CN110692450B - Construction method of shade-tolerant plant community of nature-like ecological landscape in North China - Google Patents
Construction method of shade-tolerant plant community of nature-like ecological landscape in North China Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for constructing a natural ecological landscape shade-enduring plant community in North China, which is characterized in that three layers of herbaceous plant communities are configured in a selected area, wherein the herbaceous plant communities comprise elevated plants, middle-layer plants and basal-layer plants.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of garden landscapes, in particular to a method for constructing a shade-tolerant plant community of a simulated natural ecological landscape in North China.
Background
With the continuous development of society and the continuous improvement of economic level of people, people hope to achieve the aim of continuously improving living standard and have further requirements on the living environment of the people. At present, people show unprecedented enthusiasm for garden green land construction under the background of creating a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and establishing an ecological civilization beautiful Chinese. As the only living infrastructure in cities and towns, landscaping construction is continuously developed, however, some phenomena of anti-natural and non-sustainable development appear in the landscaping construction, such as the blind introduction of foreign species for excessively pursuing beauty and neglecting the stability of plant communities; the plant community is unreasonable to be configured, and the species have a mutual competition relationship; the maintenance and management of the green land are not in place, and unnecessary loss is caused.
The artificial natural garden plant landscape is a plant landscape which is extracted by people through art by combining the growth and distribution rules of plants in natural landscape and is applied to landscaping. The nature-imitated garden landscape not only has original natural biological aesthetic feeling, but also meets the requirement of people on returning to nature, the design of the nature-imitated garden landscape inherits the principle of sustainable development, and plays an increasingly important role in the process of improving the urban status and creating the urban image. Therefore, the application of the nature-like plant landscape in landscaping is more and more popular. The native plants are plants which can adapt to local environment or originate from local, the plants can be subjected to a long evolution process in the local and can be most suitable for the local habitat conditions, and the physiological, genetic and morphological characteristics of the native plants are suitable for the local natural conditions, so that the native plants have strong adaptability and become preferred species of the plant landscape simulating the natural garden.
In general, the following problems occur after the conventional flower bed and flower sea landscape are planted: plants need to be watered continuously all year round, and a large amount of water resources are consumed; in the maintenance period of the flower field, multiple times of weeding, fertilization, pruning and the like are needed, so that the maintenance cost is huge; the landscape can generally last for 1-3 years, has short duration, and needs to be replaced and planted again frequently.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for constructing a shade-tolerant plant community simulating a natural ecological landscape in North China, which has the advantages of water resource saving, low cost, long sustainable time, rich variety of species and less manual management in the later period.
The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions: a method for constructing a pseudo-natural ecological landscape shade-tolerant plant community in a northern China area comprises the steps of configuring three layers of herbaceous plant communities in a selected area, wherein the three layers of herbaceous plant communities are formed by sowing elevated plants, middle layer plants and basal layer plants, the heights of the plants of the elevated plants, the middle layer plants and the basal layer plants are sequentially reduced, the elevated plants are planted in a mixed mode in the vertical direction, the deep root system plants are selected as the elevated plants, the plants of the middle layer plants are selected as the plants with root systems deep between the deep root system plants and the shallow root system plants, and the basal layer plants are selected as the shallow root system plants.
By adopting the technical scheme, the plant community species is selected mainly by taking the root system depth of the plant as a selection standard, and plants with different root system depths are respectively selected by each plant community layer to be respectively positioned at different ground layers, so that water and nutrients of different layers are absorbed, and manual watering is not needed; the elevated layer is made of deep root plants, and the roots of the plants can go deep into the underground deeper position to search for water sources, so that the water sources of the plants in the elevated layer can be ensured to be sufficient, and the plants in the elevated layer cannot compete with other plants in the water sources; the middle layer selects plants with root depth between the deep root system and the shallow root system plants, the root system of the plants in the middle layer is between the deep root system and the shallow root system plants, and the plants have sufficient water and other nutrients, so that the plants can be promoted to grow healthily; the substrate layer is made of plants with shallow root systems, and the plants with the shallow root systems can absorb shallow underground water and other nutrients, so that the plants with the shallow root systems on the substrate layer can grow well.
