CN110896806A

CN110896806A - High-efficiency cultivation method of bitter gourds suitable for southern acid soil

Info

Publication number: CN110896806A
Application number: CN201911392741.8A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王瑾; 苏天明
Original assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Current assignee: Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Priority date: 2019-12-30
Filing date: 2019-12-30
Publication date: 2020-03-24

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to an efficient cultivation method of bitter gourds suitable for southern acid soil, which comprises the following steps: step S1, seedling raising; step S2, soil preparation; step S3, transplanting; step S4, building a frame; step S5, field management; step S6, pest control; and step S7, harvesting. The pH value of the soil is adjusted by spreading lime and applying the prepared alkaline base fertilizer, so that the soil meets the planting environment required by the bitter gourds; a single-row thin planting mode is adopted, the vine is reasonably guided by matching with the improved herringbone bamboo frame, namely, a mode of double-vine double-guide and top bidirectional bifurcation is adopted, so that the vine is spread as far as possible, the ventilation and light transmittance is enhanced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, and the quality and commodity rate of the bitter gourds are improved.

Description

High-efficiency cultivation method of bitter gourds suitable for southern acid soil

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to an efficient cultivation method of bitter gourds suitable for southern acid soil.

Background

The bitter gourd is one of vegetable varieties widely planted and practical in southern China, but in southern China, most of the soil distributed in the southern China is iron-alumina mainly comprising brick red soil, red soil, red soil and yellow soil, the 'matrix soil' is various 'acidic' and basic rocks, the pH value of the soil is generally 4.5-6.0, the bitter gourd is suitable for loose root system growth, the pH range of the soil is 5.5-6.5, and the soil is over-acid and easily causes soil-borne diseases or is not beneficial to root system growth and development. Therefore, the bitter gourd planting in the southern area needs to consider the improvement of soil organic matters and the proper improvement of pH value. Meanwhile, as the bitter gourds are climbing plants, the bitter gourds are required to be built in time to pull vines and reasonably pull the vines. At present, most of the greenhouse for planting the bitter gourds is a n-shaped greenhouse frame, the bitter gourds are planted in two rows, the bitter gourds and vines are tightly climbed, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, and the bitter gourds and vines are easy to infect diseases and insect pests. And in the planting period, multiple times of pruning are generally needed, and the lateral vines at the base parts of the main vines, which are 60-80cm away from the ground, are cut off, so that labor is consumed.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to overcome the defects that acid soil in the south is not suitable for planting bitter gourds, the vines of the bitter gourds are dense, diseases and insect pests are easy to infect and the like in the prior art, and provides an efficient cultivation method of the bitter gourds, which is suitable for the acid soil in the south.

A high-efficiency cultivation method of bitter gourds suitable for southern acid soil comprises the following steps:

step S1, seedling raising: soaking seeds in warm water of 50-55 ℃ for disinfection for 15-20 minutes, then soaking in cold water for 4-6 hours, sowing the seeds after the seeds are exposed to the white, and raising seedlings by adopting a seedling raising tray;

step S2, soil preparation and soil improvement: deeply ploughing the soil by 40-50cm, harrowing the soil, applying a base fertilizer, then, making ridges, namely high ridge deep grooves, wherein the ridge surface is 20-30cm higher than the grooves, and reducing the possibility that roots are soaked in water and rot in rainy seasons; the applied base fertilizer is prepared by mixing the following components: 3000-6000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure or 1000-3000 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer plus 40-80kg of quick lime, 25-50 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20-50 kg/mu of plant ash and 20-50 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate;

step S3, transplanting: transplanting after 3-4 true leaves grow out of the balsam pear seedlings, adopting single-row planting with the planting density as follows: the plant spacing is 0.8-1.2m, and the row spacing is 1.2-1.7 m;

step S4, bridging: herringbone planting frames are arranged on two sides of each planting row, each bitter gourd seedling corresponds to one herringbone planting frame, the tops of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent plants are connected through a cross rod, the tops of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent rows are connected through a longitudinal rod, and the cross rods and the longitudinal rods of the planting field form a grid shape;

step S5, field management: when the main vines grow to 20-30cm, 3-4 lateral branches with vigorous growth are selected and cultured; when the top ends of the main tendrils and the lateral branches of the bitter gourd seedlings are 50-60cm away from the ground, the main tendrils and the lateral branches are respectively guided to the supporting rods of the herringbone planting frames on the two sides; topping after the vines climb to the top end of the herringbone planting frame, and leading the branch vines to the cross rods and the longitudinal rods respectively; is convenient for removing some blades and keeping ventilation

