CN1104515C - 纱线及其应用 - Google Patents

纱线及其应用 Download PDF

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CN1104515C
CN1104515C CN99802504A CN99802504A CN1104515C CN 1104515 C CN1104515 C CN 1104515C CN 99802504 A CN99802504 A CN 99802504A CN 99802504 A CN99802504 A CN 99802504A CN 1104515 C CN1104515 C CN 1104515C
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R·T·克鲁斯泽维斯基
A·R·内尔森
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Toray Industries Inc
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    • D02GCRIMPING OR CURLING FIBRES, FILAMENTS, THREADS, OR YARNS; YARNS OR THREADS
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    • F16C33/20Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
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    • F16C17/00Sliding-contact bearings for exclusively rotary movement
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2208/00Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
    • F16C2208/20Thermoplastic resins
    • F16C2208/30Fluoropolymers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
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    • Y10T428/249924Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
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Abstract

一种短纤纱,包含35~90wt%含氟聚合物纤维与65~10wt%1种或多种掺混纤维的共混物。

Description

纱线及其应用
本发明涉及摩擦特性改善的纺制短纤纱。
发明背景
含氟聚合物纤维已知作为摩擦改性剂被用于多种不同最终用途。然而,含氟聚合物纤维抗张模量低并具有对其他树脂附着力低的特点;它们的生产成本较高且某些含氟聚合物具有冷流倾向的特点。当在诸如轴承之类工业用途中用作摩擦改性剂时,含氟聚合物纤维采取下列典型形式之一:缠绕在制品或零件表面的连续含氟聚合物长丝纱、针织或机织为织物的连续含氟聚合物长丝纱或者切断为非常短的短绒的连续含氟聚合物长丝纱,这些短绒随后与树脂混合并模塑为制品和零件。
虽然含氟聚合物短纤纱可提供相对于连续长丝纱的各种优点,但迄今,纺制含氟聚合物短纤纱一直非常困难。有了商业上能过关的纺制含氟聚合物短纤纱,便可采用各种切断长度的短纤维来设计满足各种工业减小摩擦需要的纱线和织物。
日本专利申请HEI 1[1989]-139833公开了一种具有优良柔性的纤维材料,其通过少于30%聚四氟乙烯纤维或丝与天然和/或合成纤维的混合制成。用该申请的纤维材料制成的织物和衣物兼具优良的悬垂和改善的抗起球性能。
发明概述