The invention is further configured to: the selected area was thoroughly weeded prior to placement of the three herbaceous plant communities.
By adopting the technical scheme, the growth of residual weeds in the area is prevented from influencing the stability and the aesthetic property of the plant community after the plant community is constructed, and manpower and material resources for treating the weeds are required to be input. Thus, there is a need for complete removal of weeds that may grow in areas where plant populations are pre-established.
The invention is further configured to: and laying a substrate layer on the surface of the weeding area.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the plant is not planted to the matrix layer, but has wholly laid saw-dust or little gravel subaerial, both can play fine effect of keeping moisture, can effectively prevent ruderal clump again, to a certain extent, has played the important role to plant community water economy resource and reduction weeding cost. Therefore, it is necessary to lay a substrate layer on the area where the plant colony is to be established after thorough weeding.
The invention is further configured to: the selected plants are perennial native plants in the north China or perennial plants growing well in the north China.
By adopting the technical scheme, on one hand, compared with introduced species, the native plants undergo a long evolution process locally and can be most suitable for local habitat conditions and natural conditions, and in addition, non-native plants are perennial plants which grow well in North China, so that the growth condition in local soil is better, and the required growth conditions are wider; on the other hand, perennial plants have long duration, and the selected perennial plants have long duration of 10-15 years, while most of common perennial plants can only last 2-3 years, and flowers of 1-2 years even can only last several months and need to be replaced again, so that the selected perennial plants have lower cost than common perennial plants and 1-2 year plants. The selected plants are perennial native plants in the north China or perennial plants growing well in the north China.
The invention is further configured to: the plants in the constructed plant community are all in symbiotic relation.
Through adopting above-mentioned technical scheme, the selection of plant species has certain requirement within each layer of plant community and between each layer of plant community, all should be symbiotic relation between the above-mentioned plant species, so that all plants of whole plant community can better jointly grow and further mature, if there is competition or other relations between them, can influence this layer of plant community and even the growth of plant in the whole plant community survives even, therefore, in order to make the plant in the whole plant community all can be better grow and survive, should select for use within each layer of plant community and between each layer of plant community each other for the plant of symbiotic relation.
The invention is further configured to: the species of the plants planted in different community levels are different, 1-2 elevated level plants are selected, 7-10 middle level plants are selected, and 2-3 basal level plants are selected.
By adopting the technical scheme, the plant species of the elevated layer are less, the main function of the plant layer is to play a role of skeleton support, and the number of the plant species is not too much, so that 1-2 plants are preferably selected to prevent the plant layer from competing for insects attracted by the middle layer to influence the species diversity of the middle layer; the intermediate layer has more plant types, bears the ornamental value, the seasonal phase change, the color collocation, the color sensation change and the like of the whole plant community, gives original natural biological aesthetic feeling to people, can attract more insect plants, and can increase the diversity of the plant community; compared with the middle layer, the plant species of the basal layer is less, the basal layer is a priming layer of the whole plant community and covers the bare ground, the good effect of keeping water and soil is achieved, the plant species of the basal layer is less, and the insect attracted by the middle layer can not compete so that the species diversity of the middle layer is influenced. In addition, species with different flowering periods, flower colors, plant types and leaf colors are selected according to the types, so that the flowering period can be prolonged, the ornamental effect can be enhanced, and the effects of having flowers in three seasons and having scenes in four seasons are achieved.
The invention is further configured to: the plant height of the elevated layer plant is within the range of 60-100cm, the plant height of the middle layer plant is within the range of 40-60cm, and the plant height of the basal layer plant is within the range of 20-40 cm.