Step S6, pest control: the diseases of the balsam pear mainly comprise downy mildew, anthracnose, epidemic disease, powdery mildew, blight damping-off and root rot, the insect pests mainly comprise aphids, diaphania cucullata, melon flies and root-knot nematodes, and the diseases are comprehensively controlled by adopting the existing physical, biological and chemical methods;

step S7, harvesting: harvesting fructus Momordicae Charantiae in time after ripening.

Further, in step S1, selecting the quality of the balsam pear with good resistance, easy melon bearing and high yield for seedling culture, wherein the variety of the balsam pear is Guinong Ke No. 8 or Jinxiu No. 6.

Further, in step S1, organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, thoroughly decomposed straw and fine soil are mixed uniformly according to the weight ratio of (10-20): (0.5-1): (10-15): (10-20): (70-80) and then spread to seedling raising holes of a seedling raising tray, and one seed is planted in each seedling raising hole. The self-prepared seedling culture medium is good in nutrition and can reduce the cost for purchasing the seedling culture medium.

Further, in step S2, before plowing, quicklime is spread on the soil for sterilization, and the spreading amount of the quicklime is 160-220 kg/mu.

Further, in step S4, the herringbone planting frame includes four support rods, two of the four support rods are distributed on two sides of the planting row and are obliquely inserted into the soil, the four support rods intersect above the planting row, and the lower portions of the support rods of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent plants are arranged in a crossing manner. The structure is stable and favorable for the growth of the lateral branches of the balsam pear vines.

Furthermore, the heights of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent planting rows are different, and the herringbone planting frames of the whole planting field are in a wave shape. Is favorable for the extension of the vines and branches and leaves.

Further, in step S5, applying 5-10kg of urea and 5-8kg of monopotassium phosphate to each mu 3-5 days after the bitter gourds are planted in the field, and then properly controlling water and fertilizer to prevent the plants and leaves from overgrowing; topdressing for 1 time at intervals of 7-10 days in the melon-bearing period, and topdressing 5-10kg of urea or 10-20kg of diammonium phosphate per mu; applying 2-3 times of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in full bearing period, wherein 5-10kg of calcium superphosphate and 5-8kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied per mu each time; after the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is applied properly to prevent and control premature senility of the plants.

Further, in step S6, the control of downy mildew, epidemic disease and powdery mildew is carried out by metalaxyl, cotidant and azoxystrobin spraying respectively; the anthracnose is controlled by any one of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 80% thiram wettable powder; filling the bag with hymexazol or hymexazol-methyl; root knot nematode disease is prevented by filling a bag after the root knot nematode disease is planted and survived; the aphids are comprehensively controlled by adopting a physical and chemical method, the physical method is to hang a yellow or blue trap, and the chemical method is to use imidacloprid or high-power minister spray for control; spraying avermectin or cypermethrin emulsifiable solution for preventing and treating diaphania cucullata; the melon fly is trapped, killed and controlled by using a trap plate or spraying a sex attractant on an adhesive plate.

Further, in step S6, arranging an insect attracting device on the ground of the field, wherein the insect attracting device comprises: the insect attracting lamp comprises an insect attracting yellow board, a plastic bottle and an insect killing lamp, wherein a fluorescent sheet is arranged on the insect attracting yellow board; a hanging rope or a hook is arranged at the top of the plastic bottle, a circle of insect-attracting yellow board is wrapped at the outer side of the lower part of the plastic bottle, and a sex attractant is sprayed on the upper part of the plastic bottle; the insecticidal lamp stands on the ground through the upright post.

