CN110523373B - 一种油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,是将农林业生物质废弃物经洗涤、干燥粉碎后与油页岩半焦粉混合均匀,再将混合物加入到活化剂中进行活化处理,然后在氮气保护下煅烧炭化处理,最后经酸洗、水洗,干燥,粉碎,得到油页岩半焦高效吸附剂产品。本发明将农林业生物质废弃物掺杂到油页岩半焦中制备炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂,增加了油页岩半焦的含炭量,增大了比表面积,有效提高了半焦的吸附性能;产品能够实现对多种污染物的吸附,可广泛应用于水体净化、土壤污染治理等多个领域。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,属于废弃资源再利用领域。
技术背景
油页岩半焦是油页岩经低温(500~700℃)干馏得到的固体废弃物,主要由无机氧化物和残余碳组分组成。目前主要应用于电石、化肥、铁合金、工业及民用燃烧等传统行业。随着环保要求日益严格,半焦的下游市场需求量有限,同时半焦内含有一定量的水溶性酚类、硫化物等,堆积存储会产生严重的环境污染,开发新的半焦用途成为关注焦点。
油页岩半焦具有一定的吸附性能,加之半焦来源广泛、价格低廉,可作为作吸附材料用于废水、废气处理等领域。但半焦含碳量低,比表面积小,故吸附性能较弱,限制了其规模化使用。王淑娟等人(王淑娟,金玉杰,不同产地油页岩半焦的物理化学特性研究,吉林建筑大学学报,2018,35(3))对吉林汪清、吉林桦甸、辽宁抚顺原矿和山东龙口等地的油页岩半焦进行了BET检测,发现四地油页岩半焦比表面积均小于10m2/g,具体为林汪清半焦8.777m2/g,吉林桦甸半焦 7.376m2/g,辽宁抚顺半焦 7.899m2/g;山东龙口半焦 3.132m2/g,申请者也对窑街煤电集团的油页岩半焦进行了测试,结果显示比表面积也仅3~10m2/g。
油页岩半焦中含有一定量的有机物质,也可以被用来制备活性炭,如CN106587056 A提供了一种利用半焦制备活性炭的方法,主要是以市场上销售的半焦粒为原料,与经过预热的金属氧化物源球团混合,并一同加入回转窑一步进行半焦的炭化和活化,利用金属氧化物促进和强化炭化和活化反应而制备得到活性炭。但由于油页岩半焦内有机质含量不高,制备的活性炭有机碳源有限。
我国是一个农业大国,每年生产的生物质农林业废弃物数量庞大,光是秸秆总量就超过7亿吨。但此类废弃物的利用率很低,很多地区多采用焚烧的处理方法,不仅热效率低,而且容易造成的火灾、空气污染等问题。由于生物质农林业废弃物大多富含丰富的纤维素和半纤维素是制备碳材料的良好有机碳源,利用生物质农林业废弃物制备碳材料,即可节约资源,又可以制备出性能较佳的碳材料,实现变废为宝,产生较好的经济、环境和社会效益。为此,以油页岩半焦与生物质农林业废弃物为原料,通过活化、炭化等工艺,提供一种提高油页岩半焦吸附性能的方法,制备了炭/油页岩半焦高效吸附剂,该吸附剂有效解决了油页岩半焦含碳量低,比表面积小等问题,产品兼具多孔炭和半焦的多重吸附功效,提高了油页岩半焦的吸附性能,使其具有广泛的应用前景,在环境污染治理等领域实现“以废治废”,为油页岩半焦的高值化利用提供了新途径。
有研究者曾将油页岩半焦与玉米秸秆等混合燃烧,用于改善混合物的燃烧特性(张灿,油茶壳和油页岩/半焦混合燃烧的实验研究,华南理工大学,2016;刘洪鹏,巩时尚,贾春霞,王擎,油页岩半焦与玉米秸秆混合燃烧特性研究,科学技术与工程,2016,16(25):278-285);刘洪鹏.油页岩干馏残渣与生物质混烧特性研究.天津: 天津大学, 2012。但迄今为止,未见将油页岩半焦与生物质农林业废弃物混合制备高吸附活性吸附剂的研究报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为克服油页岩半焦含碳量低,比表面积小,吸附性能低等问题,提供一种油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法。
一、油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备
本发明油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将农林业生物质废弃物经洗涤、干燥、粉碎,过100目筛,得生物质渣粉。所述农林业生物质废弃物为小麦秸秆、稻米秸秆、玉米秸秆、玉米芯、甘蔗渣、甜菜渣、稻壳、果壳、椰壳、锯末、木屑中的至少一种。
(2)将油页岩半焦为油页岩经500~700℃干馏得到的固体残余物粉碎,球磨,过100目筛,得油页岩半焦粉。
(3)将生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦粉混合均匀,再将混合物加入到活化剂溶液中,然后在室温搅拌处理或者超声处理,使生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦活化;最后经离心,固液分离,干燥,固体粉末。
油页岩半焦粉与生物质渣粉的质量比为4:1~1:1。
活化剂为NaOH、KOH、ZnCl2、磷酸中的一种,活化剂溶液的质量浓度为20~40%;生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦粉混合物按固液质量比1:1~1:10的比例加入到活化剂溶液中。
