CN1106524C - 加压液化天然气从容器中卸载的方法 - Google Patents

加压液化天然气从容器中卸载的方法 Download PDF

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CN1106524C
CN1106524C CN99814646A CN99814646A CN1106524C CN 1106524 C CN1106524 C CN 1106524C CN 99814646 A CN99814646 A CN 99814646A CN 99814646 A CN99814646 A CN 99814646A CN 1106524 C CN1106524 C CN 1106524C
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J·R·瑞戈比
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ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co
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Abstract

公开了其中装有加压液化气的多个容器(1，2)的卸载方法。将加压的置换气(10)供入所述多个容器的第一或第一组容器中从中排出所述液化气。然后从所述第一或第一组容器中取出所述置换气，使之分成第一蒸汽流和第二蒸汽流。加热第一蒸汽流(52)，通入所述第一或第一组容器。将第二蒸汽流供入第二或第二组容器从中排出液化气。切断第一或第一组容器和第二或第二组容器之间的传输，相继对所有容器重复上述步骤，只有排空液体的最后一容器或最后一组容器保持在所述置换气的压力下，除最后一容器或最后一组容器之外在结束该过程时所有容器都充满较低压力的蒸汽。

Description

加压液化天然气从容器中卸载的方法
发明领域
本发明涉及加压液化天然气的操作，更具体地涉及其中装有加压液化天然气的容器的卸载方法。
发明背景
因其清洁的燃烧质量和方便性，近年来已广泛使用天然气。许多天然气源位于边远地区，距离天然气的任何商业市场都很远。有时可用管道将生产的天然气输送至商业市场。管道输送不可行时，通常将生产的天然气加工成液化天然气(称为“LNG”)运输至市场。
近年来已建议在高于-112℃(-170°F)的温度和足以使所述液体处于或低于其始沸点温度的压力下输送液化天然气。对于大多数天然气组合物，温度高于-112℃的天然气的压力在约1380kPa(200psia)和约4500kPa(650psia)之间。此加压的液化天然气称为PLNG以区别于在接近常压和在约-162℃(-260°F)输送的LNG。
如果通过抽出PLNG使容器压力降低从容器中取出PLNG，则PLNG的减压可能使容器的温度低于所述容器的允许设计温度。如果要在取出PLNG时保持容器的压力以避免此温度降，残留在容器中的蒸汽占容器原始货物的质量百分率将很大。根据储存压力和温度及PLNG的组成，蒸汽可能占取出液体之前容器中PLNG质量的约10至20％。希望在使容器保持与卸载前的PLNG近似相同温度的情况下，经济地尽可能多地除去此气体。
发明概述
本发明涉及其中装有液化气的多个容器的卸载方法。将加压的置换气供入所述多个容器的第一或第一组容器中从中排出所述液化气。然后优选用压缩机从所述第一或第一组容器中取出所述排出气体，使所述置换气分成第一蒸汽流和第二蒸汽流。将离开所述压缩机的第一蒸汽流加热，通入所述第一或第一组容器，从而使所述第一或第一组容器中的货物保持在或高于所述设计温度。取出所述压缩机出口的第二蒸汽流，供入所述多个容器的第二或第二组容器从中排出液化气。切断第一或第一组容器和第二或第二组容器之间的传输，相继对所有容器重复这些步骤，只有排空液体的最后一容器保持在所述置换气的压力下，除最后一容器之外所有容器在所述方法结束时都充满较低压力的蒸汽。
实施本发明中，用气体压出液体使容器或容器组排空，留下无液体但充满加压气体的容器。然后取出留在容器或容器组中的部分气体，用于压出下一容器或下一组容器近似相同的体积。在从无液体容器中取出气体并“转”入充满液体的下一容器或下一组容器的步骤中，所述无液体容器的压力下降。为保持已从中取出气体的容器温度高于临界温度，将抽出的一些气体加热，循环回这些罐中。所述过程结束时，液体从所述容器中排出，除最后一容器或最后一组容器之外所有容器均处于低压，优选在约690kPa(100psia)和1380kPa(200psia)之间，而最后容器处于稍高于始沸点的压力下。留在所述容器中的较低压力的蒸汽将包含比所述容器排空液化气而充满高压气体时明显减少的质量。再用液化气装载所述容器时，典型地使所述容器中的气体再液化或用作燃料气。输送的货物百分率增加和要在液化厂再液化的气体量减少可使运输液化气的总成本显著降低。
附图简述
参考以下详述和附图将更好地理解本发明及其优点，这些附图为本发明代表性实施方案的示意流程图。