本发明是一种短纤纱,包含由35~90wt%含氟聚合物纤维与65~10wt%1种或多种掺混纤维组成的共混物。本发明的纱线或由该纱线制成的织物可作为各种承载产品中的摩擦改性剂,如作为橡胶件、复合及织物轴承中的织物衬里以及密封材料。
发明详述
本发明涉及具有改进摩擦特性的纺制短纤纱,以及采用此种纱线为成分制成的承载及其他产品。本发明的纺制短纤纱是含氟聚合物纤维与掺混纤维的组合。
用于描述合成纤维的术语“纺制短纤纱”是指通过将连续长丝纱或连续丝束切断为规定的长度从而制成短纤维,然后在普通由短纤维成形纱线的棉系统设备上对其进行加工所制成的纱线。用于制造短纤纱的常用方法包括环锭纺纱、自由端纺纱,以及喷气纺纱。
术语“含氟聚合物”是指诸如聚(四氟乙烯),在此简称“PTFE”,的聚合物,以及通常被称之为氟化烯烃聚合物的聚合物,例如四氟乙烯与六氟丙烯的共聚物(FEP)、四氟乙烯与全氟烷基-乙烯基酯如全氟丙基-乙烯基醚(PFA)及全氟乙基-乙烯基醚的共聚物,包括上面所列举的单体的氟化烯烃三元共聚物,乃至其他以四氟乙烯为基础的共聚物。就本发明目的而言,优选的含氟聚合物是PTFE。
含氟聚合物连续长丝可采用各种各样的方式纺丝,视所要求的确切含氟聚合物组合物而定。该纤维可采用分散纺丝法纺丝;这就是:不可溶、含氟聚合物颗粒的分散体与可溶性基质聚合物的溶液进行混合,随后该混合物通过挤出到凝固浴中,在浴中基质聚合物转变为不可溶状态而凝固为长丝。希望的话,该不可溶基质材料可随后被烧结并除掉。替代地,倘若熔体粘度允许的话,还可直接由熔体纺制长丝。还可这样来生产纤维:将含氟聚合物细粉末与挤出助剂混合,将该混合物成形为锭料并将该混合物通过口模挤出成为纤维,该纤维可具有膨胀或未膨胀的结构。
纺丝加工之后,将连续长丝纤维切断为1.3~7.6cm(0.5~3.0英寸)的短纤维长度。就本发明目的而言优选的短纤维长度介于3.8~5.1cm(1.5~2.0英寸)。单丝线密度可介于0.11~16.7分特(0.1~15旦)。
所谓“掺混纤维”是指一般市售纤维,包括聚酯、聚酰胺、芳族聚酰胺、聚丙烯、聚乙烯及其共聚物;天然纤维,如棉花、人造丝及羊毛;由高性能聚合物制成的纤维,包括聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)(PPD-T)、聚(对-亚苯基苯并双噁唑)(PBO)、超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)、各向异性熔体聚酯;以及高模量纤维,如碳纤维、金属纤维及玻璃纤维,以及在上面提到的带有特殊涂层的任何一类或一种的纤维,如金属涂层的对位芳族聚酰胺纤维。掺混纤维的短纤维切断长度可以是任何与含氟聚合物短纤维相容的长度。就本发明目的而言,优选的短纤维长度等于或小于含氟聚合物短纤维的长度,并介于1.3~5.1cm(0.5~2.0英寸)之间。
含氟聚合物短纤维与掺混短纤维混合在一起并通过传统方法加工为短纤纱。例如,要求数量的每种短纤维可掺混在一起,然后开松并梳理以制成梳理条子。梳理的条子可随后经过牵伸,从而进一步拉细为粗纱,最后经环锭纺纱成为短纤纱线。
本发明纱线包含25~90wt%含氟聚合物纤维及75~10wt%掺混纤维。优选的重量分配是35~75wt%含氟聚合物成分;65~25wt%掺混纤维成分。更优选的重量分配是35~65%含氟聚合物及65~35%掺混纤维。就大多数最终工业用途而言,当含氟聚合物含量低于35wt%时,纤维的实际摩擦功效将降低。超过90wt%含氟聚合物的含量,较难生产出可用的短纤纱,因为纱线丝束内部单丝与单丝之间的抱合力过低。于是,纱线的成本效益也将降低。本发明的优选纱线是50wt%PTFE和50wt%掺混纤维。优选的掺混纤维是聚酯纤维。
本发明的纱线具有低纱线对金属摩擦系数,并允许对纱线结构和纤维含量二者进行针对性调整以适合特定承载用途。例如,可选择掺混纤维来弥补含氟聚合物纤维固有的缺陷,如选择高模量纤维作为掺混纤维来弥补前者的低模量。希望的话,可在本发明短纤纱中加入连续长丝纱以提供附加的强度或耐磨性能。譬如,可用1种或多种连续长丝纱作为芯纱,并围绕该芯纱基本上缠绕或包缠以掺混短纤维。倘若希望获得具有改善的摩擦或降噪特性的高强度纱线,则可在高强度连续长丝纱外面缠绕本发明短纤维组合物。替代地,可首先制成混纺短纤纱,然后与连续长丝纱合股。还可将1种或多种连续长丝纱基本上包缠在混纺短纤纱外面。譬如,连续长丝热塑性纱线可包缠在含氟聚合物-热塑性混纺短纤纱外面,其中长丝纱将作为该短纤纱的保护性包覆层。
