CN110495355B - Water-fertilizer integrated cultivation method for sesame in Xinjiang area through drip irrigation under mulch - Google Patents
Water-fertilizer integrated cultivation method for sesame in Xinjiang area through drip irrigation under mulch Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation method for sesame under-mulch drip irrigation in Xinjiang. The invention also provides the specific application of the water-fertilizer integrated cultivation method for the sesame under-mulch drip irrigation in Xinjiang area in crop cultivation and tilth. The inventor of this application adopts corresponding soil preparation mode of ploughing according to the condition and the climatic factor of Xinjiang gravel soil area soil, to the growth habit of crop sesame, implements the drip irrigation liquid manure integration hill-drop planting mode under the membrane, reaches the controllable effect of liquid manure. The inventor summarizes and summarizes the key technology, operation links, cautions and the like of the technology in practical production application. Through two years of field tests, the result shows that the technology can increase the production and the efficiency of sesame production in Xinjiang areas in northwest China. The invention relates to a water-fertilizer integrated cultivation technique for sesame under-mulch drip irrigation in Xinjiang area, which has important significance for improving agricultural production yield in northwest areas of China and promoting agricultural sustainable development.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and particularly relates to a mechanized planting method which is suitable for reducing the production cost of sesame, realizing yield and efficiency increase and having a positive effect on promoting agricultural sustainable development.
Background
The sesame industry in China is one of important industries for building modern agriculture, and plays an important role in national edible oil supply and food safety guarantee. The development of the sesame industry has many advantages as a whole, but with the rapid advance of agricultural marketization, internationalization and modernization, the development of the sesame industry has a serious challenge. At present, the factors influencing the production and development of sesame are many, wherein the lag of the agricultural mechanization development and the lack of a standard matched planting mode are main obstacle factors. In order to achieve the purpose of simplifying the cultivation of sesame, firstly, the manual sowing of sesame must be changed, and most of the manual sowing is broadcast sowing. The sowing mode causes uneven seedling emergence, the row spacing of the seedlings cannot be adjusted, basic seedlings are difficult to control, field operations such as topdressing, weeding, disease prevention and pest control and the like are inconvenient, and the labor cost is high. The labor and time are consumed for seedling setting and harvesting among sesame workers, which is not only not beneficial to the optimization and popularization of the cultivation management technology, but also not beneficial to the implementation of production standardization. Therefore, the method has the advantages of greatly developing the mechanization of sesame production, optimizing matched cultivation measures and reducing the planting cost, and becomes a key measure for improving the international competitiveness of sesame products in China, exerting the comparative advantages of the sesame industry and increasing the income of farmers.
The Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region in the northwest of China belongs to a typical temperate continental climate, the rainfall is rare, the weather is sunny, the sunshine time in summer is long, the photo-thermal resource is sufficient, the day and night temperature difference is large, and the method is an important economic crop production base in China. The Xinjiang sesame planting area is dry in climate, rich in photo-thermal resources, and even though rainfall is rare, the Xinjiang sesame planting area has favorable agricultural irrigation conditions, irrigation water resources are sufficient, and water and fertilizer can be controlled, namely, water and fertilizer supply can be effectively regulated in the growth period of sesame, the requirements of sesame on the water and fertilizer in each growth period are met, and the sesame planting area is beneficial to realizing scale and mechanization of sesame production. Because the standard and the technology in the technical aspect of sesame mechanized sowing do not exist in the Xinjiang area at present, the inventor undertakes a plurality of national and provincial and municipal sesame research projects to carry out years of experimental demonstration on the under-mulch drip irrigation water-fertilizer integrated cultivation method of sesame in the Xinjiang area, so as to provide a powerful guarantee for promoting the establishment of new sesame main producing areas in China in the Xinjiang, northwest and other areas, and lay a foundation for promoting the production of domestic sesame and improving international competitiveness.
Disclosure of Invention
The inventor of the application analyzes the sesame ecological region and the current agricultural production situation in China and provides a method for cultivating sesame by drip irrigation under a film in Xinjiang area aiming at the problems in the prior art.
According to the invention, through effective management measures of drip irrigation of water and fertilizer under the film and the like, the operation quality and the production efficiency can be improved, the mechanical cultivation level of sesame in the experimental demonstration area is effectively improved, the production cost is reduced, and the yield and the quality of sesame in the demonstration area are improved. The method is helpful for improving the rate of emergence and promoting the growth of seedlings, thereby achieving the purposes of increasing yield, stabilizing yield and high efficiency. The sesame under-film drip irrigation cultivation method in Xinjiang area provided by the invention can enlarge the sesame planting area, and has a solid pace for improving the agricultural production yield, promoting the agricultural sustainable development and promoting the transformation and the promotion of the sesame industry in China.
