于良好的可加工性、优异的机械性能以及还由于合理的价格，SiC是特别优选的。粒状载体材料6为陶瓷颗粒的形式。
使用陶瓷粒状载体材料6仍具有另一个优点，这在图5中可以清楚地看出：例如，可在粒状载体材料6和含石墨烯材料7之间容易地形成材料配合连接14，通过该配合连接，含石墨烯材料7牢固地结合至粒状载体材料6的表面。在此情况下，其特别是以高稳定性为特征的烧结结合，从而提高耐磨耗性。
由于使用含多巴胺的碳源，在室温下实现约5.3×10-2S/cm的优异的电导率，并同时实现高断裂韧性，特别是大于5MPa
Figure BDA0002357854540000101
类似地，上述说明也可应用于旋转机械密封件2，从而增加本发明所实现的效果。
图3示出轴承装置40的纵向截面。轴承装置40设计为滑动轴承并包括两个径向滑动轴承41和一个轴向滑动轴承42，它们支撑着轴43。为完整起见，图4示出相同的轴承装置40的截面。所示滑动轴承41、42中的至少一个包括由烧结材料形成的滑动面，所述烧结材料包括粒状载体材料和含石墨烯材料，如通过图2中的固定滑环的实例所公开的。粒状载体材料至少部分地被含石墨烯材料围绕，使得含石墨烯材料至少局部地围绕粒状载体材料的表面。
此外，如从图5可以看出的，含石墨烯材料7除了技术上不可避免的残留物以外特别由石墨烯构成，其还以相互上下排列的单独层7a、7b、7c的形式围绕粒状载体材料6。含石墨烯的涂层可以有利地包括100层以下的含石墨烯材料7的层，特别是20层以下的含石墨烯材料7的层，尤其是12层以下的含石墨烯材料7的层。因此，覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5中石墨烯的含量可以明确地控制，还可以控制耐磨耗性。
使用覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5允许制造具有优异的硬度、高弹性模量和优异的耐磨耗性，同时还具有优异的摩擦性、良好的电导率和高断裂韧性的陶瓷组件、特别是滑动元件，例如机械密封件或轴承装置。
图6示出例如如图5所示的覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5的制造过程的示意性过程。首先，在步骤100中，将粒状载体材料6分散在分散剂17中。在本文所示的实施方案中，SiC用作粒状载体材料6。水溶液、纯水或醇溶液可以有利地用作分散剂17。进行分散使得分散后，粒状载体材料6以单个颗粒的形式散布在分散剂17中。在此搅拌器和/或均化器和/或超声的使用可以是有利的。
在步骤200中，添加碳源15，特别是有利地选自由以下组成的组的含碳化合物：多巴胺、或者多巴胺和糠醇和/或葡萄糖的混合物，这是因为这些碳源由可再生原料形成。碳源15是待生产的含石墨烯材料的前体。
随后，在步骤300中，除去分散剂17以获得固体物质16，这可以例如通过在旋转蒸发仪中蒸发分散剂17，和冷冻干燥等，非常容易地进行。干燥将持续到固体物质16的重量保持恒定为止。
现在，所得固体物质16包括粒状载体材料6和配置在粒状载体材料6的表面上的石墨烯前体。可以按原样进一步处理固体物质16，但是在步骤400中，首先粉碎然后碳化。换句话说，对碳源15进行热处理，使得含石墨烯材料7至少部分地，特别是完全地覆盖粒状载体材料6。碳化特别在诸如氮气等的惰性气氛下进行。然而，其他惰性气体也是可以想到的。
在第一温度步骤中，将固体物质16以5℃/min的加热速度加热至80～180℃并且保持在该温度范围下15～25小时，在第二温度步骤中，将固体物质16以5℃/min的加热速度加热至600～1500℃并且保持在该温度范围下4～8小时。
得到覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5，其中含石墨烯材料7以单独层的形式覆盖粒状载体材料6，即至少一层并且有利地100层以下，特别是有利地20层以下，特别有利地12层以下。
图7示出以滑环3的形式例举的根据本发明实施方案的滑动元件的制造方法的示意图示。在处理步骤500中，首先生产粒状载体材料6和至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料5的混合物。粒状载体材料6特别是陶瓷材料，优选选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物，尤其是SiC。混合特别地可以以干式混合进行。随后，在处理步骤600中烧结所得混合物。烧结处理产生以无孔烧结材料为特征的滑环3，因此显著增加滑环3的密度并且还增加磨损量。以此方式生产的滑环3的特征在于即使在严重的机械和/或热冲击下也具有优异的稳定性。
如图7进一步所示，以上步骤500中获得的混合物可施加到基体8上，基体8还特别地由陶瓷材料制成，所述陶瓷材料特别地选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其任意混合物，特别是SiC。这允许节约材料成本同时维持良好品质。
附图标记说明
1 机械密封件装置
2 旋转滑环
3 固定滑环
4 密封间隙
5 覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料
6 粒状载体材料
7 含石墨烯材料
8 基体
9 驱动元件
10 旋转组件
11 外壳
12,13 密封环
14 材料配合连接
15 碳源
16 固体物质
17 分散剂
20 产品区域
21 大气区域
29 第一滑动面
30 第二滑动面