By adopting the technical scheme, the plant height of the elevated layer is higher than that of other layers, and the plant body is higher, so that the plant body can bear the structural property of the whole plant community and mainly play a role in supporting the whole plant community framework; compared with the plants in the elevated layer, the plants in the middle layer are relatively small, so that the plants visually have a very layered feeling and have original natural beauty; the plant height of the basal layer is the shortest of the three-layer plant community, the plant body is relatively small, and the basal layer covers the bare ground and plays a certain role in preventing surface water loss and fixing soil; the plants on the elevated layer, the middle layer and the basal layer have height difference, are well-distributed and well-arranged, not only have original natural biological aesthetic feeling, but also meet the psychological demand of people on returning to nature.
The invention is further configured to: the number of plants in the elevated layer accounts for 10% -20% of the total number of the whole plant community, the number of plants in the middle layer accounts for 50% -60% of the total number of the whole plant community, and the number of plants in the basal layer accounts for 20% -40% of the total number of the whole plant community.
By adopting the technical scheme, the number range of the three-layer plant community is the ratio which is obtained according to statistical investigation and best accords with human aesthetic and ornamental values, and the number of the plants between the three layers is matched properly, so that the whole plant community has good stability, and the original plant community is endowed with aesthetic feeling.
The invention is further configured to: the preferred species for each level of plant community are,
the high-level plant is preferably selected from herba Lagotis, herba Menthae, radix Harpagophyti Carpesii, radix Platycodi, Ecliptae herba, herba Lydrobii, rhizoma Belamcandae, semen Miscanthus Scandentis, and herba Clematidis Latifoliae;
the middle layer plant is preferably Hemerocallis fulva, Iris lactea, Iris pallida, Siberian Iris, astilbe chinensis, Hosta plantaginea, Delphinium, Lobelia inflata, Iris pepo, Alum root, and Mentha haplocalyx;
the plant of the basal layer is preferably selected from Sedum germanica, herba Sedi, radix Rhodiolae, Prunellae Spica, Lao cang grass, herba Convallariae, and folium Allii tuberosi.
By adopting the technical scheme, the plants preferred by the plant community are all plant species with strong negative resistance, and the selected plants can grow normally in the environment of shade, cold, humidity and lack of illumination, so that the growth condition of species in the plant community cannot be influenced due to the lack of illumination of shade, humidity and darkness, and the overall ornamental value of the plant community is further influenced; the preferred snake whip chrysanthemum, the thousand-layer mint, the seed of Chinese holly, the platycodon grandiflorum, the callistemon integrifolia, the aster scabiosaefolia, the lythra, the trona, the blackberry lily, the miscanthus giganteus and the clematis macrophylla in the elevated layer are plants with strong erectness, and the plants are tall and big, can bear the structure of the whole plant community and have a certain supporting effect on the framework of the whole plant community; the hemerocallis fulva, iris lactea, iris pallida, siberian iris, astilbe chinensis, hosta plantaginea, crinis sinica, lobelia carthami, cordyceps sobolifera, alum root and American mint are preferably selected as the intermediate layer, and although the plant bodies are relatively small, the plants can bear the ornamental value, the season phase change, the color collocation, the color sensation change and the like of the whole plant community, so that the original natural biological aesthetic feeling is brought to people, in addition, more insect plants can be attracted, and the important effect is played on the increase of the diversity of the plant community; the preferable plants cover the bare ground, are the bottoming layer of the whole plant community and can play a good role in keeping water and soil. The ornamental flowering phase is prolonged by matching plants.
Therefore, the plant community for simulating the natural ecological landscape constructed by the invention has the following advantages:
(1) through utilizing the plant community of the plant construction flower border landscape of different root system degree of depth, the water source can be look for at the corresponding degree of depth in underground by oneself to the resistant cloudy plant of different root system degree of depth, supplies self to grow and ripe, can reach the effect that need not water throughout the year, consequently has the advantage of water economy resource.
