CN110447808A - 一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及中草药加工技术领域,具体涉及一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。发明选用魔芋精粉和植物油等植物原料混合制备成保鲜剂,所述保鲜剂涂抹在天麻表层后能形成一层致密的保护层,且保鲜剂凝固点远远高于水的凝固点,在预冻过程中,其能快速凝固,进而在天麻表层形成一层冰膜,让天麻体内水分不易流散,同时提高了天麻的预冻温度,缩短预冻时间,降低了预冻成本;再将预冻结束的天麻进行冷冻干燥时,天麻外表呈冰冻状态,但天麻内部还处于鲜活状态,天麻细胞还未死亡,天麻在冷冻干燥时水分能快速被抽干,让天麻素等药用成分不会跟随水分被抽离,外表的致密保鲜剂也对被抽离的水分进行“过滤”,从而保障了冷冻干燥后天麻的药用价值基本不变。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中草药加工技术领域,具体涉及一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。
背景技术
天麻(学名:Gastrodia elata Bl.),又名赤箭、独摇芝、离母、合离草、神草、鬼督邮、木浦、明天麻、定风草、白龙皮等,是兰科天麻属多年生草本植物。根状茎肥厚,无绿叶,蒴果倒卵状椭圆形,常以块茎或种子繁殖。其根茎入药用以治疗头晕目眩、肢体麻木、小儿惊风等症,是名贵中药,与琼珍灵芝合用治疗头痛失眠。
新鲜天麻可作为多种菜肴、炖汤和自制饮料的原料,作为一种绿色的保健食材在市场上有巨量的需求。但新鲜天麻块茎采挖期非常集中,每年仅10~30天左右,鲜天麻收购季节会出现大量产品无法及时加工和销售的问题,窖藏、沙藏、冻藏都会带来腐烂变质的严重后果。传统方法是经过蒸煮后晒干或烘干,制成干品,可长期保存,但是无法满足市场对新鲜天麻的需求。已经公开的一种新鲜天麻保鲜专利CN101904990A,该专利的具体方法是:将采收好的天麻进行挑选,清洗,将清洗后的天麻用食用消毒液浸泡消毒,消毒完成后捞出沥干,用微波炉加热,所采用的微波炉功率为500~1000W,加热时间3~8min,装入聚丙烯耐高温真空袋,于真空包装机进行封装,将封装好的天麻用120℃的蒸汽灭菌20~40min,然后迅速冷置,在15℃以下避光储存。这种方法实际上已经把天麻块茎所有的细胞都灭活了。市场上有一些用防腐剂、保鲜剂、高浓度食盐、抗生素等为原料对鲜天麻块茎进行保鲜的产品,大多数未标明所采用的原料的种类、浓度,有的技术甚至采用SO2、焦亚硫酸钠、漂白粉、过氧化氢、苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、亚硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐等等,存在极大的安全隐患。
同时,根据市场需求不同,新鲜天麻不仅需要保湿贮藏,也需要干燥贮存,现有的天麻干燥贮藏主要包括三种方法;1)高温蒸制后直接烘干;2)高温蒸制后冷冻干燥;3)直接冷冻干燥,这几种方法均能有效地让天麻脱水,进而达到干燥贮存的目的。但是,由于技术上的缺陷,上述几种方法干燥天麻上,天麻素及其他有益成分容易碎水分消散,降低了干燥后天麻的药用价值;同时,现有的冷冻干燥技术中,天麻需要长时间、且超低温的预冻,容易冻伤天麻,让天麻细胞多数破裂,降低了冷冻干燥后天麻药用价值的同时,还增加了冷冻干燥成本。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,让冷冻干燥后的天麻最大限度地保留其药用价值和有效成分,本发明提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,包括根块干燥贮存和天麻片干燥贮存;所述根块干燥贮存方法如下:
a、取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,转移至干燥剂中浸没1~2min,至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
b、将上述风干后天麻置于85~95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4~6min,取出,向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至15~18℃冷冻室中,逐级降温至-2~0℃,并保持温度恒定,预冻2~4h;
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中,正立站放,冷冻干燥至天麻含水率≤9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存。
优选的,所述天麻片干燥贮存方法如下:
a、取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,切成3~9mm厚的天麻片,立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1~2min,至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
b、将上述风干后天麻置于75~80℃的蒸箱中蒸制4~6min,取出,向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至15~18℃冷冻室中,逐级降温至0~1℃,并保持温度恒定,预冻2~4h;
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中,冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率≤9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存。
优选的,所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料:
魔芋精粉15~25份、小麦淀粉8~12份、茶多酚2~4份、天麻素0.1~0.2份、野菊精油3~5份、硬脂酸钠0.3~0.5份、丙二醇3~5份。
进一步地,所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料:
魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份。
进一步地,所述干燥剂由下述方法制备而成:
取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中,再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚,混拌均匀,制得乳液备用;
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉,干拌均匀,缓慢滴加备用乳液,调配均匀,再泵入去离子水,调配成稠度0.9~1.3的粘稠液,转移至均质机中,于0.1~0.2Mpa的压力下均质4~6min,停止均质8~12min,再于相同压力下均质4~6min,由此重复3~4次;
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中,再次补水调配成1.1~1.3的粘稠液,于3000~3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20~25min,即得成品保鲜剂。
优选的,所述逐级降温方法为按3~5℃/h的降温速率,直至降温至冷冻室温度-2~0℃或0~1℃,停止降温,并维持温度恒定。
优选的,所述冷冻干燥温度为-15~-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为15~85Pa。
本发明的有益效果是:
与现有技术相比,本发明选用魔芋精粉和植物油等植物原料混合制备成保鲜剂,所述保鲜剂涂抹在天麻表层后能形成一层致密的保护层,在天麻蒸制过程中,保护层对天麻释放出的水蒸气具有“过滤”作用,仅让水分流失,将天麻有益成分“截留”下来;
同时,所述保鲜剂凝固点远远高于水的凝固点,在预冻过程中,其能快速凝固,进而在天麻表层形成一层冰膜,让天麻体内水分不易流散,同时提高了天麻的预冻温度,缩短预冻时间,降低了预冻成本;再将预冻结束的天麻进行冷冻干燥时,天麻外表呈冰冻状态,但天麻内部还处于鲜活状态,天麻细胞还未死亡,天麻在冷冻干燥时水分能快速被抽干,此时天麻细胞仍处于未死亡状态,相当于天麻细胞还未感觉到超低温冷冻,水分就已经被抽干了,进而让天麻素等药用成分不会跟随水分被抽离,外表的致密保鲜剂也对被抽离的水分进行“过滤”,从而保障了冷冻干燥后天麻的药用价值基本不变;
再者,所述天麻冷冻干燥后,在缓慢回温过程中,空气中的水分被天麻表层的保鲜剂吸收,水气不会逸散到天麻内部,保证天麻处于完全干燥状态,进而防止天麻吸水回潮,延长天麻贮存周期。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进一步作详细的说明,但本发明提供的技术方案不仅包括实施例中展现的内容。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,主要选择整个新鲜的天麻块茎进行冷冻干燥,进而干燥贮存;具体过程如下:
第一步、制备保鲜剂:按魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份的重量份计,取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中,再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚,混拌均匀,制得乳液备用;