31 背面
40 轴承装置
41 径向滑动轴承
42 轴向滑动轴承
43 轴
X-X 轴向方向
100-600 处理步骤

Claims (19)

1.一种陶瓷组件，其包括：
-粒状载体材料(6)和含石墨烯材料(7)，
-其中粒状载体材料(6)至少部分地覆盖有所述含石墨烯材料(7)，
-在粒状载体材料(6)和含石墨烯材料(7)之间存在材料配合连接(14)，和
-所述陶瓷组件的室温下的电阻率为1Ωcm～100Ωcm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的陶瓷组件，其中粒状载体材料(6)被含石墨烯材料(7)完全覆盖。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的陶瓷组件，其还包括第一基体，所述第一基体仅具有所述粒状载体材料(6)。
4.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件，其中陶瓷组件由粒状载体材料(6)和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料(5)的混合物构成。
5.根据权利要求4所述的陶瓷组件，其中粒状载体材料(6)和覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料(5)的质量比为80:20～99.5:0.5，特别是90:10～99.5:0.5。
6.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件，其中粒状载体材料(6)由陶瓷材料构成，特别选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其混合物，特别是SiC。
7.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件，含石墨烯的覆盖层包括一层至100层的含石墨烯材料(7)的层(7a、7b、7c、7d)，特别是一层至20层的含石墨烯材料(7)的层(7a、7b、7c、7d)和特别是一层至12层的含石墨烯材料(7)的层(7a、7b、7c、7d)。
8.根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件，所述陶瓷组件具有相对于所述陶瓷组件的总体积为6～8体积％的大孔隙。
9.一种滑动元件，其包括第一滑动面，所述滑动元件为根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件。
10.一种机械密封件，其包括：
-具有第一滑动面(29)的旋转第一滑环(2)和具有第二滑动面(30)的固定第二滑环(3)，它们之间限定有密封间隙(4)，
-第一滑环(2)和/或第二滑环(3)为根据权利要求9所述的滑动元件。
11.一种轴承装置，特别是一种滑动轴承或滚动轴承，特别是径向滑动轴承(41)或轴向滑动轴承(42)，其包括根据权利要求9所述的至少一种滑动元件。
12.一种空间飞行器用保持件，其为根据前述权利要求任一项所述的陶瓷组件。
13.一种覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料(5)的制造方法，其包括以下步骤：
-将粒状载体材料(6)分散(100)在分散剂(17)中，
-添加(200)含多巴胺的碳源(15)、特别是含碳化合物(15)，
-除去(300)分散剂(17)从而获得固体物质(16)，和
-将碳源(15)碳化(400)以使含石墨烯材料(7)至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖粒状载体材料(6)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，其中碳源(15)选自由以下组成的组：
-多巴胺、或者多巴胺和糠醇和/或葡萄糖的混合物。
15.根据权利要求12或13所述的方法，其中在除去分散剂(17)之后获得的固体物质(16)在碳化前粉碎。
16.根据权利要求13至15任一项所述的方法，其中在惰性气氛下在两步温度过程中进行碳化，其中在第一温度步骤中将固体物质(16)以5℃/min的加热速度加热至80～180℃并保持在该温度范围下15～25小时，和在第二温度步骤中将固体物质(16)以5℃/min的加热速度加热至600～1500℃并保持在该温度范围下4～8小时。
17.一种具有滑动面的滑动元件或轴承装置或陶瓷组件的制造方法，其包括以下步骤：
-制备包含粒状载体材料(6)和至少部分地、特别是完全地覆盖有含石墨烯材料的粒状载体材料(5)的混合物(500)，和
-烧结(600)所述混合物。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其中粒状载体材料(6)为陶瓷材料，特别选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其混合物，特别是SiC。
19.根据权利要求17或18所述的方法，其中将混合物(500)施加至基体(8)，其中所述基体(8)特别由陶瓷材料制成，所述陶瓷材料特别选自由以下组成的组：SiC、WC、B4C、BN、Si3N4、Al2O3、MgO、ZrO2及其混合物，特别是SiC。
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