CN110423454A - 一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于聚合物薄膜材料领域,公开了一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜及其制备方法和应用。该聚氨酯薄膜的原料中包括以下质量分数的有效组分:硬段单体30~40%、软段单体40~50%、亲水单体3~6%、交联单体0‑3%、小分子扩链剂0%~5%、低表面能化合物10~15%。本发明通过缩聚反应合成了一种化学与物理双交联的防污聚氨酯。该薄膜显现出优良的低粘附防污性能,水、二碘甲烷、十六烷等不同表面张力液体完全不粘附薄膜,不留痕迹地从薄膜上滑落。当薄膜处于拉伸状态(伸长率≤1800%),液体依然可以不留痕迹地从薄膜上滑落,表明薄膜可以同时实现低粘附性与可拉伸性的共存。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于新型高分子功能材料、高性能高分子结构材料、聚合物薄膜材料领域,特别涉及一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
各技术领域的革命性进展为我们提出了一个可预见的未来,通过向我们身体中融入合成材料和器件,包括合成皮肤、电子肌肉、可穿戴设备等来治疗人类疾病或增强能力。合成材料在器件进步等多方面支撑人类发展,也将是人类实现新想法的基础。在新材料的发展当中,区别于现有的硬材料和器件,拉伸性能将成为新兴的和必要的材料性能。然而,作为材料表面的重要性能之一,实现材料低粘附性与可拉伸性的共存成为一个难题。
过去数十年中,大量的研究工作致力于设计和制备低粘附仿生表面。低粘附表面可疏水疏油,因此可降低污损、阻力、腐蚀、结冰、细菌感染等等。这些表面分别受荷叶和猪笼草启发,大体可根据仿生结构分为两类。荷叶仿生超双疏表面在低表面能微纳米粗糙表面结构中内嵌微空气囊,对水和油的接触角都超过150度。猪笼草仿生液膜表面在改性的多孔材料中内嵌低表面能液体,虽然接触角不超过120度,但接触各种液体后仍可保持清洁。这两类仿生材料可看做半气和半液材料,由于制备繁琐、耐久性和透明性差等结构问题仍难实际应用。值得注意的是,这些问题在自然界中不见得会被当成困难要通过自然选择和进化得以解决。具有最低表面能的含氟化合物不存在于生物体内,而合成材料可以在组成上变化,运用这些含氟化合物实现理想的低粘附性能。目前,应用最广的低粘附表面聚四氟乙烯(PTFE),具有均一平整结构和低接触角,但不粘附各类液体并已在不同实际应用中成功解决可能由粘附性引起的各类问题。
然而,超双疏材料,液膜材料,聚四氟乙烯材料内在的结构性问题都制约着它们提升拉伸性能。由于内嵌微空气囊的微纳表面在材料变形中极易受损,目前文献报道仍未见具有本征拉伸性能的超双疏材料。只有少量工作将疏水硅球喷涂在橡胶或树脂等弹性基材上,试图控制拉伸破损表面的粗糙度。这些弹性基材组成的表面仅能疏水,而且具有很差的透明性。对于液膜材料,材料拉伸会损坏表面功能液膜连续性,10%的轻微拉伸就会严重影响粘附性和透明性。聚四氟乙烯材料由于不溶不熔,很难弹性功能性改性,熔融后的高粘度甚至使聚四氟乙烯制膜困难。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的缺点与不足,本发明的首要目的在于提供一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜。
本发明另一目的在于提供上述高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法。
本发明再一目的在于提供上述高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的应用。
本发明的目的通过下述方案实现:
一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜,其制备原料包括以下质量分数的有效组分:
其中的质量分数是指每一种有效成分占总的有效成分的质量分数。
所述的硬段单体为甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯(HMDI)、1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)中的至少一种;优选为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI);
所述的软段单体为聚酯二醇、聚醚二醇中的至少一种;优选为聚四氢呋喃醚二醇、聚(己二酸)-(2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇)-(1,4-丁二醇)酯二醇中的至少一种;
