CN110447808A - 一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及中草药加工技术领域，具体涉及一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。发明选用魔芋精粉和植物油等植物原料混合制备成保鲜剂，所述保鲜剂涂抹在天麻表层后能形成一层致密的保护层，且保鲜剂凝固点远远高于水的凝固点，在预冻过程中，其能快速凝固，进而在天麻表层形成一层冰膜，让天麻体内水分不易流散，同时提高了天麻的预冻温度，缩短预冻时间，降低了预冻成本；再将预冻结束的天麻进行冷冻干燥时，天麻外表呈冰冻状态，但天麻内部还处于鲜活状态，天麻细胞还未死亡，天麻在冷冻干燥时水分能快速被抽干，让天麻素等药用成分不会跟随水分被抽离，外表的致密保鲜剂也对被抽离的水分进行“过滤”，从而保障了冷冻干燥后天麻的药用价值基本不变。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及中草药加工技术领域，具体涉及一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。
背景技术
天麻(学名：Gastrodia elata Bl.)，又名赤箭、独摇芝、离母、合离草、神草、鬼督邮、木浦、明天麻、定风草、白龙皮等，是兰科天麻属多年生草本植物。根状茎肥厚，无绿叶，蒴果倒卵状椭圆形，常以块茎或种子繁殖。其根茎入药用以治疗头晕目眩、肢体麻木、小儿惊风等症，是名贵中药，与琼珍灵芝合用治疗头痛失眠。
新鲜天麻可作为多种菜肴、炖汤和自制饮料的原料，作为一种绿色的保健食材在市场上有巨量的需求。但新鲜天麻块茎采挖期非常集中，每年仅10～30天左右，鲜天麻收购季节会出现大量产品无法及时加工和销售的问题，窖藏、沙藏、冻藏都会带来腐烂变质的严重后果。传统方法是经过蒸煮后晒干或烘干，制成干品，可长期保存，但是无法满足市场对新鲜天麻的需求。已经公开的一种新鲜天麻保鲜专利CN101904990A，该专利的具体方法是：将采收好的天麻进行挑选，清洗，将清洗后的天麻用食用消毒液浸泡消毒，消毒完成后捞出沥干，用微波炉加热，所采用的微波炉功率为500～1000W，加热时间3～8min，装入聚丙烯耐高温真空袋，于真空包装机进行封装，将封装好的天麻用120℃的蒸汽灭菌20～40min，然后迅速冷置，在15℃以下避光储存。这种方法实际上已经把天麻块茎所有的细胞都灭活了。市场上有一些用防腐剂、保鲜剂、高浓度食盐、抗生素等为原料对鲜天麻块茎进行保鲜的产品，大多数未标明所采用的原料的种类、浓度，有的技术甚至采用SO2、焦亚硫酸钠、漂白粉、过氧化氢、苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、亚硫酸盐、亚硝酸盐等等，存在极大的安全隐患。
同时，根据市场需求不同，新鲜天麻不仅需要保湿贮藏，也需要干燥贮存，现有的天麻干燥贮藏主要包括三种方法；1)高温蒸制后直接烘干；2)高温蒸制后冷冻干燥；3)直接冷冻干燥，这几种方法均能有效地让天麻脱水，进而达到干燥贮存的目的。但是，由于技术上的缺陷，上述几种方法干燥天麻上，天麻素及其他有益成分容易碎水分消散，降低了干燥后天麻的药用价值；同时，现有的冷冻干燥技术中，天麻需要长时间、且超低温的预冻，容易冻伤天麻，让天麻细胞多数破裂，降低了冷冻干燥后天麻药用价值的同时，还增加了冷冻干燥成本。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题，让冷冻干燥后的天麻最大限度地保留其药用价值和有效成分，本发明提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，包括根块干燥贮存和天麻片干燥贮存；所述根块干燥贮存方法如下：
a、取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，转移至干燥剂中浸没1～2min，至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
b、将上述风干后天麻置于85～95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4～6min，取出，向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至15～18℃冷冻室中，逐级降温至-2～0℃，并保持温度恒定，预冻2～4h；
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中，正立站放，冷冻干燥至天麻含水率≤9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存。
优选的，所述天麻片干燥贮存方法如下：
a、取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，切成3～9mm厚的天麻片，立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1～2min，至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
b、将上述风干后天麻置于75～80℃的蒸箱中蒸制4～6min，取出，向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至15～18℃冷冻室中，逐级降温至0～1℃，并保持温度恒定，预冻2～4h；
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中，冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率≤9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存。
优选的，所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料：