Further, the device also comprises a pest trapping blue plate, wherein the pest trapping blue plate, the pest trapping yellow plate and the plastic bottle are hung on the herringbone planting frame at intervals. Furthermore, the plastic bottle is a waste mineral water bottle, and the insecticidal lamp is a frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp.

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: according to the application, the pH value of the soil is adjusted by spreading lime and applying the prepared alkaline base fertilizer, so that the soil meets the planting environment required by the bitter gourds. A single-row thin planting mode is adopted, the vine is reasonably guided by matching with the improved herringbone bamboo frame, namely, a mode of double-vine double-guide and top bidirectional bifurcation is adopted, so that the vine is spread as far as possible, the ventilation and light transmittance is enhanced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, and the quality and commodity rate of the bitter gourds are improved.

Drawings

Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the bitter melon shelf and the trapping device of the invention.

Description of the main reference numerals: 1-herringbone planting frame, 101-support rod, 2-cross rod, 3-longitudinal rod, 4-insect-attracting yellow plate, 5-plastic bottle, 6-insecticidal lamp, 7-fluorescent sheet, 8-hanging rope, 9-upright column and 10-insect-attracting blue plate.

Detailed Description

The following detailed description of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, but it should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments.

Example 1

The test was located in the waring area of south-ning, Guangxi, where the soil pH was measured to be 4.5 before planting. The variety of the balsam pear cultivated this time is Jinxiu No. 6. The cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step S1, seedling raising: and seedling in last 5 months in 2018. Soaking seeds in warm water of 50 ℃ for disinfection for 20 minutes, then soaking in cold water for 4 hours, and sowing the seeds after the seeds are exposed. Adopting a seedling raising tray to raise seedlings, and mixing organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, thoroughly decomposed straw and a proper amount of fine soil according to the weight ratio of 10: 1: 10: 15: 80 evenly mixed and then spread on seedling raising holes of a seedling raising tray, and one seed is sowed in each seedling raising hole.

Step S2, soil preparation and soil improvement: before ploughing, spreading quicklime on the soil for disinfection, wherein the spreading amount of the quicklime is 220 kg/mu. Deeply ploughing the soil by 40-50cm, harrowing the soil, applying a base fertilizer, then, making ridges, namely high ridge deep grooves, wherein the ridge surface is 20-30cm higher than the grooves, and reducing the possibility that roots are soaked in water and rot in rainy seasons; the applied base fertilizer is prepared by mixing the following components: 3000 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer, 60kg of quicklime and 25 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer.

Step S3, transplanting: in the last ten days of 5 months, transplanting balsam pear seedlings after 3-4 true leaves grow out, and planting in a single row with the planting density: the plant spacing is 1.2m, and the row spacing is 1.7 m.

Step S4, bridging: herringbone planting frames 1 are arranged on two sides of each planting row, each bitter gourd seedling corresponds to one herringbone planting frame 1, the tops of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent plants are connected through a cross rod 2, and the tops of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent rows are connected through a longitudinal rod 3. The specific structure of the balsam pear frame refers to fig. 1. The herringbone planting frame 1 comprises four supporting rods 101, the four supporting rods 101 are distributed on two sides of a planting row in pairs and are obliquely inserted into soil, the four supporting rods 101 are intersected above the planting row, and the lower parts of the supporting rods 101 of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent plants are arranged in a crossed mode. The herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent planting rows are different in height, and the herringbone planting frames 1 in the whole planting field are wavy in height.

Step S5, field management: after 3 days of field planting of the balsam pear, 10kg of urea and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied to each mu, and then water and fertilizer are properly controlled to prevent the excessive growth of plants and leaves; topdressing 1 time of fertilizer every 8 days in the melon-bearing period, and topdressing 10kg of urea per mu; applying the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer for 3 times in the full bearing period, wherein 5kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied to each mu each time; after the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants.

Selecting and culturing 3-4 lateral branches with vigorous growth vigor when the main vines grow to 20-30 cm; when the top ends of the main tendrils and the lateral branches of the bitter gourd seedlings are 50-60cm away from the ground, the main tendrils and the lateral branches are respectively led onto the supporting rods of the herringbone planting frames 1 on the two sides; and after climbing to the top end of the herringbone planting frame 1, topping, and guiding the branch vines to the cross rods 2 and the longitudinal rods 3 respectively.