所述的亲水单体为1,4-丁二醇-2-磺酸钠、1,2-丙二醇-3-磺酸钠、乙二氨基乙磺酸钠、2,4-二氨基苯磺酸、二羟甲基丙酸、二羟甲基丁酸中的至少一种;优选为二羟甲基丁酸;
所述的交联单体为丙三醇、三异丙醇胺、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷中的至少一种;优选为三羟甲基丙烷;
所述的小分子扩链剂为1,4-丁二醇、乙二醇、一缩二乙二醇、乙二胺中的至少一种;优选为1,4-丁二醇和乙二醇中的至少一种;
所述的低表面能化合物为单羟烷基有机氟;优选的,所述的单羟烷基有机氟为3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十三氟-1-辛醇、1H,1H,9H-十六氟-1-壬醇、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十五氟-1-辛醇中的至少一种;
所述的制备原料还包括催化剂,所述的催化剂为二月桂酸二丁基锡,其用量占制备原料中有效成分总质量的0-0.05%。
一种上述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将软段单体、亲水单体和交联单体混合均匀,然后在搅拌条件下加入硬段单体和催化剂,升温至70℃~85℃反应2~5h后加入低表面能化合物继续反应2~5h,得预聚体;
(2)将所得预聚体冷却,然后加入三乙胺对预聚体进行中和,再加水将所得预聚体分散乳化,待预聚体被水分散乳化后,加入小分子扩链剂进行扩链,即得到聚氨酯水分散液;
(3)将所得聚氨酯水分散液固化即得高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜。
步骤(2)中所述的扩链是指在室温反应0.5-2h进行扩链;
步骤(2)中所述的聚氨酯水分散液的固含量为20~40%,优选为30%;
步骤(3)中所述的固化是指在20~90℃烘焙1~24h。
上述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜作为基材(如玻璃、木材、金属、陶瓷、皮革、聚酯薄膜等)的自清洁涂层,尤其是作为柔性电子显示屏、可穿戴传感器及其它柔软的塑料的自清洁涂层的应用。
本发明相对于现有技术,具有如下的优点及有益效果:
本发明通过缩聚反应合成了一种化学与物理双交联的防污聚氨酯。聚氨酯分子中的有机氟链段可提供防粘附性能所需的低表面能,链段中的亲水基团使聚合物分子具有较好的水溶性,可减少有机溶剂的使用。该聚氨酯水分散液不仅可以用作弹性的防污薄膜,而且可以涂敷于多种基材上,用作自清洁涂层。原料价格较低,以水为主要的分散介质,绿色环保,透明性好,防粘附性显著,机械性能优异,使该种聚氨酯具有广阔的应用前景和可观的经济与社会效益。
本发明所制备的薄膜均可显现出优良的低粘附防污性能,并具有爽滑的手感和风格。低粘附性表现为对水、二碘甲烷、十六烷等不同表面张力液体的低粘附性(3种液体表面张力分别为72.8,50.8和27.5mN/m),以及对植物油、泵油等不同粘度液体的低粘附性。液体完全不粘附薄膜,不留痕迹地从薄膜上滑落。进一步的,当薄膜处于拉伸状态(伸长率≤1800%),液体依然可以不留痕迹地从薄膜上滑落,表明薄膜可以同时实现低粘附性与可拉伸性的共存。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所制备的聚氨酯材料的傅里叶红外谱图;
图2为实施例2制备的聚氨酯薄膜的透明度实验结果图,其中a代表薄膜的紫外透过率与薄膜的原子力显微镜照片,b代表薄膜放在手机上的照片;
图3为实施例3制备的聚氨酯薄膜的力学拉伸性能结果图,其中a代表薄膜在不同拉伸速率下的拉伸曲线,b代表薄膜挂起10kg哑铃的照片;
图4为各种代表性液体在实施例1制备的聚氨酯薄膜上的粘附状态图;
图5为各种代表性液体在伸长率为1800%的实施例1制备的聚氨酯薄膜上的粘附状态图;
图6为实施例3制备的聚氨酯薄膜在拉伸至1800%和3000%时不同时间下的恢复率图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例中所用试剂如无特殊说明均可从市场常规购得。
实施例1~5高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的原料配方分别如下表1和表2所示:
表1实施例1~3中高弹高透的防污聚氨酯材料的原料配方
表2实施例4~5中高弹高透的防污聚氨酯材料的原料配方
高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