The inventor carries out a water-fertilizer-density coupling effect test, a density configuration test, a mechanized hybridization seed production test, high-yield display of new sesame varieties and the like under the condition of drip irrigation under the film in Tolitown of Jinghe county of Xinjiang, and researches and analyses of mechanical sesame planting technology in Fenyang region of Shanxi.
Specifically, the invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated cultivation method for sesame under-mulch drip irrigation in Xinjiang area, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting a variety suitable for the mechanized planting of drip irrigation under the film;
(2) selecting a fertilizer suitable for drip irrigation hole-sowing plots under the mulch;
(3) screening and obtaining a herbicide before sowing suitable for drip irrigation hole sowing plots under a film, mixing soil before sowing, treating the plots without covering the film, and performing mechanical soil preparation;
(4) adopt and drip irrigation hill-drop planting technique under the membrane to sow, two ridges, 2 lines of sesame of each ridge of every membrane, this step includes: firstly, arranging a dropper in a narrow row at a preset wide-narrow row interval; the drip pipes are processed by film covering, and the width of the attached mulching film covers the width of two ridges; holes are punched on the mulching films on the two sides of the dropper according to the preset row spacing through the sowing device, and sowing is carried out while the holes are punched (figure 1).
(5) In the whole growth period of sesame growth, drip irrigation is carried out for multiple times to supply water and fertilizer;
(6) screening the herbicide after sowing suitable for drip irrigation under the film to sow the plot, and carrying out chemical weeding after sowing.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps: the seed consumption of the spring sesame is 150-200 g per mu.
Preferably, the method further comprises treating the uncoated land with trifluralin mixed soil before sowing.
Preferably, the method also comprises uniformly spraying the soil surface with 90% acetochlor or 960g/L s-metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate after sowing and before seedling according to the recommended dosage and concentration.
The under-mulch drip irrigation mechanical planting variety suitable for the invention is a high-yield, high-quality, strong stress resistance, close planting resistance and medium-short stalk variety which is suitable for selection, such as: yuzhi Dw607 or Anhui Zhi No. 5 of medium plant height variety.
In another preferred implementation mode of the invention, the fertilizer suitable for the water-fertilizer integrated mechanized planting of the drip irrigation under the sesame film is preferably water-soluble fertilizer: urea, drip irrigation type diammonium, potassium oxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc. (fig. 2).
The fertilizing process of the water and fertilizer integrated cultivation method for the sesame under-mulch drip irrigation comprises the following steps: fertilizing 6 times in the whole growth period, wherein the seedling period is 3 times, the flowering period is 3 times, urea 23 kg (containing N46%) and diamine 11.6kg (containing N18% and P) are applied in each mu2O546 percent) and 3.5 kilograms (K) of pure potassium2O content 60%).
In the method for cultivating the sesame by drip irrigation under the film and integrating water and fertilizer, the optimal seeding rate is preferably adopted, namely the seed consumption of 150-. In addition, inter-seedling (except special cases) is not carried out on the plot of drip irrigation and hole sowing under the film, and mechanical intertillage and seedling transplanting are carried out when the seedling ages are about 30 days.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the following herbicidal methods have been shown to have significant advantages over other methods by herbicide screening tests: before sowing, the trifluralin mixed soil is treated on the land without covering film, after sowing, 90% acetochlor or 960g/L metolachlor missible oil is used before seedling, and the soil surface is evenly sprayed according to the recommended dosage and concentration.
In the drip irrigation cultivation method under the plastic film for sesame seeds provided by the invention, the preferable sowing mode is as follows: in the late ten days of 4 months or the early ten days of 5 months, a precision hill planter is paved by drip irrigation under mulch for pipe arrangement, mulch film laying, sowing, film pressing and soil sealing, wherein each mulch film has two ridges and each ridge has 2 rows of sesames; the ratio of wide rows to narrow rows is 65cm:15cm, the width of the rows is 65cm, and the width of the rows is 15 cm; the hole distance is 14cm, 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole, each hole is provided with 1-3 seedlings, and the number of the remained seedlings per mu is 1.6-2.4 thousands (figure 2).