Step S6, pest control: arranging an insect attracting device on the field. The main diseases of the balsam pear are charcoal maggot disease and downy mildew; the pesticide is applied once in about 10 days, 6 mu of land, and the cost of 1000 jin of water and the pesticide (foliar fertilizer, carbon maggot disease, leaf spot disease, epidemic disease, downy mildew, green worm, thrips and aphid) is about 380 yuan. Compared with the traditional balsam pear planting method, the cost is saved by about 200 yuan when the balsam pear is taken once every 5 to 7 days.

As shown in fig. 1, the insect attracting means includes: the insect attracting lamp comprises an insect attracting yellow board 4, a plastic bottle 5 and an insect killing lamp 6, wherein a fluorescent sheet 7 is arranged on the insect attracting yellow board 4. The top of the plastic bottle 5 is provided with a hanging rope 8, the outer side of the lower part of the plastic bottle 5 is wrapped with a circle of insect-attracting yellow board 4, and the upper part of the plastic bottle 5 is sprayed with a sex attractant. The insect-attracting yellow plates 4 are cut according to the size of the plastic bottle 5, and the cut insect-attracting yellow plates 4 are wrapped by the plastic bottle 5 for a circle and then fixed through glue adhering interfaces. The plastic bottle 5 is a waste mineral water bottle, the bottle cap end of the mineral water bottle faces upwards, and the hanging rope 8 can be tied to the bottleneck of the mineral water bottle. The insect attracting device further comprises an insect attracting blue plate 10, and the insect attracting blue plate 10, the insect attracting yellow plate 4 and the plastic bottle 5 are hung on the herringbone planting frame at intervals. The insecticidal lamp 6 stands on the ground through a vertical column 9. The insecticidal lamp is a frequency vibration type insecticidal lamp. One per mu is placed.

Step S7, harvesting: and (4) harvesting the ripe bitter gourds in time from the beginning of 7 months to the end of 10 months. After the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants. The yield of the balsam pear is as follows: 3022.1 kg/mu. And simultaneously, sampling and measuring index parameters of the bitter gourds.

Comparative example 1

The control group was set for planting in the same place as in example 1. The variety of the planted balsam pear is also Jinxiu No. 6. The planting method adopts a traditional planting method. The seedling culture adopts a seedling culture substrate sold in the market. And quicklime is not spread before plowing. The base fertilizer is decomposed farmyard manure 6000 kg/mu. The planting density is as follows: the planting density is as follows: the plant spacing is 0.6m, and the row spacing is 1.0 m. And (3) applying 10kg of urea to each mu 3 days after the field planting of the balsam pear. In the fruiting period, 10kg of urea is additionally applied once every 10 days. Meanwhile, a traditional herringbone planting frame (the top is not provided with a transverse rod and a longitudinal rod) is adopted. Cutting off all branches of the balsam pear seedlings which are 60cm below the ground. The disease and pest management aspect adopts the common medicament spraying prevention, and the medicament is sprayed once every 5 to 7 days. And planting the seeds according to a conventional method. The yield of the balsam pear is 1847.6 kg/mu.

Example 2

The test is located in the starting ecological low-ring agriculture demonstration area of the Wuming area in south-Guangxi, and the pH value of soil measured before planting is 6. The variety of the balsam pear cultivated at this time is Guinong Ke No. 8. The cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step S1, seedling raising: and culturing seedlings in 5-month middle ten days in 2019. Soaking seeds in warm water at 53 deg.C for 16 min, soaking in cold water for 5 hr, and sowing. Adopting a seedling raising tray to raise seedlings, and mixing organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, thoroughly decomposed straw and a proper amount of fine soil according to the weight ratio of 20: 0.5: 15: 15: 70 evenly mixing the mixture, spreading the mixture to seedling raising holes of a seedling raising tray, and sowing one seed in each seedling raising hole.