(2) The plant community simulating the natural garden landscape is constructed by utilizing perennial native plants which exist in the northern China and have a symbiotic relationship with each other or perennial shade-tolerant plants which grow well in the northern China, so that the cost is low.
(3) By using perennial native plants in the north China or perennial plants growing well in the north China as the species selected by the plant community, the plants have strong adaptability to the locality and can survive for a long time. Therefore, the effect that the established plant community can last for a long time can be achieved, the plant community levels are matched with each other, and the maintenance cost of the plants in the later period in the growth process is low.
(4) Construct ecological flower environment landscape plant community through utilizing multiple plant species, and flowers can attract multiple insect to add this ecological plant community, make this plant community's species diversity abundant.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of the overall structure of the present invention.
In the figure, A, an elevated layer; B. an intermediate layer; C. a base layer; D. a matrix layer.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below by means of specific embodiments.
A construction method of a shade-tolerant plant community of a simulated natural ecological landscape in North China comprises the following steps:
s1, hierarchical collocation of plant communities: the constructed flower-field landscape plant community is divided into three layers, namely an elevated layer A plant, a middle layer B plant and a basal layer C plant, wherein the elevated layer A selects 1-2 deep root plants with the plant height of 60-100cm and strong uprightness, the middle layer B selects 6-10 plants with the plant height of 40-60cm and the root depth of which is between the deep root system and the shallow root system, and the basal layer C selects 2-3 short shallow root system plants with the plant height of 20-40 cm.
The plant of higher layer A is selected from herba Lobeliae chinensis (Compositae, genus Lobelia), herba Menthae (Labiatae, genus Mentha), radix Harpagophyti (Ranunculaceae, genus Lepidium), radix Platycodi (Campanulaceae, genus Campanulaceae), Echinacea plena (Compositae, genus Echinacea), herba Chelidonii (Chelidonium majus, family Lythraceae, genus Lythraceae), echeveria (Caryophyllaceae, genus Saponaria), rhizoma Belamcandae (Iridaceae, genus Belamcanda), Miscanthus giganteus (Gramineae, genus Oenothera), and Clematis gigantea (Ranunculaceae, genus Clematis), and bears the structural property of the whole plant community, the root system of the plant can go deep into the deeper underground position to search for the water source, and can not compete with the shallower plants of the root system in other levels for the water source, so that the water source of the plant in the elevated layer A can be ensured to be sufficient, and the plant in other levels can not compete with the plants in other levels for the water source, so that a series of negative symptoms can be generated due to water shortage.
The intermediate layer B is selected from Hemerocallis fulva (Hemerocallis fulva of Liliaceae), Iris lactea (Iridaceae), Iris pallida (Iridaceae), Iris sibirica (Iridaceae), Neofiliforme (Iridaceae), Hosta plantaginea (Liliaceae), Delphinium crispum (Ranunculaceae), Heliothis carthami (Campanulaceae, Sedum), Iris peperomia (Iridaceae), Alum root (Saururus), and Mentha haplocalyx (Labiatae, etc.). The root system of the plant is deep between the deep root system and the shallow root system plant, the root system is positioned above the root system of the deep root system plant, and the deep root system plant does not absorb water and other nutrients, so that the root system of the plant in the layer has sufficient water and other nutrients, and the plant can grow healthily. The plants not only can play a role in bearing the ornamental value, the seasonal phase change, the color collocation and the color sensation change of the plant community, give the original natural biological aesthetic feeling to people, but also can attract more insect plants and increase the diversity of the plant community,
the plants of the basal layer C are selected from the plants of the Crassulaceae (Crassulaceae), the sedum aizoon (Crassulaceae), the common selfheal fruit-spike (Labiatae Prunella), the Lao valley grass (sedge grass of the sedge family), the lily of the valley (lily of the lily family), and the Chinese chive (Liliaceae Allium), all of which are shallow root plants, the roots of which are deeper into the ground are shallow, only the shallow underground water can be absorbed, and the other two layers of plants do not absorb the water and other nutrients at the position, so the shallow root plants of the basal layer C can grow better at the position. The basal layer C is a bottoming layer of the whole plant community, covers the bare ground and plays a certain role in preventing surface water loss and fixing soil.