The invention relates to a method for cultivating sesame seeds by drip irrigation under plastic film in Xinjiang areaThe mechanical sowing can save the use of seeds by 100 plus 150 g, improve the sowing quality and the sowing efficiency and realize the one-time sowing of the whole seedlings; and less N1.5-2.0 kg is applied than the local field production (farmers), and the N fertilizer is saved by 10-15%; less P than local field production2O51.5-1.8 kg, saving 20-25% of P fertilizer; less applications than local field production20.2-0.4 kg of O, saving 10-15% of K fertilizer, reducing labor intensity, reducing labor amount and lowering production cost by more than 15%.
According to the method for cultivating sesame by drip irrigation under the plastic film and integrating water and fertilizer, a precision hill planter is paved by drip irrigation under the plastic film, the sowing density and the sowing distance are matched, a horizontal steel body fertilization tank, a dropper and the like are modified, a water meter measuring device (the pipe diameter is 15cm) is additionally arranged, and the drip irrigation time and times are adjusted. The field drip irrigation time is changed from 3 hours/time (49.4mm) to 2 hours/time (32.9mm), the drip irrigation time in the whole growth period is increased from 17 times to 18 times, the water consumption for drip irrigation is reduced by 165 tons, the drip irrigation time is saved by 15 hours, the emergence rate is improved, the full seedling is sown once, and the water consumption is saved by 27.83 percent compared with the water consumption for drip irrigation of the original farmers. The average yield per mu of a demonstration field of drip irrigation and water and fertilizer integration mechanical cultivation tests under the mulch is 152.47 kg, is increased by about 23.84 kg compared with the average yield per mu of a non-demonstration area, is increased by about 15.7 percent, and is an effective measure for improving the yield of the sesame seeds; the mechanical seeding saves labor cost for thinning and final singling after seeding is sowed, is favorable for field management such as weeding, insecticide spraying and the like, and is an effective way for accelerating the realization of mechanized and large-scale production of the sesame in China.
The sowing technology of the invention has positive effects of improving agricultural production yield, accelerating the realization of standardized production of sesame industry and promoting agricultural sustainable development. The invention has wide application range, can be applied to northwest areas and areas within one year in Xinjiang with mechanical operation conditions, flat land and large land, and is particularly suitable for gravel areas in Xinjiang in China.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of drip irrigation sowing and water and fertilizer integrated sowing under a film for sesame seeds;
FIG. 2 is a view of the actual scene of the drip irrigation under the film for seeding of sesame in Xinjiang;
FIG. 3 is an operational diagram of the intertillage weeding apparatus;
FIG. 4 is a substrate for testing coupling effect of drip irrigation water, fertilizer and density under film;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of a high-yield test of drip irrigation seeding under a film of sesame.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the embodiments thereof, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
The inventor of this application combines the actual conditions of domestic sesame production and the lower condition of seeding mechanization degree, through undertaking national and provincial and city sesame research project, carries out the experiment demonstration to the drip irrigation seeding technique under the membrane of sesame (adopt mechanized integral type seeder) in Xinjiang Jinghe county, effectively improves the seeding level in experiment demonstration district, has reduced manufacturing cost.
Example 1 high yield display of New variety of sesame
The invention solves the contradictions of sesame seeding, thinning, weeding labor, high cost, labor tension and the like by adopting the simplified high-efficiency high-yield cultivation technical measures of excellent variety, accurate drip irrigation, optimized seeding, chemical weeding and the like, and promotes the realization of sesame yield increase and whole-process mechanization.
Demonstration time: from late 4 to late 9 months in 2017. Demonstration site: tuoli town of Jinghe county, Xinjiang. The demonstration variety is as follows: anhui Zhi No. 5. Demonstration area: 5 mu m. Seeding rate: the seed consumption of the spring sesame is 150-200 g per mu. The main demonstration machines mainly comprise a drip irrigation device under the film, a drip irrigation laying machine under the film, a precision hill planter (or a drip irrigation laying and hill planting integrated machine), a intertillage weeding machine, a long spray stalk pesticide spraying machine, a land preparation machine and the like. The fertilizer is drip irrigation under the film and is planted by water-soluble fertilizer: urea, drip irrigation type diammonium, potassium oxide, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, etc. (fig. 2). An exemplary procedure is as follows:
step 1, land selection
Selecting the land blocks without shading, flat topography, sand and stone content lower than 75%, convenient irrigation and drainage and waterless.
Step 2, mechanical soil preparation
And (3) performing mechanical soil preparation 5-7 days before sowing, spraying 200ml of 48% trifluralin missible oil 175-50 kg of water per mu and mixing soil (figure 2).