同样,可对掺混纤维和/或实际的纱线结构(如短纤纱的含氟聚合物或者掺混纤维的长度)的选择这2种短纤维在纱线本体中的排列或者纱线的捻度等进行优化,以抵消含氟聚合物纤维已知存在的收缩或附着问题。
本发明纱线可用于低摩擦缠绕制品中,或者可制成多种承载用途中使用的织物。不论纱线或织物形式,重要的是,掺混纱上的纤维纺丝油剂应与含氟聚合物相容;就是说,掺混纤维上施涂的油剂对纱线或织物的摩擦性能不具有负面影响。据认为,最佳织物摩擦性能是在掺混纱上很少或没有油剂的情况下获得的。掺混纤维制造过程中使用的油剂可在掺混纱与含氟聚合物纱彼此合并之前通过洗涤除掉。
本发明纱线可用在橡胶件使用的织物衬里中以消除悬吊件中的噪音,例如小汽车或卡车上使用的稳定器杆衬套中的噪音。按此方式使用时,该纺制纱可以通过针织、机织、编结或缝编,制成织物。该织物可粘合到背衬材料上或与之结合在一起。随后,该组合可成形为管状,以本发明纱线或织物作为内表面,以背衬材料或粘合到橡胶上的背衬材料作为外表面。就典型而言,在圆机针织的情况下,背衬材料作为添纱编织到管状物中;在经编(针织)的情况下,背衬材料被编织到织物结构中;在机织的情况下,可采用绒头织物结构,其中正面绒毛采用纺制纱,而背衬材料则采用粘合纤维。其他机织结构也可采用,只要大多数纺制纤维在一面,而大多数粘合纤维在另一面即可。不论采用何种方法制造织物,最终织物必须对高压下的熔融材料,如可注塑橡胶,为不可透。
实际轴承或衬套的制造过程是,将所制成的管状织物套在直径与织物管状物相等的芯轴上。将组件放在制造目的橡胶衬套用的模具中,在高压下注入橡胶,直至将模具充满。橡胶冷却后,打开模具并抽出芯轴。为提高效率,几个相同零件可一次模塑,然后切成单个零件。单个衬套可通过将零件套在稳定器杆一端并推入以完成安装,或者可将其剖开,然后滑套到杆上。
本发明纱线可以织物的形式用于车窗密封,以便容易打开和关闭车窗。由100%PTFE纤维制成的织物由于纤维模量低故非常软,因此采用它们可导致密封不良或不希望的噪音。显然,PTFE纤维的低模量可通过选择混入的纤维,此种纤维具有非常高的模量,如对位芳族聚酰胺、PBO或高分子量聚乙烯,而加以克服。制成的绒头织物具有低摩擦,但挺括性却得到改善,从而可改善密封效果。
此种织物可以是针织、编结或机织织物中任何一种,但优选为绒头织物,如针织起绒织物或机织丝绒织物。密封的实际成形过程包括:取该织物并将其粘贴或层合到装在门框内的安装槽中,使之在压力下紧抵窗玻璃落位,从而形成防止湿气和风进入,又允许窗玻璃轻易上下移动的密封。
本发明纱线还可用于不浸渍热固性树脂的织物轴承中。由100%PTFE纤维制作的织物轴承在某些条件下会发生问题;PTFE的自然倾向是冷流,尤其是在超过703kg/cm2(10,000psi)的连续载荷下。本发明纱线提供针对该问题的实际解决方案,它通过含氟聚合物纤维与其他高强度、高模量纤维的组合使用使得织物能够不但具有改善的重量承载性能与改善的润滑性的结合,而且有改善的抗冷流性。优选在该纺制纱中使用的高模量纤维包括对位芳族聚酰胺、PBO、碳纤维、玻璃纤维及UHMWPE纤维。
本发明纱线还可用于制造复合轴承。前面已经描述过,轴承的制造过程包括:采用管状织物或平幅织物,或者单根纱线,其外面加捻了粘合纤维,然后围绕芯轴包缠起来,该芯轴可以是圆形、六角、正方或各种各样断面形状的。组件以环氧树脂润湿,然后进行热固化。继而,围绕该芯坯缠绕玻璃纤维或某些其他增强纤维。然后,组件进行热固化,之后,将该织物从芯轴上推下,同时将其切断为单个轴承。外层纤维增强表面还可进行机加工,以达到恰当的外径。本发明在纱线中以热塑性纤维作为掺混纤维的用法避免了按本发明制造轴承的过程中加入粘合纤维的需要。去掉用粘合纤维缠绕单根含氟聚合物纱的单独步骤或者,在管状织物的情况下,去掉掺混的短纤纱的加入,意味着环氧树脂能更好地润温和更均匀地浸渍该缠绕纱或织物管,从而生产出更为均一的复合轴承。这导致制造疵点的减少和产率的提高。通过包含耐高温及优良耐磨纤维的掺混纤维(芳族聚酰胺、PBO及UHMWPE),或者包含优良导热(石墨、金属、涂金属芳族聚酰胺、碳及石墨充填纤维)纤维的掺混纤维的使用,可使轴承具有更宽的工作范围。