将软段单体、亲水单体和交联单体加入四口烧瓶中,混合均匀,在搅拌的条件下加入硬段单体,然后加入催化剂二月桂酸二丁基锡,再把反应体系的温度升至80℃,并在此条件下反应2h,然后加入单羟烷基有机氟,继续反应2h。反应完成后,待体系降温至40℃,加入三乙胺对预聚体进行中和。中和结束后,加入水将预聚体分散乳化。待预聚体被分散乳化均匀后,加入小分子扩链剂的水溶液进行扩链,即得到了固含量为30%的聚氨酯水分散液;再将固含量为30%的聚氨酯水分散液倒入玻璃或聚四氟乙烯模具中,进行温度50℃,时长为24h的烘焙,即可得到低粘附防污薄膜。
实施例1所制备的聚氨酯材料的傅里叶红外谱图如图1所示,从图1中可以看出,异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯原料中的异氰酸根消耗殆尽,预期的缩聚反应进行完全,从图中可看出预期产物结构所对应的所有特征峰。
实施例2~5中所制备的聚氨酯材料的傅里叶红外谱图中也可看出预期产物结构所对应的所有特征峰。
上述各实施例的薄膜诸如薄膜外观、机械强度、表干及实干的时间、邵氏硬度等薄膜常规检测项目的检测结果均能达到技术指标薄膜无色透明(透明度可达到95%以上),拉伸应力较高(≥25MPa),硬度适中(~80HA),在此不赘述。
应用实施例
(1)薄膜的透明度
对实施例2制备的聚氨酯薄膜进行透过率测试和原子力显微镜观察,结果如图2中的a图所示,从图2中的a图可以看出,薄膜具有优异的透明度,在500nm可见光波长的紫外透过率达97%,而且薄膜的粗糙度只有4nm,表明薄膜表面比较光滑;同时将实施例2制备的聚氨酯薄膜贴在手机屏幕上,其照片图如图2中的b图所示,从图2中的b图可以看出,屏幕的可视度几乎没有发生变化,图像与文字清晰可见,手机的触变感应能力也没有产生异常。因此,从图2中可以看出,本发明制备的聚氨酯薄膜具有优异的透明度。
实施例4制备的聚氨酯薄膜在500nm可见光波长的紫外透过率达98%,而且薄膜的粗糙度只有3~4nm;实施例5制备的聚氨酯薄膜在500nm可见光波长的紫外透过率达98%,而且薄膜的粗糙度只有3~4nm;
(2)聚氨酯薄膜的力学拉伸性能
实施例3制备的聚氨酯薄膜(薄膜的厚度为0.5mm,标矩为5mm,宽度为10mm)在不同拉伸速率(2-15mm/min)下的拉伸曲线如图3中的a图所示,从图3中的a图可知,当拉伸速率为2-15mm/min时,薄膜的伸长率可达到3100±150%。薄膜的断裂强度可高达到44MPa,可以将10kg的哑铃挂起(如图3中的b图所示),表明薄膜的机械强度优良。
对实施例4和实施例5所制备的聚氨酯薄膜的力学性能做同实施例3相应的操作,可得知,当拉伸速率为2-15mm/min时,实施例4制备的薄膜的伸长率可达到3000±200%。薄膜的断裂强度可高达到45MPa;当拉伸速率为2-15mm/min时,实施例5制备的薄膜的伸长率可达到3100±200%。薄膜的断裂强度可高达到43MPa。
(3)聚氨酯薄膜的低粘附防污性能
将水、二碘甲烷、十六烷、植物油、泵油5种代表性液体分别滴加在实施例1制备的聚氨酯薄膜上,然后分别对应倾斜50°、12°、13°、18°和19°后,各代表性液体在不同时间下的粘附状态如图4所示,从图4中可以看出,当薄膜倾斜不同角度后,各代表性液体均先后从薄膜上滑落,不留下任何痕迹。表明薄膜对各类液体具有优良的低粘附性和防污性能。
将实施例1制备的聚氨酯薄膜伸长至1800%,然后向倾斜90°、18°、19°、28°和31°的拉伸后的薄膜上对应滴加水、二碘甲烷、十六烷、植物油、泵油等5种代表性液体。不同时间下各代表性液体在伸长率为1800%的薄膜上的粘附状态图如图5所示,从图5中可以看出,当薄膜伸长至1800%,各代表性液体仍然可以从倾斜的薄膜上滑落,不留下任何痕迹,表明薄膜可以实现低粘附性与可拉伸性的共存,拉伸后的薄膜具有优良的低粘附性,其疏液性具有良好的机械稳定性。
(4)聚氨酯薄膜的回弹性能
将实施例3制备的聚氨酯薄膜(10(mm,宽)*55(mm,长)*5(mm,厚))拉伸至3000%和1800%后再放松,在室温下自然放置,拉伸至1800%和3000%的薄膜的自由恢复过程、以及薄膜拉升至3000%后自然释放30min后的实物图以及原始薄膜的实物图如图6所示,从图6中可以看出,经过5分钟,薄膜的恢复率均超过80%,恢复30分钟后均超过90%,恢复24小时后达到95%,这表明了薄膜的机械性能具有可逆性。
薄膜的恢复率的计算公式为:
Rr=1-ε(t)/εmax
式中,εmax为薄膜被自然释放前的伸长率;
ε(t)为薄膜被自然释放后的实时伸长率。