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉,干拌均匀,缓慢滴加备用乳液,调配均匀,再泵入去离子水,调配成稠度0.9的粘稠液,转移至均质机中,于0.1Mpa的压力下均质6min,停止均质12min,再于相同压力下均质6min,由此重复3次;
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中,再次补水调配成1.1的粘稠液,于3000r/min的搅速下高速搅拌25min,即得成品保鲜剂;
第二步、天麻涂抹保鲜剂:取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,转移至干燥剂中浸没2min,至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
第三步、蒸制预冻:将上述风干后天麻置于95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4min,取出,向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至15℃冷冻室中,按3℃/h的降温速率,直至降温至冷冻室温度0℃,停止降温,并保持温度恒定,预冻4h;
第四步、冷冻干燥:将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中,正立站放,冷冻干燥至天麻含水率为9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存;
所述冷冻干燥温度为-15℃、冷冻干燥压力为15Pa。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,主要将新鲜的天麻块茎切成天麻片后,再进行冷冻干燥,进而干燥贮存;具体过程如下:
第一步、保鲜剂制备:按魔芋精粉15份、小麦淀粉12份、茶多酚4份、天麻素0.1份、野菊精油5份、硬脂酸钠0.5份、丙二醇3份的重量份计,取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中,再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚,混拌均匀,制得乳液备用;
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉,干拌均匀,缓慢滴加备用乳液,调配均匀,再泵入去离子水,调配成稠度1.3的粘稠液,转移至均质机中,于0.2Mpa的压力下均质4min,停止均质8min,再于相同压力下均质4min,由此重复4次;
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中,再次补水调配成1.3的粘稠液,于3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20min,即得成品保鲜剂;
第二步、天麻片裹覆保鲜剂:取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,切成厚5mm左右的天麻片,立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1min,至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
第三步、蒸制预冻:将上述风干后天麻置于780℃的蒸箱中蒸制4min,取出,向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至18℃冷冻室中,按5℃/h的降温速率,直至降温至冷冻室温度0℃,停止降温,,并保持温度恒定,预冻4h;
第四步、冷冻干燥:将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中,冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率为9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存;
所述冷冻干燥温度为-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为85Pa。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,任何未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何修改、等同变化与修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,包括根块干燥贮存和天麻片干燥贮存;所述根块干燥贮存方法如下:
a、取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,转移至干燥剂中浸没1~2min,至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
b、将上述风干后天麻置于85~95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4~6min,取出,向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至15~18℃冷冻室中,逐级降温至-2~0℃,并保持温度恒定,预冻2~4h;
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中,正立站放,冷冻干燥至天麻含水率≤9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述天麻片干燥贮存方法如下:
a、取新鲜天麻,去除表层泥土,置于清水中完全洗净,捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分,切成3~9mm厚的天麻片,立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1~2min,至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂,捞出风干表层干燥剂;
b、将上述风干后天麻置于75~80℃的蒸箱中蒸制4~6min,取出,向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂,至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中,置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温;再转移至15~18℃冷冻室中,逐级降温至0~1℃,并保持温度恒定,预冻2~4h;
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中,冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率≤9%,取出缓慢回温至室温,干燥剔除表层干燥剂,真空包装,干燥贮存。
3.根据权利要去1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料:
魔芋精粉15~25份、小麦淀粉8~12份、茶多酚2~4份、天麻素0.1~0.2份、野菊精油3~5份、硬脂酸钠0.3~0.5份、丙二醇3~5份。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料:
魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述干燥剂由下述方法制备而成:
取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中,再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚,混拌均匀,制得乳液备用;
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉,干拌均匀,缓慢滴加备用乳液,调配均匀,再泵入去离子水,调配成稠度0.9~1.3的粘稠液,转移至均质机中,于0.1~0.2Mpa的压力下均质4~6min,停止均质8~12min,再于相同压力下均质4~6min,由此重复3~4次;
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中,再次补水调配成1.1~1.3的粘稠液,于3000~3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20~25min,即得成品保鲜剂。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述逐级降温方法为按3~5℃/h的降温速率,直至降温至冷冻室温度-2~0℃或0~1℃,停止降温,并维持温度恒定。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法,其特征在于,所述冷冻干燥温度为-15~-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为15~85Pa。
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