本发明纱线也可用于其他类型复合轴承,如通过织物与金属层合制成的。此种类型的轴承将得益于此种织物的导热性。此种具有优良导热性的纤维允许轴承以较高速度运转,由于织物表面可通过背衬散热。这样的改善提高了最终零件的承载能力并由于省去对织物热固化的需要而简化制造加工。
作为本发明附加的优点,已发现,含少于35wt%含氟聚合物的纱线当用于轴承或衬套中时,还具有附加的好处,尽管摩擦方面的好处减少了。已发现,用少至10%含氟聚合物纤维制成的纱线能显著降低轴承或衬套运转期间的噪音。
下面的实施例用于举例说明本发明,而不拟限制本发明。
实施例
本实例展示本发明织物在汽车稳定器杆衬套使用中的表现。
稳定器杆在多种汽车中被用来提供硬挺度和回转(cornering)稳定性。稳定器杆中使用的衬套一般由100%PTFE纤维与聚酯纤维一起针织制成,使得100%PTFE纤维主要暴露于织物的一面(PTFE面)上,而织物的另一面则主要暴露出聚酯纤维。该织物被模塑为衬套,使得织物的PTFE面接触稳定器杆的金属表面。尽管昂贵,但仍然优选含有将近100%FTFE的面(~50wt%PTFE)的织物,因为它们能消除噪音。
按照本发明制造的试验织物按下述方法针织而成并在专门为模拟稳定器杆系统的稳定器杆、壳体及衬套组件的设备中接受试验。
试验所使用的设备及其零部件示于图1A~1C中。该设备由剖分式金属块组成,它代表壳体,尺寸为10.2×7.6×3.8cm(4×3×1.5英寸)。金属块被沿2个各为一半的剖分块的表面切削出2个各为半圆柱体的切口。剖分块的上一半,1,在本体上钻有2个0.95cm(3/8英寸)直径的通孔,3,从通孔中插入螺栓5;在底下的一半,2,上攻出0.95cm(3/8英寸)锥形螺纹4,这样,剖分块的2个一半便可由施加在螺栓上的预定力固定在一起。在该设备中,稳定器杆由金属棒6代表,长度为10.2cm(4英寸),直径,2.5cm(1英寸)。在该棒的顶部焊接2.5cm(1英寸)直径的六角头。扭矩扳手可通过该六角头对固定在壳体中以后的棒施加回转力。
设备按下述方法组装以测试织物:
将待测织物条放在3.8×8.9cm(1.5×3.5英寸)及0.3cm(1/8英寸)厚的橡胶条上。橡胶与织物围绕棒缠绕,其中以PTFE织物面与棒接触,如图1C所示,并将棒落位到剖分块的切口中。将螺栓插入到钻出的孔中,并将它们旋入到螺纹中,从而将剖分块的2个一半紧固在一起。将螺栓旋紧到484kg-cm(35英尺-磅)的扭矩。这样大小的扭矩保证了棒与试样在剖分块2个一半之间紧密就位。剖分块被固定在台面上。将扭矩扳手放在棒的六角头上并对扭矩扳手施加力以转动棒。测定使棒刚好能转得动所需要的扭力大小,以kg-cm(英尺-磅)为单位。同时,还测定使棒转动后,维持其持续转动所需要的力。注意棒在转动期间发出的噪音。
试验织物是采用褶裥针织机编织的。这就是制造稳定器杆衬套织物所使用的针织组织类型,此种针织类型允许2个不同类型纱线(针织)编织在一起,使得针织物的一面具有一种纱的表面,而另一面具有另一种纱的表面。试验织物是采用100%聚酯作为一种纱线,而作为第2种纱线,采用按照本发明的聚酯与PTFE短纤维的共混物。对比用的织物由100%PTFE纱线与上述聚酯纱线共同针织而成。正如上面制造衬套一样,聚酯的织物面紧靠橡胶条放置,而PTFE短纤维混纺纱则面朝金属棒,如图1C所示。在试验中,棒在转动时是抵住含PTFE混纺纱的织物面转动的。橡胶条则被牢靠地压在剖分块中不动。
来自该试验的数据示于下面。织物PTFE/聚酯混纺短纤纱中PTFE的重量百分率,以及PTFE在织物中的总重量百分率表征。由于织物是由2种纱线针织而成,因此该“织物中PTFE重量百分率”大约等于相对于针织物中总纱线的重量百分率数值的一半。测定的力是使棒刚好松动并开始转动的扭矩(克服惯性的力),以及维持其持续转动的力。扭矩是采用圆形梁扭矩扳手测量的。在所有含PTFE的织物情况下,不论是以100%织物面形式抑或以混纺短纤纱织物面形式,在棒开始松动或者在棒转动期间均未听到噪音。纱线的PTFE,%织物的PTFE,%     松动力           转动力