S2 weed removal: and spraying the herbicide once in a preset planting area, clearing the grown weeds after 7-10 days, spraying the herbicide again, observing whether new weeds grow out after 7-10 days, if not, finishing the weeding process, and if so, repeating the weeding process again until no new weeds grow out. The weeds in the area where the plant community is to be established must be thoroughly cleaned to prevent the growth of the weeds in the later period from influencing the stability and the ornamental value of the whole plant community.
S3, laying a matrix layer D: the weeding method is characterized in that 10-15cm of decomposed wood chips with the diameter of 3-4cm or gravel with the diameter of 1-2cm is covered in a weeding area, so that the loss of ground water can be well prevented, the effect of keeping water is achieved, and a certain effect on saving water resources of plant communities is achieved; and because the sawdust and the gravel are densely paved, the weeds can be prevented from falling in the area and germinating at the deep roots, so that the clustering of the weeds can be effectively prevented, and the important effects on the stability of the plant community and the reduction of the weeding cost are achieved.
S4, planting plants: before plants are planted, weeds in a plant pot need to be removed, and a layer of top soil on the soil lump top soil is cleaned, so that weed seeds in the top soil layer can be cleaned. Firstly, plants to be planted are placed at an appointed position according to the level collocation of a planned plant community, the plants are planted according to the proportion that plants on an elevated layer A, plants on a middle layer B and plants on a basal layer C account for 10%, 50% and 40% of the total plant community respectively, a covered matrix layer D is shifted to two sides, holes with the size of plant soil lumps are dug out, the plants are placed in the dug holes, soil is returned, the matrix layer D is restored, and in the restoration process of the matrix layer D, the situation that soil is not mixed into the matrix layer D is taken care to prevent weed seeds from entering the matrix layer D.
The method for constructing the ecological plant community is obtained by studying and establishing a rule for simulating the ecological plant community in the nature from the nature, and plants with different root system depths suitable for the climate in the north China are selected as the species of the plant community. In addition, the species with different flowering phases, flower colors, plant types and leaf colors are selected from the plant types, so that the flowering phase can be prolonged, the ornamental effect can be enhanced, and the effects of having flowers in three seasons and having scenes in four seasons are achieved. The plants are not only suitable for the northern China climate and have strong resistance, but also the plant communities are divided into different levels, so that water sources are not contended, and when the plants are selected, the non-spreadable plants are selected to form a good symbiotic relationship. The plants in the basal layer C also have the function of preserving ground moisture. In addition, the ground is covered with 10-15cm of substrate for water retention. After the ordinary flower bed flower environment is transplanted and survived, regular watering is needed, particularly for 6-9 months, and the normal growth of the plants can be maintained only by frequent watering. Therefore, the method for constructing the ecological negative-tolerant plant community can ensure that the established plant community has a good water resource saving effect.
In the construction of the ecological plant community, the total investment is 180 yuan/square meter, the maintenance cost is 12 yuan/square meter, and the total cost per year is 192 yuan. The cost of flowers for a common flower bed and a flower environment is 100 yuan/square meter once, the flowers are changed for 3 times in one year on average, the cost is 300 yuan/square meter, the maintenance cost is 20 yuan/square meter/year, and the total cost per year is 320 square meters. In addition, the ordinary flower bed and the flower environment need to be continuously invested every year, and after the ecological community is established, no cost is invested except the annual maintenance cost. Therefore, the ecological negative-tolerant plant community established by the method provided by the invention has the advantages of saving investment and maintenance cost.
