CN110291892B - Comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of fructus forsythiae - Google Patents
Comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of fructus forsythiae Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia, which comprises the following steps: the cutting method is adopted for propagation, cutting slips are dipped with roots by using a biological microbial inoculum, a cutting pool is set, the cutting slips are firstly inserted into the cutting pool, transplantation is carried out after cutting rooting, a proper land is selected during transplantation, an organic fertilizer is additionally applied, reasonable thin planting is carried out, ventilation and light transmittance are enhanced, a drip irrigation tape is laid on the transplantation land, flood irrigation is avoided, the biological microbial inoculum and a trace element fertilizer are sprayed in the flowering phase, and the biological microbial inoculum contains bacillus licheniformis, photosynthetic bacteria and the like. The microelements are various microelements in EDTA chelating state, and the later management is well done. The method can effectively prevent and treat the diseases and insect pests of the forsythia.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia, and belongs to the technical field of forsythia planting.
Background
Fructus forsythiae is leaf-fallen shrub of Forsythia of Oleaceae of order twisted flowers of dicotyledonous plant. In early spring, the leaves bloom first, the flowering period is 3-4 months, the fragrance of the flowers is light and bright, the full branches are golden, the flowers are gorgeous and lovely, and the plant height can reach 3 m. The full branches are golden yellow when the tree is full of blooms, the fragrance overflows, the tree is pleasing to the eyes, the tree can be made into hedges, flower clusters, flower beds and the like, the application is wide in the aspect of greening and beautifying cities, and the tree is an excellent tree species which is hard to obtain in sightseeing agriculture and modern gardens.
Fructus forsythiae grows in mountain slope shrubs, forests or grasses, or in valleys and ditches, has developed root systems, and has strong absorption and water retention capacity, and can be used for drawing and fixing soil and preventing soil blocks from slipping, and main roots, lateral roots and fibrous roots of fructus forsythiae can be densely meshed in a soil layer; fructus forsythiae has strong germination capacity, the crown coverage is increased quickly, raindrops can be effectively prevented from splashing on the ground, erosion is reduced, and the fructus forsythiae has good water and soil conservation effect, and is the best economic plant for preventing water and soil loss by using excellent ecological tree species for returning to forests and loess plateaus recommended by China.
The fruit period of the forsythia is 7-9 months. The fruit can be used as a medicine, has pharmacological effects of resisting bacteria, strengthening heart, promoting urination, stopping vomiting and the like, is commonly used for treating diseases such as acute wind-heat type common cold, carbuncle swelling and sore toxicity, tuberculous lymphadenitis, urinary tract infection and the like, and is a main raw material of a traditional Chinese medicine preparation such as Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, Shuanghuanglian powder injection, heat-clearing and detoxifying oral liquid, Glechoma hederacea fever relieving oral liquid, Yinqiao detoxifying electuary and the.
At present, in the planting process of forsythia, common plant diseases and insect pests comprise leaf spot, borer, snail, longicorn and the like, which harm the normal growth of the forsythia. The plant diseases and insect pests can be prevented and controlled by spraying chemical pesticide, but the effect is poor, pesticide residue is easy to cause, secondary pollution is caused to the environment, and particularly, when the forsythia is used as a medicine and is used by human, the forsythia is harmful to the human body.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating the diseases and insect pests of forsythia, which can obviously reduce the occurrence of the diseases and insect pests of forsythia and reduce the use amount of chemical pesticides.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia suspense comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a gentle slope plot with an altitude of 500-1900 m as a transplanting land, and requiring leeward, sunny, deep soil layer and good drainage; fructus forsythiae is not planted in the land, and the soil is sandy loam rich in humus;
s2, planting fructus forsythiae by adopting a cutting method, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which are more than 5 years old, strong in growth and free of diseases and insect pests, picking up spikes, wherein each cutting shoot has more than 2-3 stem nodes, and cutting off lower leaves;
s3, 6-7 months, selecting 9: 00 or 16: 00 of sunny weather for cuttage, and dipping roots with 80-110 times of solution diluted by a first biological microbial inoculum before cuttage;
s4, setting a cuttage pool, cuttage of the cutting slips into the cuttage pool, and transplanting after the cutting slips grow out of root systems;