所述搅拌处理的时间为1~4h,搅拌速度为300~1200转/分钟;超声处理时间为30~180 min,超声波功率为50~700W。
(4)氮气保护下将固体粉末在300~900℃煅烧炭化1~4h(优选500~850℃,保温1.5~2h),然后经酸洗、水洗、干燥、粉碎,得到油页岩半焦吸附剂产品。
所述酸洗采用浓度为0.5-1mol/L的稀盐酸、硫酸、磷酸或硝酸。
本发明制备的油页岩半焦吸附剂的表面积、孔径得到大幅度的增大,因而具有很好的吸附性能。
二、油页岩半焦吸附剂的吸附性能测试
测试方法:分别配置500mg/L的抗生素(金霉素、四环素)、重金属离子(Pb2+、Cd
2+)、染料分子(亚甲基蓝)待测液,移取10ml加入到15ml的离心管中,然后加入20mg油页岩半焦吸附剂,在30℃、150r/min下恒温震荡6h后将待测液在4500r/min下离心10min,移取一定量上清液,用紫外分光光度法在紫外-可见分光光度计检测上清液吸光度,计算被测溶液浓度,计算吸附量q e :
其中,q e 为在时间t或者平衡状态时样品所吸附被吸附物物的量(mg/g);C 0 为溶液中被吸附物质的初始浓度(mg/L);C e 为吸附后溶液中被吸附物的浓度(mg/L);m为所用吸附剂的质量(mg);V为溶液的体积(mL)。
测试结果:油页岩半焦吸附剂对金霉素的吸附性能提高1倍以上;对四环素提高60%以上;对Pb2+的吸附性能提高了37%以上,对Cd2+的吸附性能提高了69%以上。对亚甲基蓝的的吸附性能提高了3倍以上。
上述测试结果表明,本发明制备的油页岩半焦吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料分子的去除效果较半焦均有了大幅提升,在实现污染物有效去除的同时拓展了半焦资源和生物质农林业废弃物高值化利用。
附图表说明
图1为本发明实施例1~5制备的油页岩半焦吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例对本发明油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备及性能作进一步说明。
实施例1
将小麦秸秆用水清洗,除去灰尘和土质,在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥后粉碎,过100目筛;将油页岩半焦经球磨机球磨后过100目筛;
称取2g小麦秸秆粉以及8g油页岩半焦粉,经充分研磨混合后,投入到20mL NaOH溶液中(浓度40wt%)超声处理1h(超声波功率为500W);将超声处理后混合液离心,并将固体物在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥;将干燥后的固体粉末放入管式炉中,在氮气保护下,以5℃/min升温速率升温至600℃,并在600℃下保温2h,得到深黑色炭化料;待管式炉自然降温至室温后,将炭化料取出,用0.5mol/L的盐酸洗涤后,用70-80℃热水洗涤,测定pH=5-7,固液分离,固体物80℃鼓风干燥箱干燥,粉碎后即得到炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂。该吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能见图1。
实施例2
将小麦秸秆用水清洗,除去灰尘和土质,在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥后粉碎,过100目筛;将油页岩半焦经球磨机球磨后过100目筛;
称取4g小麦秸秆粉以及6g油页岩半焦粉,经充分研磨混合后,投入到20mL KOH溶液中(浓度40wt%)室温搅拌4h;将搅拌处理后混合液离心、将固体物在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥。将干燥后的固体粉末放入管式炉中,在氮气保护下,以10℃/min升温至600℃,并在600℃下保温2h,得到深黑色炭化料;待管式炉自然降温至室温后,将炭化料取出,用1mol/L的磷酸洗涤后,用70-80℃热水洗涤,测定pH=5-7,固液分离,固体物80℃鼓风干燥箱干燥,粉碎后即得到炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂。该吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能见图1。
实施例3
将玉米秸秆用水清洗,除去灰尘和土质,在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥后粉碎,过100目筛;将油页岩半焦经球磨机球磨后过100目筛;