图1A为要按本发明卸载的载有加压液化气的船的侧视图。
图1B为除去一部分甲板以示出可按本发明卸载的多个容器的图1A的船的平面图。
图2为按本发明从第一容器或第一组容器中卸载PLNG的示意流程图。
图3为通过将所述第一容器或第一组容器抽空至低压从第二容器或第二组容器中置换PLNG的示意流程图。
图4为通过将所述第二容器或第二组容器抽空至低压从第三容器或第三组容器中置换PLNG的示意流程图。
附图中所示流程图示出实施本发明方法的不同实施方案。此附图不是要从本发明范围中排除根据此具体实施方案正常和可预料地修改的其它实施方案。为清楚和简便，已从附图中删除所需各种子系统如泵、阀门、流动物流混合器、控制系统和流体液位传感器。
发明详述
本发明提供一种多个容器的卸载方法，用气体从容器中排出加压液体，同时在液体卸载期间保持各容器底部液体压力基本上恒定。用留在所述容器中的高压气体利用一或多个压缩步骤从下一容器中置换所述PLNG。减压期间用从所述压缩机分出的循环升温气体保持温度。
本发明此详述中描述从图1A所示PLNG船中排出PLNG，图1A示出适用于运输PLNG的有多个垂直延伸的容器的船的侧视图。但应理解本发明的实施不限于特殊设计的待卸载容器。本发明的实施也不限于在船上的容器。适用于储存PLNG的任何容器不管是在船上还是在陆地设施上均可用于本发明卸载方法中。虽然图1A和1B示出在船上的多个垂直延伸的容器，但所述容器也可以是水平的或垂直和水平的。可根据罐和控制管理机构的位置，按本发明的教导改变装管和排空方法。目前，某些管辖范围内政府管理机构要求船上容器仅有顶部管接头，如果在卸载期间保持压力，则卸载限于泵送或压出。允许有底部管接头的陆地设施将使卸载方法简化。
图1B中所示细长容器装在船舱内，与用于选择性地填充、排气、和卸出PLNG的管道系统相连。所述容器装在冷箱中，有适合的保温材料使PLNG保持低温。或者，可使各罐绝热。各容器在高约15至60m的范围内，外径约3至10m。所述容器可由在深冷温度下在使PLNG保持在或低于其始沸点温度所需压力下耐受照射和应力的任何适用材料制造。
此描述中所用术语“始沸点”意指液体开始转化成气体的温度和压力。例如，如果使一定体积的PLNG保持恒压，但使其温度升高，则在所述PLNG中开始形成气泡的温度为始沸点。类似地，如果使一定体积的PLNG保持恒温，但使其压力降低，则开始形成气泡的压力定义为始沸点。在始沸点下所述液化气为饱和液体。对于大多数天然气组合物，在高于-112℃下天然气的压力在约1380kPa(200psia)和约4500kPa(650psia)之间。
虽然此描述将针对从船上卸载PLNG进行描述，但本发明不限于卸载PLNG。本发明方法也可用于卸载任何加压的液化气。
本发明的优点之一是在卸料步骤期间PLNG的压力无明显降低的情况下从容器中排出所述液化气。由于压力降至低于始沸点时PLNG闪蒸，所以容器中PLNG的任何明显减压将使PLNG的温度降至低于容器的设计温度。
待卸载的船上容器中的PLNG的最高温度主要取决于PLNG的组成。天然气(主要是甲烷)在环境温度下不能象能源用重烃那样通过单纯提高压力液化。甲烷的临界温度为-82.5℃(-116.5°F)。这意味着不管施加多大的压力只能在低于该温度下使甲烷液化。由于天然气是一种液体气体混合物，所以它在一定温度范围内液化。天然气的临界温度典型地在约-85℃(-121°F)和-62℃(-80°F)之间。此临界温度是所述船上容器中PLNG的理论最高温度，但优选的储存温度优选比所述临界温度低几度，且处于比所述临界压力低的压力下。
现结合图2、3和4描述本发明，描述使PLNG从容器1、2和3中卸料，所述容器可位于陆地或浮动平台如船或艇上。为简化本发明的描述，图中仅示出三个容器。应理解本发明不限于特定数量的容器或容器组。设计用于运输加压液化气的船可有几百个加压的PLNG容器。多个罐之间的管道可这样排列以使所述容器可接连地每次卸载一个容器或按组卸载，串联的任何容器或任何组可以任何次序卸载或卸料。从浮动载体中卸载的次序应考虑容器载体的调配和稳定性，为本领域技术人员公知。
每个容器或容器组配有卸压阀、压力传感器、液位指示器、和压力警报系统及适用于低温操作的绝热材料。图中省略了这些系统，因为本领域技术人员熟知这些系统的构造和操作，不是理解本发明所必需的。
参见图2，为从容器1或第一组容器中排出PLNG，使加压的置换气通过管线10使PLNG经管线11从容器1中排出，管线11从接近容器1的底部延伸通过容器1的顶部并与管线16相连。所述卸载过程之前优选使所述PLNG排入其中的管道系统预冷却并适当地充压以使闪蒸最小并防止过度温降。管线11延伸至接近容器1的底部使被所述置换气排出的PLNG最多。用于容器1的置换气可来自任何适合的源。例如所述置换气可由一或多个辅助储罐或容器供应，来自预先除去PLNG的船上容器，或来自汽化的PLNG。现参考图2所示汽化过程更详细地描述此后者来源。