selecting gentle slope land blocks with the altitude of 500-1900 m in the cuttage pool, wherein the gentle slope land blocks are required to be leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer and good in drainage;
deeply ploughing soil before cuttage, wherein the depth is 25-35 cm; simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2-5 m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 8-13 kg/667m2；
During cuttage, the row spacing of the plants is 3-7 cm multiplied by 17-23 cm, the cuttage depth is 3-4 cm, and water is fully sprayed to a cuttage bed before cuttage so as to moisten the seedling bed;
the cutting shoots are directly inserted into soil, and the roots of the cutting shoots are properly compacted by soil after cutting is finished, so that the soil is ensured to be in close contact with the cutting shoots;
s5, keeping the surface of the cuttage bed moist in the early stage of cuttage;
when the water content of the soil is reduced to below 30%, spraying and watering in time;
when the water content of the soil is more than 70% and the cutting shoots grow young roots, the water spraying frequency is reduced, the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time;
s6, selecting a transplanting land in spring of the next year, and deeply ploughing soil to a depth of 25-35 cm; simultaneously applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 5-8 m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 25-35 kg/667m2；
S7, transplanting when the root system of the cutting grows to be more than 5cm in the next year of 6-7 months, inserting the cutting into soil by 20-25 cm during transplanting, then burying and compacting the soil, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 2-3 m multiplied by 2-3, after transplanting, laying a drip irrigation tape along the roots of the plants, and watering by adopting drip irrigation to avoid flood irrigation;
spraying 70-90 times of diluted solution of a second biological microbial agent and 80-110 times of diluted solution of a trace element fertilizer in the flowering phase of each year after transplanting; spraying 3-5 times at intervals of 12-18 days for each time;
s8, performing normal management later on, and performing artificial weeding, watering and pruning; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
Preferably, the method for dipping roots with the first biological agent before cuttage in step S3 includes: and soaking the base part of the cutting slips in the first biological agent diluent for 3-5 h, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm.
Preferably, the first biological agent adopted in step S3 includes bacillus subtilis, paenibacillus mucilaginosus, magnesium humate, and zinc humate, and the number of effective viable bacteria reaches 1-3 × 108More than one per ml, and the content of magnesium humate and zinc humate is 20-40 g/l respectively.
Preferably, the organic fertilizer selected in the steps S4 and S6 is: the total nutrient content of the fully decomposed cow dung or sheep dung is 36-51%, and the mass percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is N: p: k = 12-17%: 12-17%: 12 to 17 percent.
Preferably, the second biological agent adopted in step S7 includes the following components in percentage by mass:
40-60% of bacillus licheniformis, 20-40% of photosynthetic bacteria, 5-15% of bacillus megaterium, 2-8% of bacillus mucilaginosus and 3-8% of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, wherein the effective viable count is 1-3 multiplied by 108More than one/ml.
Preferably, the microelement fertilizer adopted in the step S7 is medium and trace elements chelated by EDTA, the pH value is 5.0-7.0, and the total content of the trace elements is 14-21% by mass.
Preferably, the trace elements comprise the following components in percentage by mass:
0.5-1.5% of copper, 3-4% of iron, 2-3% of magnesium, 2-3% of manganese, 4-5% of zinc, 1.5-2.5% of boron, 0.5-1% of molybdenum and 0.5-1% of cobalt.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, the land parcels which are not planted with the fructus forsythiae before are selected through a specific comprehensive cultivation method, damage of continuous cropping on growth of the fructus forsythiae is avoided, the fructus forsythiae is bred through a cuttage method, simplicity and effectiveness are achieved, the selected cutting slips are strong and do not have germs, the roots of the fructus forsythiae are dipped by using a biological microbial inoculum, growth of the root system of the fructus forsythiae is stimulated, a cuttage pool is arranged, the cutting slips grow in the cuttage pool firstly, and transplanting is carried out after the root system grows out, so that the survival rate is improved.
During cuttage, the row spacing of plants is 3-7 cm multiplied by 17-23 cm, less forsythia is planted in a unit area, ventilation and light transmission are enhanced, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced; the row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are 3cm multiplied by 5cm in the conventional method, the row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are small, the ventilation and light transmittance are poor, and the plant diseases and insect pests are easy to occur.