魔芋精粉15～25份、小麦淀粉8～12份、茶多酚2～4份、天麻素0.1～0.2份、野菊精油3～5份、硬脂酸钠0.3～0.5份、丙二醇3～5份。
进一步地，所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料：
魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份。
进一步地，所述干燥剂由下述方法制备而成：
取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中，再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚，混拌均匀，制得乳液备用；
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉，干拌均匀，缓慢滴加备用乳液，调配均匀，再泵入去离子水，调配成稠度0.9～1.3的粘稠液，转移至均质机中，于0.1～0.2Mpa的压力下均质4～6min，停止均质8～12min，再于相同压力下均质4～6min，由此重复3～4次；
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中，再次补水调配成1.1～1.3的粘稠液，于3000～3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20～25min，即得成品保鲜剂。
优选的，所述逐级降温方法为按3～5℃/h的降温速率，直至降温至冷冻室温度-2～0℃或0～1℃，停止降温，并维持温度恒定。
优选的，所述冷冻干燥温度为-15～-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为15～85Pa。
本发明的有益效果是：
与现有技术相比，本发明选用魔芋精粉和植物油等植物原料混合制备成保鲜剂，所述保鲜剂涂抹在天麻表层后能形成一层致密的保护层，在天麻蒸制过程中，保护层对天麻释放出的水蒸气具有“过滤”作用，仅让水分流失，将天麻有益成分“截留”下来；
同时，所述保鲜剂凝固点远远高于水的凝固点，在预冻过程中，其能快速凝固，进而在天麻表层形成一层冰膜，让天麻体内水分不易流散，同时提高了天麻的预冻温度，缩短预冻时间，降低了预冻成本；再将预冻结束的天麻进行冷冻干燥时，天麻外表呈冰冻状态，但天麻内部还处于鲜活状态，天麻细胞还未死亡，天麻在冷冻干燥时水分能快速被抽干，此时天麻细胞仍处于未死亡状态，相当于天麻细胞还未感觉到超低温冷冻，水分就已经被抽干了，进而让天麻素等药用成分不会跟随水分被抽离，外表的致密保鲜剂也对被抽离的水分进行“过滤”，从而保障了冷冻干燥后天麻的药用价值基本不变；
再者，所述天麻冷冻干燥后，在缓慢回温过程中，空气中的水分被天麻表层的保鲜剂吸收，水气不会逸散到天麻内部，保证天麻处于完全干燥状态，进而防止天麻吸水回潮，延长天麻贮存周期。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施方式对本发明进一步作详细的说明，但本发明提供的技术方案不仅包括实施例中展现的内容。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，主要选择整个新鲜的天麻块茎进行冷冻干燥，进而干燥贮存；具体过程如下：
第一步、制备保鲜剂：按魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份的重量份计，取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中，再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚，混拌均匀，制得乳液备用；
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉，干拌均匀，缓慢滴加备用乳液，调配均匀，再泵入去离子水，调配成稠度0.9的粘稠液，转移至均质机中，于0.1Mpa的压力下均质6min，停止均质12min，再于相同压力下均质6min，由此重复3次；
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中，再次补水调配成1.1的粘稠液，于3000r/min的搅速下高速搅拌25min，即得成品保鲜剂；
第二步、天麻涂抹保鲜剂：取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，转移至干燥剂中浸没2min，至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
第三步、蒸制预冻：将上述风干后天麻置于95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4min，取出，向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至15℃冷冻室中，按3℃/h的降温速率，直至降温至冷冻室温度0℃，停止降温，并保持温度恒定，预冻4h；
第四步、冷冻干燥：将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中，正立站放，冷冻干燥至天麻含水率为9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存；
所述冷冻干燥温度为-15℃、冷冻干燥压力为15Pa。
实施例2
本实施例提供了一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，主要将新鲜的天麻块茎切成天麻片后，再进行冷冻干燥，进而干燥贮存；具体过程如下：
第一步、保鲜剂制备：按魔芋精粉15份、小麦淀粉12份、茶多酚4份、天麻素0.1份、野菊精油5份、硬脂酸钠0.5份、丙二醇3份的重量份计，取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中，再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚，混拌均匀，制得乳液备用；