Step 3, sowing
Drip irrigation under a film and precision hole sowing: in the late 4 th month or the early 5 th month, sowing seeds in wide and narrow rows by adopting a drip irrigation and precision hill planter paved under mulch, wherein the ratio of the wide and narrow rows is 65cm to 15cm, the wide rows are 65cm, and the narrow rows are 15 cm. The drip pipes are arranged in the narrow rows along the ridges, one pipe per ridge is adopted, the drip pipes are not arranged in the wide rows, the films are laid on the land blocks where the pipelines are arranged, two ridges per film are formed, when the films are laid, punching seeding is respectively carried out on two sides of each drip pipe through a hole sowing device, two rows of sesames are sowed in each ridge, and meanwhile film pressing and soil sealing are carried out in the middle of the edges and the wide rows of the films. Wherein the seeding hole distance is 14cm, 3-4 seeds are sowed in each hole, each hole has 1-3 seedlings, and each mu has 1.6-2.4 ten thousand seedlings.
Step 4, enhancing seedling management
Drip irrigation hole-sowing plots under the film, after sowing, when the air temperature is stabilized above 16 ℃, drip irrigation water begins, the water drip irrigation amount is 30-35mm each time, and drip irrigation for 3 days for the first time is continued for the second time (the drip irrigation time is determined according to the water demand and soil moisture content in the seedling stage later) so as to ensure the moisture required by seedling emergence. And (4) carefully checking the seedling emergence condition 7-9 days after drip irrigation to ensure that the whole seedlings are sown at one time.
Step 5, reasonable close planting, intertillage weeding
Under-mulch drip irrigation hole-sowing plots are generally not subjected to inter-planting, and mechanical intertillage and seedling transplanting and gap filling are carried out when the seedlings are about 30 days old (figure 3).
Step 6, chemical weeding
A. Before sowing, the trifluralin is mixed with soil to treat the land without covering a film.
B. After sowing, the soil surface is evenly sprayed with 90% acetochlor or 960g/L s-metolachlor missible oil according to the recommended dosage and concentration. After emergence, if the weeds are more, 5 percent of quizalofop-p-ethyl missible oil is uniformly sprayed according to the recommended dose and concentration, and the weeding composition has good control effect on 1-year and perennial gramineous weeds. Wide and narrow row planting field blocks have more weeds in the middle and later periods, low-pressure sprayers, spray heads with covers and proper biocidal herbicides are used for spraying and weeding in wide rows and ditches in a sticking mode, the ground surface is dry, and the pesticide is sprayed on windless days, so that pesticide liquid is prevented from drifting to the stem leaves of the sesame to cause phytotoxicity, and the pesticide is sprayed after small-area debugging is carried out one week before large-area pesticide spraying (figure 3).
Step 7, scientific fertilization
Drip irrigation under the film and bunch planting the plots: fertilizing 6 times in the whole growth period (dissolving fertilizer in horizontal steel body fertilizing tank, adding with drip irrigation), wherein the seedling period is 3 times, the flowering period is 3 times, urea 23 kg (containing N46%) and diamine 11.6kg (containing N18% and P) are applied in each mu2O546 percent) and 3.5kg (K) of pure potassium2O content 60%), in terms of N12.7 kg, P2O55.3kg, K22.1kg of O, and less N is applied by 1.5-2.0 kg than the local field production (farmers) respectively, thus saving 10-15% of N fertilizer; less P than local field production2O51.5-1.8 kg, saving 20-25% of P fertilizer; less applications than local field production20.2-0.4 kg of O, and 10-15% of K fertilizer is saved.
Step 8, scientific water supply
In northwest areas represented by Xinjiang in China, seeding can be carried out when the temperature reaches more than 15 ℃, first drip irrigation water supply is carried out for 30mm when the temperature reaches more than 20 ℃ after seeding, second drip irrigation water supply is carried out for 30mm after 24 hours of the first water supply, third drip irrigation water supply is carried out for 30mm after 48 hours of the second water supply, emergence is carried out after 7-8 days, the emergence rate reaches more than 95%, and the emergence rate and the seedling rate of sesame are remarkably improved compared with conventional seeding.