The row spacing and the plant spacing of the forsythia suspense are increased after transplanting, the ventilation and light transmission of plants are enhanced, drip irrigation tapes are laid along the roots, drip irrigation is adopted for watering, on one hand, flood irrigation is avoided, the spread of germs in soil is reduced, and on the other hand, water is saved.
After transplanting, spraying a biological agent diluent and a trace element fertilizer diluent in the flowering phase of spring every year, wherein the biological agent improves the physicochemical property of soil, creates a good environment, and simultaneously supplements the trace element fertilizer, so that the soil environment is not beneficial to the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, and the yield and the quality of the fructus forsythiae are improved.
By implementing the technology, the occurrence of the pest and disease damage of the forsythia is obviously reduced, and the using amount of chemical pesticide is reduced.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to these examples, and all changes or equivalent substitutions that do not depart from the spirit of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia suspense comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a gentle slope plot with an altitude of 500-1900 m as a transplanting land, and requiring leeward, sunny, deep soil layer and good drainage; fructus forsythiae is not planted in the land, and the soil is sandy loam rich in humus;
s2, planting fructus forsythiae by adopting a cutting method, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which are more than 5 years old, strong in growth and free of plant diseases and insect pests, picking up spikes, wherein each cutting spike has more than 3 stem nodes, and cutting off lower leaves;
s3, 6-7 months, selecting 9: 00 or 16: 00 of fine weather for cuttage, and dipping roots with 100 times of diluted biological microbial inoculum before cuttage;
the method for dipping roots by using the first biological agent before cuttage comprises the following steps: and soaking the base part of the cutting slips in the first biological agent diluent for 4 hours, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm. The soaking time is long when the root is dipped, and the dipping depth is shallow, so that the biological agent is fully absorbed by the cutting, and the growth of the root system is facilitated.
The first biological agent comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus mucilaginosus, magnesium humate and zinc humate, and the effective viable count reaches 2 multiplied by 108The content of magnesium humate and zinc humate is respectively 20g/l and 40 g/l.
The method comprises a biological agent and humic acid, and can promote the fructus forsythiae to take root, the traditional method only adds the biological agent or hormone substances, the humic acid is a new fertilizer, the biological agent improves the soil environment, the biological agent rapidly and continuously grows, develops and breeds in the soil, secretes a large amount of chitinase, rooting elements and other substances to act on the soil, and simultaneously can fix nitrogen, dissolve phosphorus and potassium, release solidified medium and trace elements in the soil, and improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer in the soil.
S4, setting a cuttage pool, cuttage of the cutting slips into the cuttage pool, and transplanting after the cutting slips grow out of root systems;
selecting gentle slope land blocks with the altitude of 500-1900 m in the cuttage pool, wherein the gentle slope land blocks are required to be leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer and good in drainage;
deeply ploughing soil before cuttage, wherein the depth is 30 cm; simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 3m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 10kg/667m2；
During cuttage, the row spacing of the plants is 5cm multiplied by 20cm, the cuttage depth is 3 cm-4 cm, and water is fully sprayed to a cuttage bed before cuttage so as to moisten the seedling bed;
the cutting shoots are directly inserted into soil, and the roots of the cutting shoots are properly compacted by soil after cutting is finished, so that the soil is ensured to be in close contact with the cutting shoots;
s5, keeping the surface of the cuttage bed moist in the early stage of cuttage;
when the water content of the soil is reduced to below 30%, spraying and watering in time;
when the water content of the soil is more than 70% and the cutting shoots grow young roots, the water spraying frequency is reduced, and only a small amount of water is needed except in high-temperature weather, so that the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time;
s6, selecting a transplanting land in spring of the next year, and deeply ploughing soil to a depth of 30 cm; simultaneously applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 6m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 30kg/667m2；
The organic fertilizer selected in the steps S4 and S6 is: the fully decomposed cow dung or sheep dung compound fertilizer contains 45% of total nutrient, and the mass percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is N: p: k = 15%: 15%: 15 percent.