Step S2, soil preparation and soil improvement: before ploughing, spreading quicklime on the soil for disinfection, wherein the spreading amount of the quicklime is 160 kg/mu. Deeply ploughing the soil by 40-50cm, harrowing the soil, applying a base fertilizer, then, making ridges, namely high ridge deep grooves, wherein the ridge surface is 20-30cm higher than the grooves, and reducing the possibility that roots are soaked in water and rot in rainy seasons; the applied base fertilizer is prepared by mixing the following components: 2000 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer and 40 kg/mu of plant ash.

Step S3, transplanting: in late ten days of 5 months, transplanting balsam pear seedlings after 3-4 true leaves grow, and planting in a single row with the planting density: the plant spacing is 1.0m, and the row spacing is 1.5 m.

Step S5, field management: 4 days after the balsam pear is fixedly planted, 6kg of urea and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate are additionally applied to each mu, and then water and fertilizer are properly controlled to prevent the excessive growth of plants and leaves; applying additional fertilizer for 1 time every 10 days in the melon-bearing period, and applying 10kg of diammonium phosphate; applying 2-3 times of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in full bearing period, and applying 8kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate each time; after the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants.

Step S6, pest control: arranging an insect attracting device on the field. The main diseases of the balsam pear are charcoal maggot disease and downy mildew; the pesticide is applied once in about 10 days, 6 mu of land, and the cost of 1000 jin of water and the pesticide (foliar fertilizer, carbon maggot disease, leaf spot disease, epidemic disease, downy mildew, green worm, thrips and aphid) is about 380 yuan. Compared with the traditional balsam pear planting method, the cost is saved by about 300 yuan when the balsam pear is taken once every 5 to 7 days.

Step S7, harvesting: and (4) harvesting the ripe bitter gourds in time from the beginning of 7 months to the end of 10 months. After the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants. The yield of the balsam pear is as follows: 3274.6 kg/mu. And simultaneously, sampling and measuring index parameters of the bitter gourds.

Comparative example 2

The control group was set for planting in the same place as in example 2. The variety of the planted balsam pear is also Guinong Ke No. 8. The seedling culture adopts a seedling culture substrate sold in the market. And quicklime is not spread before plowing. The base fertilizer is selected from 2000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer sold in the market and 40 kg/mu of plant ash. The planting density is as follows: double row close planting method. And (3) applying 10kg of urea to each mu 3 days after the field planting of the balsam pear. In the fruiting period, 10kg of urea is additionally applied once every 10 days. Meanwhile, a planting frame of a steel frame structure is adopted, and a net rope is arranged at the top of the planting frame. Cutting off the branches of the balsam pear seedlings which are 90cm away from the ground. The disease and pest management aspect adopts the common medicament spraying prevention, and the medicament is sprayed once every 5 to 7 days. And planting the seeds according to a conventional method. The yield of the balsam pear is 2879.5 kg/mu.

Example 3

The test is located in Longan county of south Ning City, Guangxi, and the pH value of the soil is measured to be 5.5 before planting. The variety of the balsam pear cultivated at this time is Guinong Ke No. 8. The cultivation method comprises the following steps:

step S1, seedling raising: and 6, seedling in late 6 months in 2019. Soaking seeds in warm water at 55 ℃ for disinfection for 15 minutes, then soaking in cold water for 6 hours, and sowing the seeds after the seeds are exposed. Adopting a seedling raising tray to raise seedlings, and mixing organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, thoroughly decomposed straw and a proper amount of fine soil according to the weight ratio of 15: 1: 15: 15: 80 evenly mixed and then spread on seedling raising holes of a seedling raising tray, and one seed is sowed in each seedling raising hole.

Step S2, soil preparation and soil improvement: before ploughing, spreading quicklime on the soil for disinfection, wherein the spreading amount of the quicklime is 200 kg/mu. Deeply ploughing the soil by 40-50cm, harrowing the soil, applying a base fertilizer, then, making ridges, namely high ridge deep grooves, wherein the ridge surface is 20-30cm higher than the grooves, and reducing the possibility that roots are soaked in water and rot in rainy seasons; the applied base fertilizer is prepared by mixing the following components: 3000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure and 50 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate.