                           Kg-cm(lbs-ft)  kg-cm(lbs-ft)100            50              415(30)         138(10)50             25              415(30)      166-207(12-15)25             12.5            484(35)         176(20)

Claims (14)

1.一种短纤纱线,包含35~90wt%含氟聚合物纤维与65~10wt%1种或多种掺混纤维的共混物。
2.权利要求1的纱线,其中该共混物是35~75wt%含氟聚合物及65~25wt%掺混纤维。
3.权利要求1的纱线,其中该共混物是35~65wt%含氟聚合物及65~35wt%掺混纤维。
4.权利要求1的纱线,其中含氟聚合物选自聚(四氟乙烯)、氟化烯烃聚合物、四氟乙烯与六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯与全氟烷基-乙烯基酯的共聚物以及全氟乙基-乙烯基醚的共聚物,及氟化烯烃三元共聚物。
5.权利要求3的纱线,其中含氟聚合物选自聚(四氟乙烯)、氟化烯烃聚合物、四氟乙烯与六氟丙烯的共聚物、四氟乙烯与全氟烷基-乙烯基酯的共聚物以及全氟乙基-乙烯基醚的共聚物,及氟化烯烃三元共聚物。
6.权利要求1的纱线,其中掺混纤维选自聚酯、聚酰胺、芳族聚酰胺、聚丙烯、聚乙烯及其共聚物、棉花、人造丝以及羊毛、聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)、聚(间苯二甲酰间苯二胺)、聚(对亚苯基苯并双噁唑)、超高分子量聚乙烯、各向异性熔融聚酯、碳纤维、金属纤维、玻璃纤维及金属涂层对位芳族聚酰胺纤维的纤维。
7.权利要求3的纱线,其中掺混纤维选自聚酯、聚酰胺、芳族聚酰胺、聚丙烯、聚乙烯及其共聚物、棉花、人造丝以及羊毛、聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)、聚(间苯二甲酰间苯二胺)、聚(对亚苯基苯并双噁唑)、超高分子量聚乙烯、各向异性熔融聚酯、碳纤维、金属纤维、玻璃纤维及金属涂层对位芳族聚酰胺纤维的纤维。
8.权利要求1、2或3的纱线,其中掺混纤维是聚(对苯二甲酰对苯二胺)或聚(间苯二甲酰间苯二胺)。
9.权利要求1、2或3的纱线在制备低摩擦缠绕制品中的应用。
10.权利要求1、2或3的纱线在制备承载用织物中的应用。
11.一种包含连续长丝纱和短纤维共混物的纱线,其中短纤维包含35~90wt%含氟聚合物纤维和65~10wt%1种或多种掺混纤维。
12.权利要求11的纱线,其中1种或多种连续长丝纱被短纤维基本上缠绕或包缠着。
13.权利要求11的纱线,其中1种或多种连续长丝纱基本上缠绕着短纤维。
14.权利要求1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、11、12或13的纱线在制造轴承、衬套或密封件中的应用。
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AU2470899A (en) 1999-08-16
US6132866A (en) 2000-10-17
JP2002501990A (ja) 2002-01-22
BR9906680A (pt) 2000-10-17
DE69901234D1 (de) 2002-05-16
EP1051547A1 (en) 2000-11-15
AU738543B2 (en) 2001-09-20
HK1034545A1 (en) 2001-10-26
KR100666066B1 (ko) 2007-01-10
CA2314227A1 (en) 1999-08-05
EP1051547B1 (en) 2002-04-10
CN1289379A (zh) 2001-03-28
CA2314227C (en) 2007-03-13
US6506491B2 (en) 2003-01-14
WO1999039031A1 (en) 1999-08-05
ATE216002T1 (de) 2002-04-15
DE69901234T2 (de) 2002-10-31

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