S7, transplanting when the root system of the cutting grows to be more than 5cm in the next year of 6-7 months, inserting the cutting into soil by 20-25 cm during transplanting, then burying and compacting the soil, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 2m multiplied by 2m, after transplanting, laying drip irrigation belts along the roots of the plants, and watering by drip irrigation to avoid flood irrigation;
spraying a second biological agent diluted 80 times of solution and a trace element fertilizer diluted 100 times of solution in the flowering phase of each year after transplanting; spraying 4 times at a spraying interval of 15d each time;
the second biological agent comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
50% of bacillus licheniformis, 30% of photosynthetic bacteria, 10% of bacillus megaterium, 5% of bacillus mucilaginosus and 5% of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, wherein the effective viable count is 2 multiplied by 108More than one/ml.
The microelement fertilizer is medium trace elements chelated by EDTA, the pH is 5.0-7.0, and the total content of the trace elements is as follows by mass percent: 17 percent.
The trace elements comprise the following components in percentage by mass:
1.0% of copper, 3.5% of iron, 2.5% of magnesium, 2.5% of manganese, 4.5% of zinc, 2.0% of boron, 0.5% of molybdenum and 0.5% of cobalt.
S8, performing normal management later on, and performing artificial weeding, watering and pruning; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
According to the growth characteristics of the forsythia suspense, the selected gentle slope planting land has the altitude of 500-1900 m, is leeward, facing the sun, deep in soil layer and good in drainage, and soil is sandy loam rich in humus and meets the growth requirement of the forsythia suspense. The land where the forsythia suspense is not planted is used as a transplanting land, so that the diseases and insect pests caused by continuous cropping are avoided.
The forsythia suspense is propagated by cutting, a cutting pool is established by the method, cutting slips firstly grow in the cutting pool for a period of time, and are transplanted after new roots grow out, so that the survival rate of the forsythia suspense can be improved; the method is simple and convenient, is beneficial to large-scale production, selects the forsythia suspense plants which grow vigorously for more than 5 years and have no plant diseases and insect pests for ear picking, can ensure the health of the cuttings, and lays a foundation for the growth of forsythia suspense in the future. The conventional method is to directly transplant the cutting slips without a cutting pool, so that certain dead seedlings can be caused, and the survival rate is low.
The method carefully selects the cuttage pool, deeply ploughs and applies a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer before cuttage, and the conventional method is often extensive in management, does not deeply plough the land before cuttage, and does not apply or applies less organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer. The cuttage pool is beneficial to the growth of the forsythia, and a large amount of fertilizer is applied before cuttage to provide sufficient nutrients for the growth of the forsythia, so that the quality of the forsythia is improved.
The method has the advantages that the cutting shoots grow new roots before transplanting, and the occurrence of dead seedlings is reduced.
The row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are larger during transplanting, ventilation and light transmission are facilitated, and the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, while the row spacing and the plant spacing of the conventional fructus forsythiae after transplanting are 1m multiplied by 1m and smaller, and although the number of the plants planted in a unit area is larger, the ventilation and light transmission are poorer, and the plant diseases and insect pests are easy to occur.
The method enhances field management after cuttage, and sprays water and weeds in time. After transplanting, laying a drip irrigation tape along the root of the plant, and carrying out drip irrigation and watering to avoid flood irrigation; not only reduces water consumption, but also reduces the occurrence and spread of soil-borne diseases.
The biological bactericide is used for diluting 100 times of liquid before cuttage and dipping roots, and because the same plant is continuously planted for many years, nutrient loss in soil is easy to cause nutrient imbalance, harmful germs are bred, and the plant growth is extremely unfavorable. The biological agent contains Bacillus licheniformis, and the effective viable count is 2 × 108More than one/ml. Action of Bacillus licheniformis: the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and the attack to the roots of plants are inhibited, and the soil-borne diseases of the plants are reduced; the germination rate and the seedling protection rate of the seedlings are improved, the genetic diseases of the seeds are prevented, the survival rate of the fructus forsythiae is improved, and the growth of root systems is promoted; improve soil, improve soil aggregate structure, improve soil water holding capacity.