经管线11排出的PLNG通过管线16进入泵缓冲罐50。由所述泵缓冲罐50，PLNG经管线17通入泵51，使所述PLNG泵至所述出售气体所要求的输送压力。高压PLNG经管线18离开泵51，通入汽化装置52，但一小部分(优选物流18的约5％至10％)经管线19取出，通过适合的膨胀装置55如焦耳-汤姆逊阀，通入分离装置56。
汽化器52可以是用于使所述液化气再汽化的任何常规系统，为本领域技术人员公知。汽化器52可用例如来自环境源的传热介质如空气、海水、或淡水，或者汽化器中的PLNG可在用于产生电能的动力循环中用作受热器。离开PLNG汽化器52的一部分(优选约5％至10％)出售气(管线20)可经管线21取出，通过膨胀装置53如焦耳-汤姆逊阀以降低气体压力。来自膨胀装置53的膨胀气经管线22进入分离装置56。分离装置56可包括适用于产生蒸汽流和液流的任何装置，如填料塔、板式塔、喷雾塔、或分馏器。液流23从分离装置56底部取出，通过膨胀装置54以降低液体压力，然后经管线24通入PLNG泵缓冲罐50中。来自分离装置56的塔顶蒸汽经管线25通入膨胀装置57如焦耳-汤姆逊阀使气体压力降低。离开膨胀装置57后，置换气经管线26、通过管线10(管线26和10相连接)通入容器1的顶部。一旦容器1中的PLNG已基本上从中排出，既停止向容器1注射置换气。在此阶段，容器1充满较高压力的置换气。希望从容器1中除去此高压气体以进一步降低容器1中烃的质量。
随着时间的流逝，过量的蒸汽可能集结在缓冲罐50中。可通过流送管线27除去此过量蒸汽，根据所述卸载系统的设计，管线27可与任何适合的装置相连。虽然附图中未示出，但例如可将过量蒸汽压缩而通入分离装置56中，可将其通入燃料气系统为汽轮机或发动机提供动力，或者可与图3和4的气流31混合成为循环气的一部分。
图3示出用于从容器2中置换液体的本发明方法中所用主要气体和液体流送管线。本说明书的图3和其它图中，有相同标记的流送管线和其它设备有相同的功能。但本领域技术人员将认识到流送管线的尺寸和流量可改变以处理从一个容器至另一容器的不同流体流量和温度。
参见图3，所述PLNG卸料步骤(图2所示工艺)结束时通过管线10取出容器1中的高压置换气，通过管线30(与管线10相连)，通入一或多个压缩机58中。一部分加压的置换气经管线31从压缩机中取出，通入换热器59。任何适用的传热介质都可用于与换热器59中的压缩置换气间接换热。适用的热源的非限制性实例包括船用发动机的废气和环境源如空气、盐水、和淡水。
来自换热器59的加热气体经管线11引入容器底部，管线11通过管线32与换热器连通。经压缩机58压缩的置换气的剩余部分经管线33和管线12通入容器2以从容器2中经管线13置换出PLNG。然后按前面对从容器1中排出的PLNG所述的相同方式使所述PLNG再汽化。由于用于容器2的置换气来自容器1中的高压气，所以可能不需要分离装置56和来自其中的蒸汽为容器2或串联卸载的其它容器提供置换气。
图4示出用于从容器3中置换液体并通过降低气体压力从容器2中排出至少一部分高压置换气的本发明方法所用主要气体和流体流送管线。通过压缩机58的抽吸从容器2中取出用于从容器2中置换PLNG的高压置换气。所述高压置换气从容器2中经管线12和30通入一或多个压缩机58以提高气体压力。一部分压缩的置换气经管线31从压缩机中取出，通过换热器59，在其中所述气体被加热。来自换热器59的加热置换气经管线13引入容器2的底部，管线13通过管线32与换热器流体连通。经压缩机58压缩的气体的剩余部分经管线33和14通入容器3以通过管线15从容器3中置换出PLNG。然后按与前面对从容器2中排出的PLNG所述的相同方式使来自容器3的PLNG再汽化。如上所述继续卸载位于船或陆地设施上的所有容器，直至最后一容器(或最后一组容器)被卸载。实施此卸载方法中，除最后一容器或最后一组容器之外，所有容器都充满低压气体。串联的最后一容器(此描述中的容器3)仍处于或高于PLNG的泡点压力下以便于在再装载PLNG的回程中再装载PLNG。
如果所述低压置换气如此描述中所述由PLNG衍生，则PLNG卸载后容器中残留的低压气体的质量将占原装载PLNG质量的约1至3％。整个卸载过程中气体的温度和压力均在所述容器的最低设计温度和最高设计压力内。
由于向容器中引入置换气以排出PLNG，所以优选这样调节置换气的压力使容器底部PLNG的压力保持基本恒定。这对于给定的壁厚通过减少最高设计压力增加容器的载重能力和防止卸载期间下导管顶部PLNG闪蒸是理想的。根据所述容器构造的设计标准，可能希望避免容器中PLNG温度降低以避免温度降至低于容器的设计温度。
为进一步防止PLNG排出步骤期间温度下降，所述置换气在进入容器之前可任选地被加热。
实施例
进行假设的质量和能量平衡以说明图2-4所示实施方案，结果示于表1、2、3和4中。
提供表中所示数据是为更好地理解图2、3和4中所示物流的压力和温度，但不应解释为本发明限于此。表1给出所述容器货物在不同条件下的组成数据。假定每个容器的容量为828m3，容器顶部至底部的高差为46米。应注意装载速率和置换气源将影响这些组成。表2给出与图2相关的流送管线的数据，表2给出与图3相关的流送管线的数据，表4给出与图4相关的流送管线的数据。所述温度、压力、和组成不是要限制本发明，根据本文的教导货物的组成和流量可有许多改变。此实施例中，填充容器的液体为98％(体积)液体和2％蒸汽空间：