The main results are: the method adopts a precision hill planter for drip irrigation and paving under the film to perform pipe arrangement, film paving, sowing, film pressing and soil sealing integrated sowing, the density of emergence of seedlings per mu in spring sowing is 2.0-2.8 ten thousand plants, the density of seedling protection is 1.8-2.5 ten thousand plants, and the emergence rate reaches 100%; the average yield per mu of a demonstration field of the mechanical sowing test is 152.47 kg, which is increased by 23.84 kg compared with a non-demonstration area and is increased by 15.7 percent, so that the method is one of effective ways for improving the yield of the sesame; the labor cost for thinning and final singling after seedling scattering is saved in mechanical sowing, field management such as weeding and insecticide spraying is facilitated, the production cost is reduced by more than 15%, and the method is an effective way for increasing yield and efficiency of sesame production.
In addition, the horizontal steel body fertilization tank, the dropper and the like are reformed, a water meter measuring device (the pipe diameter is 15cm) is additionally arranged, the field drip irrigation time is changed from 3 hours/time (49.4mm) to 2 hours/time (32.9mm), the drip irrigation time in the whole growth period is increased from 17 times to 18 times, the water consumption of the drip irrigation is reduced by 165 tons, the drip irrigation time is saved by 15 hours, and the water consumption is saved by 27.83 percent compared with the water consumption of the drip irrigation of the original peasant household. Sinkiang water resource is very precious, and agricultural production has great significance in saving irrigation water.
Therefore, the drip irrigation under the film and the water and fertilizer integration mechanical seeding are adopted, the full seedling can be sowed at one time, and the seedling supplement is not needed.
Example 2 test of coupling effect of water, fertilizer and density under drip irrigation condition under film
In order to research the optimal sowing quantity density row ratio configuration under the conditions suitable for machine sowing and field management, the inventor implements a density configuration test based on mechanized planting on the influence of sesame yield, and provides a theoretical basis for the whole-process mechanized production of sesame. Test time: from late 4 to late 9 months in 2017. A place: tuoli town of Jinghe county, Xinjiang. The demonstration variety is as follows: yuzhi Dw 607. Mechanical equipment: a horizontal steel body fertilization tank, a dropper and other drip irrigation devices, a pipe arrangement, a film laying, a seeding, a film pressing and a soil sealing integrated precision seeder, an intertillage weeding machine, a self-propelled boom sprayer, a direct water meter with the pipe diameter of 15cm and the like (figure 4).
The experimental design adopts 4 kinds of seeding rate treatment: before sowing, a seed sowing device and a sowing wheel are debugged and reformed, the hole distance is 9 holes/1.3M (14 cm), 1-2, 3-4, 5-7 and 8-10 holes are sowed in each hole, the number of seedlings is set to be 1, 2, 3 and 4 in each hole, 1.2-1.4 thousands of seedlings (M1), 1.6-2.4 thousands of seedlings (M2), 3.5-3.8 thousands of seedlings (M3) and 4.6-4.8 thousands of seedlings (M4) are reserved in each mu. 3 kinds of wide and narrow line spacing processing: aiming at the treatment of 1-2 grains, 3-4 grains, 5-7 grains and 8-10 grains planted in each hole machine, the spacing between the seeding pipes is respectively adjusted to 68cm:12cm (R1), 65cm:15cm (R2) and 61cm:19cm (R3). The water delivery dropper is laid in the middle of the narrow row. The number of the treatment is 12, 1 ridge and 4 lines are formed in each cell, the ridge length is 20 meters, and the area of each cell is 31.2 square meters.
The main results are: 1.6-2.4 ten thousand plants per mu, the maximum yield per mu processed by the method is 155.01 kilograms at the wide-narrow row ratio of 65cm to 15 cm; when the planting density is 1.6-2.4 ten thousand plants/mu, high yield is obtained in each row-specific configuration, the yield is reduced when the yield exceeds 2.5 ten thousand plants; the average yield of three rows of 1.6-2.4 ten thousand plants per mu is about 152.47 kg, the average yield of three rows of 1.2 ten thousand plants is about 137.14 kg, the average yield of three rows of 3.6 ten thousand plants per mu is 128.63 kg, and the average yield of three rows of 4.8 ten thousand plants per mu is 119.4 kg.
Embodiment 3 Water conservation test of irrigation water resource in-short area
Agricultural production in Xinjiang area completely depends on irrigation measures, and the area mostly adopts gravel soil, so that the water storage capacity is poor and the permeability is high. Even if the drip irrigation mode of the invention is adopted, the water quantity required by the drip irrigation planting is huge, the currently adopted drip irrigation pipes are all produced and perforated by manufacturers in advance, the drip irrigation hole spacing is usually between 3 and 5cm, the sesame planting hole spacing is about 15cm or even larger, and the line spacing can reach 20 to 30cm, so that a large amount of water can permeate to the positions between sesame plant distances in the drip irrigation process, the water infiltration speed is high, the penetration on the side parts of plants is relatively slow, and the water holding capacity is poor, so that the drip irrigation water is not fully and effectively utilized.