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉，干拌均匀，缓慢滴加备用乳液，调配均匀，再泵入去离子水，调配成稠度1.3的粘稠液，转移至均质机中，于0.2Mpa的压力下均质4min，停止均质8min，再于相同压力下均质4min，由此重复4次；
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中，再次补水调配成1.3的粘稠液，于3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20min，即得成品保鲜剂；
第二步、天麻片裹覆保鲜剂：取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，切成厚5mm左右的天麻片，立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1min，至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
第三步、蒸制预冻：将上述风干后天麻置于780℃的蒸箱中蒸制4min，取出，向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至18℃冷冻室中，按5℃/h的降温速率，直至降温至冷冻室温度0℃，停止降温，，并保持温度恒定，预冻4h；
第四步、冷冻干燥：将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中，冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率为9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存；
所述冷冻干燥温度为-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为85Pa。
以上所述，仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，任何未脱离本发明技术方案内容，依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何修改、等同变化与修饰，均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，包括根块干燥贮存和天麻片干燥贮存；所述根块干燥贮存方法如下：
a、取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，转移至干燥剂中浸没1～2min，至天麻表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
b、将上述风干后天麻置于85～95℃的蒸箱中蒸制4～6min，取出，向天麻表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至15～18℃冷冻室中，逐级降温至-2～0℃，并保持温度恒定，预冻2～4h；
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻转移至冷冻干燥机中，正立站放，冷冻干燥至天麻含水率≤9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述天麻片干燥贮存方法如下：
a、取新鲜天麻，去除表层泥土，置于清水中完全洗净，捞出置于阴凉处沥干表层水分，切成3～9mm厚的天麻片，立即转移至干燥剂中浸没1～2min，至天麻片表层涂抹有一层致密的干燥剂，捞出风干表层干燥剂；
b、将上述风干后天麻置于75～80℃的蒸箱中蒸制4～6min，取出，向天麻片表层涂抹干燥剂，至天麻片被完全包膜在干燥剂中，置于阴凉通风处冷却至室温；再转移至15～18℃冷冻室中，逐级降温至0～1℃，并保持温度恒定，预冻2～4h；
c、将上述预冻结束后的天麻片转移至冷冻干燥机中，冷冻干燥至天麻片含水率≤9％，取出缓慢回温至室温，干燥剔除表层干燥剂，真空包装，干燥贮存。
3.根据权利要去1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料：
魔芋精粉15～25份、小麦淀粉8～12份、茶多酚2～4份、天麻素0.1～0.2份、野菊精油3～5份、硬脂酸钠0.3～0.5份、丙二醇3～5份。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述干燥剂包括以下重量份原料：
魔芋精粉25份、小麦淀粉8、茶多酚2份、天麻素0.2份、野菊精油3份、硬脂酸钠0.3份、丙二醇5份。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述干燥剂由下述方法制备而成：
取所需重量份的硬脂酸钠溶解在丙二醇中，再混入所需重量份的野菊精油、天麻素、茶多酚，混拌均匀，制得乳液备用；
再取所需重量份的魔芋精粉与小麦淀粉，干拌均匀，缓慢滴加备用乳液，调配均匀，再泵入去离子水，调配成稠度0.9～1.3的粘稠液，转移至均质机中，于0.1～0.2Mpa的压力下均质4～6min，停止均质8～12min，再于相同压力下均质4～6min，由此重复3～4次；
上述均质结束后泵入搅拌器中，再次补水调配成1.1～1.3的粘稠液，于3000～3500r/min的搅速下高速搅拌20～25min，即得成品保鲜剂。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述逐级降温方法为按3～5℃/h的降温速率，直至降温至冷冻室温度-2～0℃或0～1℃，停止降温，并维持温度恒定。
7.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种天麻的冷冻贮存方法，其特征在于，所述冷冻干燥温度为-15～-10℃、冷冻干燥压力为15～85Pa。
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