                   表1-在不同容器条件下组分的摩尔百分率
    组分   填充液 高压气体(图3所示工艺开始时容器1中的置换气) 低压气体(图3所示工艺结束时容器1中的气体)
    C1     93.82     98.63     98.60
    C2     4.01     0.82     0.76
    C3     0.28     0.03     0.03
    C4i     0.43     0.03     0.07
    C4n     0.13     0.008     0.02
    C5i     0.18     0.01     0.04
    C5n     0.05     0.003     0.01
    C6+     0.05     0.003     0.01
    CO2     1.01     0.38     0.36
温度(°F，℃)  -139，-95     -135，-93     -139，-95
容器顶部的压力(psia；kPa)   412；2841     435；2999     127；876
                                   表2
    物流 从容器1排出的PLNG的百分率  汽/液     ℃     °F   kPa    psia
    10     0     V   -93.3   -136   2,848   413
    11@bottom*     0     L   -95   -139   2,999   435
    10     50     V   -93.3   -136   2,917   423
    11@bottom*     50     L   -95   -139   2,999   435
    10     100     V   -93.3   -136   2,979   432
    11@bottom*     100     L   -94.4   -138   2,999   435
    18     50     L   -86.1   -123   8,274   1200
    20     50     V    1.7    35   8,274   1200
    25     50     V   -93.3   -136   3,103   450
*流送管线11底部PLNG的条件。
                                          表3
    物流 从容器2排出的PLNG的百分率  汽/液 ℃    °F     kPa   psia
10 0 V -94.4 -138 2,999 435
11 0 V  10  50 2,979 432
10 50 V -95 -139 2,234 324
11 50 V  10  50 2,220 322
10 100 V -95 -139 883 128
11 100 V 10  50 876 127
12 0 V -82.2 -116 2,848 413
13@bottom* 0 L -95 -139 2,999 435
12 50 V -67.8 -90 2,917 423
13@bottom* 50 L -94.4 -138 2,999 435
12 100 V -8.3  17 2,979 432
13@bottom* 100 L -92.8 -135 2,999 435
18 50 L -86.1 -123 8,274 1200
20 50 V  1.7  35 8,274 1200
*流送管线13底部PLNG的条件。
                                     表4
    物流 从容器2排出的PLNG的百分率 汽/液     ℃    °F     kPa  psia
    12     0     V   -94.4   -138   2,999   435
    13     0     V    10    50   2,979   432
    12     50     V   -95   -139   2,234   324
    13     50     V    10    50   2,220   322
    12     100     V   -95   -139   883   128
    13     100     V    10    50   876   127
    14     0     V   -82.2   -116   2,848   413
 15@bottom*     0     L   -95   -139   2,999   435