In order to further increase the plant uptake rate of the drip irrigation water, the applicant proposes a more preferred implementation. In fact, the drip irrigation is the most efficient if it can directly act on the root of the crop, but the existing pipelines are pre-perforated and cannot be perforated on site, so that the water supply point of the drip irrigation is difficult to be matched with or reach the nearest distance to the seeding point of the planted crop during the planting process, and a large deviation exists.
In view of this problem, the present invention proposes another preferable sowing method which is further improved on the basis of example 1, and which is similar to example 1 except for ridge-laying, fertilizing, weeding, pest control, and the like, which are not mentioned below.
Unlike example 1, in the present preferred implementation, the seeding and pipe distribution process comprises the following steps:
(1) and (3) customizing a drip irrigation pipeline, wherein the drip irrigation pipeline adopts a flat pipe with the width of 3-5cm, and drip irrigation holes are arranged on two sides of the flat pipe. Specifically, two rows of drip irrigation holes are preset on each drip irrigation pipeline, the longitudinal distance between any two drip irrigation holes in each row of drip irrigation holes is equal to the target hole distance, the two rows of drip irrigation holes are respectively positioned on two sides of the drip irrigation pipeline, and each pair of the two rows of drip irrigation holes corresponds to one drip irrigation hole.
(2) Arranging ridges in a whole, arranging the sesame seeds in wide and narrow rows alternately, arranging the sesame seeds in a manner similar to that in example 1, arranging the flat pipes in a manner parallel to the ground, wherein each row of drip irrigation holes respectively faces sesame seed sowing areas on both sides, even if the drip irrigation holes are positioned on both sides of the pipeline and respectively face target planting positions of two rows of sesame seeds, in the planting method of the invention, the drip irrigation pipes can be laid at the middle position of the ridge for every two rows of sesame seeds.
(3) And (4) paving the film, wherein each film has two ridges, each film at least comprises two narrow rows, and the wide rows at two sides are used for compacting soil.
(4) The drip irrigation line is supplied with water for a short time so that each drip irrigation hole of the drip irrigation line forms a watermark near the water spraying or drip drop point, and more preferably, a small amount of harmless dye, such as a small amount of Chinese ink, is added to the supplied water so that the color of the drip irrigation hole drop point is obviously different from the color of other areas, and the black mark of the drip irrigation point is extremely obvious under dry yellow sandy soil.
(5) An image sensor is added on the hill planter, and the image of the soil is collected downwards, which can be realized by the existing machine vision system, the position of the region with the color obviously different from other colors on the soil can be determined based on a simple image recognition algorithm, the detailed description of the machine vision algorithm is omitted, and the machine vision algorithm can be realized by adopting a product sold in the market;
(6) the operating mechanism on the hill planter is based on the drop irrigation drop point position determined by the image sensor, when the operating mechanism advances to the drop irrigation drop point top (even if a flat pipe is adopted, the width of a dropper is not wide enough, the drop irrigation can not be sown completely according to the drop point, and sowing needs to be carried out on two sides of the drop point), the jack sowing is carried out on the left side and the right side of the drop point. Of course, the time delay between the image sensor and the hill-drop drill insertion position and the travel speed of the hill-drop drill can be determined by those skilled in the art, which can be realized by those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein. Preferably, the hill planter is a dual-row synchronous action hill planter, because the two holes on each drip irrigation pipe correspond to each other and the water spray spacing between the two drip irrigation holes of the drip irrigation pipe is substantially fixed, only one drop point of the two rows of drip irrigation holes needs to be determined, and the drop point of the other drop irrigation hole can be substantially determined.
More preferably, the hill planter can adopt a hill planter with each row independently controlled, each row is provided with an image sensor and an action mechanism, accurate seeding can be realized outside the drop point of each drip irrigation hole, and the land has better wrapping performance on seeds and is more beneficial to seed development due to the fact that water is supplied nearby the drip irrigation hole in advance.
By adopting the accurate drip irrigation mode, the drip irrigation position is accurately matched with the seeding position, so that the drip irrigation time can be further shortened, and the water can be saved by more than 10 percent through calculation.