Step S3, transplanting: in the late middle and late 6 months, the balsam pear seedlings can be transplanted after 3-4 true leaves grow, single-row planting is adopted, and the planting density is as follows: the plant spacing is 0.8m, and the row spacing is 1.2 m.

Step S4, bridging: herringbone planting frames 1 are arranged on two sides of each planting row, each bitter gourd seedling corresponds to one herringbone planting frame 1, the tops of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent plants are connected through a cross rod 2, and the tops of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent rows are connected through a longitudinal rod 3. The specific structure of the balsam pear frame refers to fig. 1. The herringbone planting frame 1 comprises four supporting rods 101, the four supporting rods 101 are distributed on two sides of a planting row in pairs and are obliquely inserted into soil, the four supporting rods 101 are intersected above the planting row, and the lower parts of the supporting rods 101 of the herringbone planting frames 1 of two adjacent plants are arranged in a crossed mode.

Step S5, field management: 5 days after the balsam pear is fixedly planted, 5kg of urea and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate are additionally applied to each mu, and then water and fertilizer are properly controlled to prevent the excessive growth of plants and leaves; applying additional fertilizer for 1 time every 10 days in the melon-bearing period, and applying 10kg of urea; applying phosphorus-potassium fertilizer for 3 times in full bearing period, and applying 6kg of calcium superphosphate and 5kg of monopotassium phosphate each time; after the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants.

Step S6, pest control: arranging an insect attracting device on the field. The main diseases of the balsam pear are charcoal maggot disease and downy mildew; the pesticide is applied once in about 10 days, 6 mu of land, and the cost of 1000 jin of water and the pesticide (foliar fertilizer, carbon maggot disease, leaf spot disease, epidemic disease, downy mildew, green worm, thrips and aphid) is about 390 yuan. Compared with the traditional balsam pear planting method, the cost is saved by about 250 yuan when the balsam pear is taken once every 5 to 7 days.

Step S7, harvesting: 7 months later, 11 months later, and the balsam pear is collected in time after being mature. After the melons are picked each time, a phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is properly applied to prevent and treat premature senility of the plants. The yield of the balsam pear is as follows: 3503.2 kg/mu. And simultaneously, sampling and measuring index parameters of the bitter gourds.

Comparative example 3

The control group was set for planting in the same place as in example 3. The variety of the planted balsam pear is also Guinong Ke No. 8. The seedling culture adopts a seedling culture substrate sold in the market. And quicklime is not spread before plowing. The base fertilizer is decomposed farmyard manure 3000 kg/mu. The planting density is as follows: double row close planting method. And (3) applying 10kg of urea to each mu 3 days after the field planting of the balsam pear. In the fruiting period, 10kg of urea is additionally applied once every 10 days. Meanwhile, a traditional herringbone planting frame (the top is not provided with a transverse rod and a longitudinal rod) is adopted. Cutting off all branches of the balsam pear seedlings which are 60cm below the ground. The disease and pest management aspect adopts the common medicament spraying prevention, and the medicament is sprayed once every 5 to 7 days. And planting the seeds according to a conventional method. The yield of the balsam pear is 2237.4 kg/mu.

The yield and various indexes of the bitter gourds planted by the different planting methods are shown in the table below.

As can be seen from the above table, the balsam pear has significant advantages in yield and quality under the characteristic conditions of fertilization and cultivation compared with the traditional fertilization and cultivation methods. In particular to vitamin C and crude protein, provides favorable theoretical basis for producing high-quality balsam pear.

In conclusion, the method adjusts the fertilizer formula and reasonably guides the vines by matching with the improved herringbone bamboo frame, so that the vines are spread as much as possible, the ventilation and light transmission are enhanced, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests can be reduced, and the quality and commodity rate of the single bitter gourd are improved.