同样的,将实施例4制备的聚氨酯薄膜(10(mm,宽)*55(mm,长)*5(mm,厚))拉伸至3000%和1800%后再放松,在室温下自然放置,经过5分钟后,拉伸至3000%和1800%的薄膜的恢复率均超过80%,恢复30分钟后均超过90%,恢复24小时后均达到95%;将实施例5制备的聚氨酯薄膜(10(mm,宽)*55(mm,长)*5(mm,厚))拉伸至3000%和1800%后再放松,在室温下自然放置,经过5分钟后,拉伸至3000%和1800%的薄膜的恢复率均超过80%,恢复30分钟后均超过90%,恢复24小时后均达到95%,这表明了薄膜的机械性能具有可逆性。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜,其特征在于制备原料包括以下质量分数的有效组分:
其中的质量分数是指每一种有效成分占总的有效成分的质量分数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜,其特征在于:
所述的硬段单体为甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯、六亚甲基二异氰酸酯、二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯、1,4-环己烷二异氰酸酯、异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯中的至少一种;
所述的软段单体为聚酯二醇、聚醚二醇中的至少一种;
所述的亲水单体为1,4-丁二醇-2-磺酸钠、1,2-丙二醇-3-磺酸钠、乙二氨基乙磺酸钠、2,4-二氨基苯磺酸、二羟甲基丙酸、二羟甲基丁酸中的至少一种;
所述的交联单体为丙三醇、三异丙醇胺、季戊四醇、三羟甲基丙烷中的至少一种;
所述的小分子扩链剂为1,4-丁二醇、乙二醇、一缩二乙二醇、乙二胺中的至少一种;
所述的低表面能化合物为单羟烷基有机氟。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜,其特征在于:
所述的硬段单体为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯;
所述的软段单体为聚四氢呋喃醚二醇、聚(己二酸)-(2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇)-(1,4-丁二醇)酯二醇中的至少一种;
所述的亲水单体为二羟甲基丁酸;
所述的交联单体为三羟甲基丙烷;
所述的小分子扩链剂为1,4-丁二醇和乙二醇中的至少一种;
所述的低表面能化合物为3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十三氟-1-辛醇、1H,1H,9H-十六氟-1-壬醇、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-十五氟-1-辛醇中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜,其特征在于:
所述的制备原料还包括催化剂,所述的催化剂为二月桂酸二丁基锡催化剂,其用量占制备原料中有效成分总质量的0~0.05%。
5.一种根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
(1)将软段单体、亲水单体和交联单体混合均匀,然后在搅拌条件下加入硬段单体和催化剂,升温至70℃~85℃反应2~5h后加入低表面能化合物继续反应2~5h,得预聚体;
(2)将所得预聚体冷却,然后加入三乙胺对预聚体进行中和,再加水将所得预聚体分散乳化,待预聚体被水分散乳化后,加入小分子扩链剂进行扩链,即得到聚氨酯水分散液;
(3)将所得聚氨酯水分散液固化即得高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜。
6.根据权利要求5所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤(2)中所述的扩链是指在室温反应0.5-2h进行扩链。
7.根据权利要求5所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于:
步骤(2)中所述的聚氨酯水分散液的固含量为20-40%;
步骤(3)中所述的固化是指在20~90℃烘焙1~24h。
8.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜作为基材的自清洁表面涂层中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜作为基材的自清洁表面涂层中的应用,其特征在于所述的基材为玻璃、木材、金属、陶瓷、皮革或聚合物基材。
10.根据权利要求1~4任一项所述的高弹高透的防污聚氨酯薄膜作为柔性电子显示屏、可穿戴传感器的自清洁涂层的应用。
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