Example 4 post-sowing pre-emergence herbicide screening test for sesame
The invention implements a screening test of the postemergence herbicide of sesame seeds in 2016-2017, so as to screen safe and efficient preemergence herbicide of sesame seeds and provide technical support for mechanical planting and light simplified cultivation. The test is arranged in a Linquan test base, and the variety to be tested is Anhui Zhi No. 5. 4 herbicides such as 90% acetochlor missible oil, 960g/L metolachlor missible oil, 60% trifluralin missible oil and 30% pendimethalin missible oil are respectively selected and sprayed on the 2 nd day after sesame sowing. Each agent was administered in three doses, divided into four groups simultaneously: one group was no herbicide applied as Control (CK); two groups recommend 1-time dosage for manufacturers: 60 ml/mu of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate, 180 ml/mu of 960g/L metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate, 160 ml/mu of 40% trifluralin emulsifiable concentrate and 150 ml/mu of 30% pendimethalin emulsifiable concentrate. Three groups are recommended by manufacturers to be 2 times of dosage; four groups of the composition have 3 times dosage recommended by manufacturers.
The test design is sequential arrangement, the contrast CK is no herbicide spraying, each herbicide is applied according to 3 times concentration gradient, each treatment is repeated for three times (I, II and III), the net area of a cell is 4 square meters, the ridge surface width is 2 meters, the groove width is 0.5 meter, and the cell length is 2 meters. The wheat is used as the first crop of the test field, the terrain is flat, the land fertility is uniform, and the periphery of the field is not shaded. The soil type of the yellow brown soil is medium in fertility, the base fertilizer is a ternary compound fertilizer (the N, P, K content is 15%), the compound fertilizer is applied according to 2.5 kg/mu, the compound fertilizer is applied 2 days before sowing, 5 kg/mu of urea is applied in a topdressing mode in a bud period, the sowing mode is ditching and drilling, the sowing period is 6 ten days before sowing, seedlings are not thinned and artificially weeded in a seedling period, and after the number of weeds and the number of seedlings in the seedling period are investigated, each plot is set according to 2 ten thousand plants/mu.
2016 test results: after sowing, before emergence of seedlings, 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate is used for treatment, and the yield per mu is the highest and is about 159.89 kg/mu; the number of weeds in the seedling stage is less. Test results in 2017: the 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate and the 960g/L metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate have good weeding and control effects before sesame germination, have higher yield per mu level and are suitable for being used as a herbicide before sesame germination; but the concentration is most suitable as 1 time, and the high concentration is not suitable; the control effect of 40 percent trifluralin weeds is poor; pendimethalin seriously affects the normal character and the seedling number of the sesame.
The drip irrigation water and fertilizer integrated precision sowing machine under the film adopted by the invention has multiple functions of land leveling, fertilization, herbicide spraying after sowing and the like, and has the main technical parameters and technical key points that:
A. the technical parameters are as follows: film-covering pipe-laying precision hill-drop planter: 4 rows are broadcast at a time; the row spacing is adjustable; the seeding rate is 100-400 g/mu; the operating efficiency is 6-9 mu/h; the matched power is 20-50 horsepower; 2 rows of burettes are laid, and 1 film is laid; the width of the suitable mulching film is 125-145 cm; the operation speed is 2500-; the number of the holes is 1-5; the qualification rate of the hole grain number is more than or equal to 85 percent; the void ratio is less than or equal to 2 percent; the qualified rate of sowing depth under the film is more than or equal to 85 percent; the qualified rate of the soil covering thickness of the seeds is more than or equal to 90 percent. The method is suitable for seeding sesame in sandy soil, loam and light clay plots without stubbles and weeds in plain areas and loose soil; after being matched with a film-laying and dropper-laying device, the machine can simultaneously complete operations such as seedbed shaping, flattening, ditching, dropper laying, film pressing, film edge earthing, hole drilling and hole sowing on the film, film hole earthing, seed row compacting and the like, has high sowing precision and efficiency, and is a maintenance methodThe maintenance cost is low and the power is saved. Wherein the matching power is 44.1-66.15KW wheel tractor, the working efficiency is: 0.2-0.4hm2H; number of lines (rows): 4, the line spacing is adjustable; and (3) sowing depth: 20-45 mm; seeding rate: 1.5-2.25kg/hm2。
B. The technical points are as follows: the equipment utilizes the self-suction principle of the seeding disc and the tooth profile adjusting structure to randomly adjust the number (3-10 grains) and the plant distance (10-20cm) of the sesame seeds to be sown, and the sowing becomes more reasonable and scientific, so that the effect of one-time precision sowing is achieved, and the functions of fertilizing, irrigating, pesticide spraying and the like are matched to achieve the effect of achieving twice with half the effort.