The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and its practical application to enable one skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention and various alternatives and modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. The efficient cultivation method of the bitter gourds suitable for the acid soil in the south is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

step S2, soil preparation and soil improvement: deeply ploughing the soil by 40-50cm, harrowing the soil, applying a base fertilizer, then, making ridges, raising deep furrows, wherein the ridge surface is 20-30cm higher than the furrows, and reducing the rotting of roots soaked in water in rainy seasons; the applied base fertilizer is prepared by mixing the following components: 3000-6000 kg/mu of decomposed farmyard manure or 1000-3000 kg/mu of commercial organic fertilizer plus 40-80kg of quick lime, 25-50 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 20-50 kg/mu of plant ash and 20-50 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate;

step S5, field management: when the main vines grow to 20-30cm, 3-4 lateral branches with vigorous growth are selected and cultured; when the top ends of the main tendrils and the lateral branches of the bitter gourd seedlings are 50-60cm away from the ground, the main tendrils and the lateral branches are respectively guided to the supporting rods of the herringbone planting frames on the two sides; topping after the vines climb to the top end of the herringbone planting frame, and leading the branch vines to the cross rods and the longitudinal rods respectively;

2. The efficient cultivation method of balsam pear according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, the variety of balsam pear is Guinong' S family No. 8 or Jinxiu No. 6.

3. The efficient cultivation method of balsam pear according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, organic fertilizer, calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, plant ash, thoroughly decomposed straw and fine soil are mixed uniformly according to the weight ratio of (10-20), (0.5-1), (10-15), (10-20), (70-80), and then are spread in seedling raising holes of a seedling raising tray, and one seed is planted in each seedling raising hole.

4. The efficient cultivation method for bitter gourds according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, quicklime is spread on the soil for disinfection before plowing, and the spreading amount of quicklime is 160-220 kg/mu.

5. The method for cultivating the balsam pear efficiently according to claim 1, wherein the herringbone planting frames comprise four support rods in step S4, two support rods are distributed on two sides of the planting rows and obliquely inserted into the soil, the four support rods are intersected above the planting rows, and the lower parts of the support rods of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent plants are intersected.

6. The method for efficiently cultivating the balsam pears according to claim 5, wherein the heights of the herringbone planting frames of two adjacent planting rows are different, and the herringbone planting frames of the whole planting field are in a wave shape.

7. The efficient cultivation method of balsam pears as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S5, after 3-5 days of field planting of balsam pears, 5-10kg of urea and 5-8kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied per mu, and then water and fertilizer are properly controlled to prevent excessive growth of plants and leaves; topdressing for 1 time at intervals of 7-10 days in the melon-bearing period, and topdressing 5-10kg of urea or 10-20kg of diammonium phosphate per mu; and (3) additionally applying 2-3 times of phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in the full bearing period, wherein 5-10kg of calcium superphosphate and 5-8kg of monopotassium phosphate are applied per mu each time.

8. The efficient cultivation method of bitter gourd according to claim 1, wherein in step S6, downy mildew, epidemic disease, and powdery mildew are respectively controlled by metalaxyl, cotidant, and azoxystrobin spray; the anthracnose is controlled by any one of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 80% thiram wettable powder; filling the bag with hymexazol or hymexazol-methyl; root knot nematode disease is prevented by filling a bag after the root knot nematode disease is planted and survived; the aphids are comprehensively controlled by adopting a physical and chemical method, the physical method is to hang a yellow or blue trap, and the chemical method is to use imidacloprid or high-power minister spray for control; spraying avermectin or cypermethrin emulsifiable solution for preventing and treating diaphania cucullata; the melon fly is trapped, killed and controlled by using a trap plate or spraying a sex attractant on an adhesive plate.

9. The efficient cultivation method of balsam pear as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step S6, an insect attracting device is arranged on the ground in the field, the insect attracting device comprises: the insect attracting lamp comprises an insect attracting yellow board, a plastic bottle and an insect killing lamp, wherein a fluorescent sheet is arranged on the insect attracting yellow board; a hanging rope or a hook is arranged at the top of the plastic bottle, a circle of insect-attracting yellow board is wrapped at the outer side of the lower part of the plastic bottle, and a sex attractant is sprayed on the upper part of the plastic bottle; the insecticidal lamp stands on the ground through the upright post.

10. The efficient cultivation method of balsam pears as claimed in claim 9, further comprising insect-attracting blue plates, wherein the insect-attracting blue plates, the insect-attracting yellow plates and the plastic bottles are hung on the herringbone planting racks at intervals.