称取4g玉米秸秆粉以及8g油页岩半焦粉,经充分研磨混合后,投入到40mL 的KOH溶液中(浓度30wt%)超声处理3h;超声波功率为200W,将超声处理后混合液离心、将固体物在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥。将干燥后的固体粉末放入管式炉中,在氮气保护下,以15℃/分钟升温至800℃,并在800℃下保温2h,得到深黑色炭化料;待管式炉自然降温至室温后,将炭化料取出,用1mol/L的硝酸洗涤后,用70-80℃热水洗涤,测定pH=5-7,固液分离,固体物80℃鼓风干燥箱干燥,粉碎后即得到炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂。该吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能见图1。
实施例4
将玉米秸秆用水清洗,除去灰尘和土质,在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥后粉碎,过100目筛;将油页岩半焦经球磨机球磨后过100目筛;
称取4g玉米秸秆粉以及8g油页岩半焦粉,经充分研磨混合后,投入到50mL的ZnCl2溶液中(浓度40wt%)室温搅拌4h,将反应后混合液离心、将固体物在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥。将干燥后的固体粉末放入管式炉中,在氮气保护下,以10℃/分钟升温至600℃,并在600℃下保温2h,得到深黑色炭化料;待管式炉自然降温至室温后,将炭化料取出,用1mol/L的磷酸洗涤后,用70-80℃热水洗涤,测定pH=5-7,固液分离,固体物80℃鼓风干燥箱干燥,粉碎后即得到炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂。该吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能见图1。吸附剂的表面积、孔径见表1。
实施例5
将玉米芯用水清洗,除去灰尘和土质,在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥后粉碎,过100目筛;将油页岩半焦经球磨机球磨后过100目筛;
称取5g玉米芯粉以及5g油页岩半焦粉,经充分研磨混合后,投入到100mL 的KOH溶液中(浓度30wt%)超声处理2h,超声波功率为500W,将超声处理后混合液离心、将固体物在80℃鼓风干燥箱中干燥。将干燥后的固体粉末放入管式炉中,在氮气保护下,以10℃/分钟升温至800℃,并在800℃下保温2h,得到深黑色炭化料;待管式炉自然降温至室温后,将炭化料取出,用1mol/L的硝酸洗涤后,用70-80℃热水洗涤,测定pH=5-7,固液分离,固体物80℃鼓风干燥箱干燥,粉碎后即得到炭/油页岩半焦吸附剂。该吸附剂对抗生素、重金属离子、染料的吸附性能见图1。吸附剂的表面积、孔径见表1。
Claims (8)
1.一种油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将农林业生物质废弃物经洗涤、干燥、粉碎,过100目筛,得生物质渣粉;
(2)将油页岩半焦为油页岩经500~700℃干馏得到的固体残余物粉碎,球磨,过100目筛,得油页岩半焦粉;
(3)将生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦粉混合均匀,再将混合物加入到活化剂溶液中,然后在室温搅拌处理或者超声处理,使生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦活化;最后经离心,固液分离,干燥,得固体粉末;油页岩半焦粉与生物质渣粉的质量比为4:1~1:1;
(4)将经活化处理的混合物在氮气保护下煅烧炭化后经酸洗、水洗、干燥、粉碎,得到高效吸附剂产品。
2.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)中,所述农林业生物质废弃物为小麦秸秆、稻米秸秆、玉米秸秆、玉米芯、甘蔗渣、甜菜渣、稻壳、果壳、椰壳、锯末、木屑中的至少一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,所述活化剂为NaOH、KOH、ZnCl2、磷酸中的一种,活化剂溶液的质量百分比浓度为20~40%。
4.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述生物质渣粉与油页岩半焦粉混合物按固液质量比1:1~1:10的比例加入到活化剂溶液中。
5.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,所述搅拌处理的搅拌速度为300-1200转/分钟,搅拌时间为1~4h。
6.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中,所述超声处理时间为30~180 min,超声波功率为50~700W。
7.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,所述煅烧炭化是在300~900℃下保温处理1~4h。
8.根据权利要求1所述油页岩半焦吸附剂的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)中,所述酸采用浓度为0.5~1mol/L的稀盐酸、硫酸、磷酸或硝酸。
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