The normal flower environment garden landscape can be maintained for 2-3 years after being established, and the ecological negative-tolerant plant community established by the method provided by the invention has longer sustainable time which can reach 10-15 years. The difference in the holding time is mainly determined by the following reasons: firstly, the characteristics of plants are the characteristics, most varieties used in the flower environment at present are imported gardening varieties with short service life, and the ecological plant community is basically originated from local original varieties with long service life; secondly, the height, flowering phase and color of the plants are only considered in the design of a general flower environment, and besides the factors, the symbiotic relationship of the plants is also considered in the design of the ecological plant community provided by the invention, whether the ecological plant community has invasiveness or not is also considered, and one plant can not spread and erode other plants. Therefore, the ecological negative-tolerant plant community established by the method provided by the invention has the effect of long sustainable time after being established.
The embodiments of the present invention are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all equivalent changes in structure, shape and principle under the spirit of the present invention should be covered by the present invention. It should be noted that modifications and embellishments within the scope of the invention may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and are considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for constructing a shade-tolerant plant community of a simulated natural ecological landscape in North China is characterized by comprising the following steps: the construction method specifically comprises the following steps:
s1, hierarchical collocation of plant communities: carry out the collocation of three-layer herbaceous plant community in selected area, the three-layer herbaceous plant community is broadcast in mixture in the vertical direction by the highly elevated layer (A) plant that reduces in proper order of plant, intermediate level (B) plant and stratum basale (C) plant and is built and plant and form, and deep root system plant is chooseed for use to elevated layer (A) plant, and plant that the root system degree of depth is in between deep root system and the shallow root system plant is chooseed for use to intermediate level (B) plant, and shallow root system plant is chooseed for use to stratum basale (C) plant:
said elevated layer (A) is selected from the group consisting of Echinacea pallida, Mentha pulegium, Echinacea purpurea, Platycodon grandiflorum, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Chelidonium majus, echeveria glauca, Belamcanda chinensis, Oenanthe grandiflora, and Clematis macrophylla;
the plant in the middle layer (B) is selected from Hemerocallis fulva, Iris pallida, Iris sibirica, astilbe chinensis, Hosta plantaginea, Delphinium verum, Lobelia carthami, Petasites hybridus, Alternate root, and Mentha haplocalyx;
the plant of the substrate layer (C) is selected from the group consisting of Sedum germanica, Sedum aizoon, Sedum glaucum, Prunellae Spica, Laoshan valley sedge, Convallaria and Chinese chive;
the selected plants are perennial native plants in the north China or perennial plants growing better in the north China;
s2, removing weeds: thoroughly weeding the selected area;
s3, paving a matrix layer (D): paving a substrate layer (D) on the surface of the weeding area;
s4, planting plants: firstly, plants to be planted are placed at an appointed position according to the level collocation of a planned plant community, a covered matrix layer (D) is shifted to two sides, a hole matched with the size of a plant soil lump is dug, the plants are placed in the dug hole, soil is returned, and the matrix layer (D) is restored.
2. The method for constructing the yin-tolerant plant community of the nature-imitated ecological landscape in North China according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the plants in the constructed plant community are all in symbiotic relation.
3. The method for constructing the yin-tolerant plant community of the nature-imitated ecological landscape in North China according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the species of the plants planted in different community levels are different, 1-2 plants are selected for the elevated layer (A), 7-10 plants are selected for the middle layer (B), and 2-3 plants are selected for the basal layer (C).
4. The method for constructing the yin-tolerant plant community of the nature-imitated ecological landscape in North China according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the plant height of the elevated layer (A) is within the range of 60-100cm, the plant height of the middle layer (B) is within the range of 40-60cm, and the plant height of the basal layer (C) is within the range of 20-40 cm.
5. The method for constructing the yin-tolerant plant community of the nature-imitated ecological landscape in North China according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: the number of plants in the elevated layer (A) accounts for 10% -20% of the total number of the whole plant community, the number of plants in the middle layer (B) accounts for 50% -60% of the total number of the whole plant community, and the number of plants in the basal layer (C) accounts for 20% -40% of the total number of the whole plant community.
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