After the method is transplanted, in the spring flowering phase every year, a biological microbial inoculum diluted 80 times and a microelement fertilizer diluted 100 times are sprayed, wherein the spraying interval is 15 days each time, and the spraying is totally carried out for 4 times.
The biological agent contains bacillus licheniformis (accounting for 50 percent), photosynthetic bacteria (accounting for 30 percent), bacillus megaterium (accounting for 10 percent), bacillus mucilaginosus (accounting for 5 percent) and bacillus amyloliquefaciens (accounting for 5 percent), and the effective viable count of the biological agent is 2 multiplied by 108More than one/ml. The microelements are medium microelements chelated by EDTA, the total content of the microelements is 17%, and typical values are as follows: 1.0% of copper; 3.5 percent of iron; 2.5 percent of magnesium; 2.5 percent of manganese; 4.5 percent of zinc; 2.0% of boron; 0.5 percent of molybdenum; 0.5 percent of cobalt; the pH is 5.0 to 7.0.
The bacillus licheniformis inhibits the propagation of pathogenic bacteria in the soil and the attack on the roots of plants, and reduces the soil-borne diseases of the plants; the germination rate and the seedling protection rate of the seeds are improved, diseases carried by the seedlings are prevented, the survival rate of the plants is improved, and the growth of root systems is promoted; improve soil, improve soil aggregate structure, improve soil water holding capacity.
The photosynthetic bacteria can improve the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves and accelerate metabolism.
The bacillus megaterium has the function of phosphate solubilizing and has good effect of degrading organic phosphorus in soil.
The bacillus mucilaginosus can dissolve potassium and release soluble phosphorus potassium elements and medium and trace elements such as calcium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese and the like.
The bacillus amyloliquefaciens can secrete antibacterial substances, generate antagonism, compete with nutrition and space, induce hosts to generate resistance and promote plant growth.
Copper is a trace element necessary for the growth of forsythia, participates in the redox reaction and respiration in vivo, and has the effect of enhancing the disease resistance of plants.
Iron is an important component of enzymes for aerobic respiration of fructus forsythiae, is an important substance for energy metabolism of fructus forsythiae, and is easy to cause iron deficiency and affect nutrient absorption due to the influence of iron deficiency on plant physiological activity.
Magnesium participates in photosynthesis and respiration of forsythia, and can activate various phosphoglucomutases and phosphokinases. Magnesium can also activate DNA and RNA synthesis processes. It is one of the synthetic components of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll cannot be synthesized in the absence of magnesium, which affects the normal growth of fructus forsythiae, and when magnesium is seriously absent, scald and necrosis are formed.
Manganese is one of essential trace elements for the growth of forsythia, directly participates in photosynthesis, can promote the growth of plants, and accumulates dry substances.
The zinc is one of trace elements necessary for the growth of the forsythia, and can improve the SOD activity in the leaves and reduce the damage to the forsythia after the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests; can also promote flower bud differentiation of fructus forsythiae and increase fruit yield.
Boron is an essential element for higher plants. Boron can be combined with free sugar to promote the transportation of sugar. Boron has important influence on the reproductive process of forsythia and has close relation with pollen formation, pollen tube germination and fertilization. In the absence of boron, anthers and filaments shrink and pollen develops badly.
Molybdenum is one of trace elements necessary for the growth of fructus forsythiae, is an important component of in vivo nitrogen fixation enzyme and nitrate reductase, participates in the reduction reaction of nitrate nitrogen into ammonium, and promotes the metabolism of nitrogen in fructus forsythiae. Molybdenum is beneficial to stabilizing and improving the chlorophyll content of leaves, promoting photosynthesis and being beneficial to the formation and conversion of carbohydrate substances.
Cobalt has important physiological effects as an essential trace element of plants. It is a component of vitamin B12, is a component of certain enzymes or an auxiliary factor for catalytic activity, and affects the growth of fructus forsythiae.