While the principles of the invention have been described in detail in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of exemplary implementations of the invention and are not limiting of the scope of the invention. The details of the embodiments are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention, and any obvious changes, such as equivalent alterations, simple substitutions and the like, based on the technical solution of the invention, can be interpreted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (8)
1. A water and fertilizer integrated cultivation method for sesame in Xinjiang area by drip irrigation under mulch is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selecting a variety suitable for the mechanized planting of drip irrigation under the film;
(2) selecting a fertilizer suitable for drip irrigation hole-sowing plots under the mulch;
(3) screening and obtaining a herbicide before sowing suitable for drip irrigation hole sowing plots under a film, mixing soil before sowing, treating the plots without covering the film, and performing mechanical soil preparation;
(4) adopt and drip irrigation hill-drop planting technique under the membrane to sow, two ridges, 2 lines of sesame of each ridge of every membrane, this step includes: customizing a drip irrigation pipeline, wherein the drip irrigation pipeline adopts flat pipes with the width of 3-5cm, two rows of drip irrigation holes are preset on each drip irrigation pipeline, the longitudinal distance between any two drip irrigation holes in each row of drip irrigation holes is equal to the target hole distance, the two rows of drip irrigation holes are respectively positioned at two sides of the drip irrigation pipeline, ridge arrangement is carried out according to the preset width-to-narrow row ratio, a dropper is arranged in each narrow row, the drip irrigation pipes are paved at the middle position of the ridge, the flat pipes are arranged in a mode of being parallel to the ground, each row of drip irrigation holes respectively face sesame sowing areas at two sides, so that the drip irrigation holes are positioned at two sides of the pipeline and respectively face the target planting positions of two rows of sesames; the drip pipes are processed by film covering, and the width of the attached mulching film covers the width of two ridges; supplying water to the drip irrigation pipeline for a short time to enable each drip irrigation hole of the drip irrigation pipeline to form a watermark near a water spraying or dripping point, punching holes on the mulching films on two sides of the drip irrigation pipe according to a preset plant spacing through a seeder, and sowing while punching the holes;
(5) adding an image sensor on the hill planter, collecting an image of soil downwards, determining the position of an area with obviously different colors on the soil based on the collected image, and downwards sowing in jacks at the left side and the right side of a drop point when an action mechanism on the hill planter moves to the position above the drop point of drip irrigation based on the drop point position determined by the image sensor;
(6) Fertilizing for multiple times in the whole growth period of sesame growth;
(7) Screening the herbicide after sowing suitable for drip irrigation under the film to sow the plot, and carrying out chemical weeding after sowing.
2. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang area by drip irrigation under mulch with water and fertilizer integration according to claim 1, wherein the varieties suitable for drip irrigation under mulch and mechanization planting comprise dwarf straw suitable for drip irrigation under mulch, a new species of closely-resistant Yuzhi Dw607 or Anhui Zhi No. 5 with a medium height.
3. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang area by integrating drip irrigation under mulch and water and fertilizer according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer suitable for the integrated mechanized planting of sesame by integrating drip irrigation under mulch and water and fertilizer comprises water-soluble fertilizers: urea, drip irrigation type diammonium, potassium oxide and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang area by drip irrigation under mulch with water and fertilizer integrally according to claim 1, wherein the step (6) comprises: the fertilizer is applied for 6 times in the whole growth period, wherein the fertilizer is applied for 3 times in the seedling period and 3 times in the flowering period, and 23 kg of urea, 11.6kg of diamine and 3.5kg of pure potassium are applied in each mu.
5. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang area by drip irrigation under mulch with water and fertilizer integration according to claim 1, further comprising: the seed consumption of the spring sesame is 150-200 g per mu.
6. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang province by drip irrigation under mulch with water and fertilizer integration according to claim 1, further comprising mixing trifluralin with soil before sowing to treat the land without mulch.
7. The method for cultivating sesame in Xinjiang province by drip irrigation under mulch film with integration of water and fertilizer as claimed in claim 6, further comprising spraying soil surface with 90% acetochlor or 960g/L s-metolachlor emulsifiable concentrate uniformly according to recommended dosage and concentration after sowing and before seedling.
8. The method for cultivating sesame seeds under-mulch drip irrigation and integrating water and fertilizer according to claim 1, further comprising determining the location of each drip irrigation hole on a drip tube disposed behind the drip tube.
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