    14     50     V   -67.8   -90   2,917   423
 15@bottom*     50     L   -94.4   -138   2,999   435
    14     100     V   -8.3    17   2,979   432
 15@bottom*     100     L   -92.8   -135   2,999   435
    18     50     L    86.1   -123   8,274   1200
    20     50     V    1.7    35   8,274   1200
*流送管线15底部PLNG的条件。
本领域技术人员特别是在得益于本专利教导的情况下将知道对以上公开的具体方法的许多修改和改变。例如，根据系统的总体设计和PLNG的组成，可按本发明采用不同的温度和压力。而且，可根据总体设计需要补充或改装PLNG容器之间的管道连接以获得最佳有效换热需求。如上所述，具体地公开的实施方案和实施例不应用于限制或约束本发明的范围，本发明的范围由后面的权利要求书及其等同物确定。

Claims (13)

1.一种从其中装有液化气的多个容器中卸载加压液化气的方法，包括以下步骤：
(a)将加压的置换气供入所述多个容器的第一或第一组容器中从中排出所述液化气；
(b)从所述第一容器或第一组容器中取出所述置换气，使所述置换气分成第一蒸汽流和第二蒸汽流；
(c)加热所述第一蒸汽流，使所述加热的蒸汽流通入所述第一容器或第一组容器，在所述第一容器或第一组容器中所述加热蒸汽的压力明显低于所述卸载方法开始时所述液化气的压力；
(d)取出所述第二蒸汽流，供入所述多个容器的第二容器或第二组容器从中排出液化气；和
(e)切断所述第一容器或第一组容器和所述第二容器或第二组容器之间的传输，相继对所有容器重复步骤(b)至(d)，从而在所述卸载方法结束时只有所述最后排空的容器或容器组保持在所述置换气的压力下，除所述最后一容器或容器组之外所有容器都充满更低压力的蒸汽。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述置换气的温度高于-112℃。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中所述置换气由所述液化气衍生。
4.权利要求1的方法，其中步骤(a)中所述置换气在所述第一容器的上端引入。
5.权利要求1的方法，其中步骤(a)的所述置换气的压力在比所述液化气的始沸点压力高约20至345kPa(3至50psia)的范围内。
6.权利要求1的方法，还包括调节供入所述第一容器的置换气的压力以在从所述第一或第一组容器中排出所述液化气期间保持所述容器底部液化气的压力基本恒定。
7.权利要求1的方法，其中所述加压液化气为温度高于-112℃、压力基本上在其泡点压力的天然气。
8.权利要求1的方法，其中注入所述第一或第一组容器中的加热蒸汽流使所述容器或容器组中所含流体保持在或高于预定最低温度。
9.权利要求1的方法，其中所述卸载方法结束时所述第一或第一组容器中气体的压力比所述卸载方法开始时所述液化气的始沸点压力低至少345kPa(50psia)。
10.权利要求1的方法，还包括调节供入所述第一或第一组容器的置换气的压力以在从中卸载所述液化气期间保持所述容器底部液化气的压力基本恒定。
11.权利要求1的方法，还包括调节供入所述第二或第二组容器的置换气的压力以在从中卸载所述液化气期间保持所述第二或第二组容器底部液化气的压力基本恒定。
12.权利要求1的方法，其中所述要卸载液化气的多个容器在船上，步骤(b)的取出所述置换气和步骤(c)中加热所述第一蒸汽流的步骤用位于船外的适合工艺设备完成。
13.其中装有液化气的多个容器的卸载方法，所述液化气有高于-112℃的温度和基本上在其始沸点的压力，所述方法包括以下步骤：
(a)将加压的置换气供入所述多个容器的第一组容器中从中排出所述液化气，所述置换气的压力高于所述液化气的压力；
(b)从所述第一组容器中取出所述置换气，使所述置换气分成第一蒸汽流和第二蒸汽流；
(c)加热所述第一蒸汽流，使所述加热的蒸汽流通入所述第一组容器，从而使所述第一组容器充满较低压力的蒸汽；
(d)压缩所述第二蒸汽流，供入所述多个容器的第二组容器从中排出液化气；和
(e)切断所述第一组容器和所述第二组容器之间的流体传输，相继对所有容器重复步骤(b)至(d)，从而只有所述最后排空的一组容器保持在所述置换气的压力下，除所述最后一组容器之外所有容器都充满较低压力的蒸汽。
CN99814646A 1998-12-18 1999-12-17 加压液化天然气从容器中卸载的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1106524C (zh)

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