The application of the biological agent and the trace element fertilizer can improve the physicochemical property of soil, maintain the balance of nutrients in the soil, supplement trace elements required by plant growth and improve the disease and insect resistance of fructus forsythiae. The bacillus licheniformis, the bacillus megaterium and the bacillus mucilaginosus have the functions of fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphorus and dissolving potassium respectively, can provide sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer for the growth of the forsythia, the starch-dissolving bacillus has the function of killing germs, and the photosynthetic bacteria improve the photosynthetic capacity of the forsythia and the disease resistance of the forsythia. The formula provides nutrients for the forsythia suspense outside, and sterilizes in soil, improves disease resistance of the forsythia suspense inside, and controls plant diseases and insect pests of the forsythia suspense from multiple aspects.
Example 2
A comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia suspense comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a gentle slope plot with an altitude of 500-1900 m as a transplanting land, and requiring leeward, sunny, deep soil layer and good drainage; fructus forsythiae is not planted in the land, and the soil is sandy loam rich in humus;
s2, planting fructus forsythiae by adopting a cutting method, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which are more than 5 years old, strong in growth and free of diseases and insect pests, picking up spikes, wherein each cutting shoot has more than 2-3 stem nodes, and cutting off lower leaves;
s3, 6-7 months, selecting 9: 00 or 16: 00 of fine weather for cuttage, and dipping roots with 80 times of solution diluted by a first biological microbial inoculum before cuttage;
the method for dipping roots by using the first biological agent before cuttage comprises the following steps: and soaking the base part of the cutting slips in the first biological agent diluent for 5 hours, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm.
The first biological agent comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus mucilaginosus, magnesium humate and zinc humate, and the effective viable count reaches 3 multiplied by 108More than one per ml, magnesium humate, humic acidThe zinc contents were 30g/l and 30g/l, respectively.
The first biological agent also comprises 20ml/l of marigold root extract and 20g/l of minced garlic.
Taking 10g of marigold root, removing impurities, cleaning, drying, grinding, adding 100ml of water and 50ml of ethanol, heating at 80-90 ℃ for 20 minutes, and filtering to obtain supernatant, namely the marigold root extract;
s4, setting a cuttage pool, cuttage of the cutting slips into the cuttage pool, and transplanting after the cutting slips grow out of root systems;
selecting gentle slope land blocks with the altitude of 500-1900 m in the cuttage pool, wherein the gentle slope land blocks are required to be leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer and good in drainage;
deeply ploughing soil before cuttage, wherein the depth is 25 cm; simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 13kg/667m2；
During cuttage, the row spacing of the plants is 3cm multiplied by 17cm, the cuttage depth is 3 cm-4 cm, and water is fully sprayed to a cuttage bed before cuttage so as to moisten the seedling bed;
the cutting shoots are directly inserted into soil, and the roots of the cutting shoots are properly compacted by soil after cutting is finished, so that the soil is ensured to be in close contact with the cutting shoots;
s5, keeping the surface of the cuttage bed moist in the early stage of cuttage;
when the water content of the soil is reduced to below 30%, spraying and watering in time;
when the water content of the soil is more than 70% and the cutting shoots grow young roots, the water spraying frequency is reduced, and only a small amount of water is needed except in high-temperature weather, so that the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time;
s6, selecting a transplanting land in spring of the next year, and deeply ploughing soil to a depth of 25 cm; simultaneously applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 8 m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 25 kg/667m2；
The organic fertilizer selected in the steps S4 and S6 is: the total nutrient content of the adopted compound fertilizer is more than 45%, and the mass percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is N: p: k = 12%: 17%: 12 percent.
S7, transplanting when the root system of the cutting grows to be more than 5cm in the next year of 6-7 months, inserting the cutting into soil by 20-25 cm during transplanting, then burying and compacting the soil, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 2m multiplied by 3m, laying a drip irrigation tape along the roots of the plants after transplanting, and watering by adopting drip irrigation to avoid flood irrigation;
spraying 70 times of second biological agent diluted solution and 80 times of trace element fertilizer diluted solution in the flowering phase of spring every year after transplanting; spraying 3 times at each spraying interval of 12;
the second biological agent comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
40% of bacillus licheniformis, 40% of photosynthetic bacteria, 5% of bacillus megaterium, 2% of bacillus mucilaginosus and 3% of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, wherein the effective viable count is 1 multiplied by 108More than one/ml.
The microelement fertilizer is medium microelement chelated by EDTA, the pH is 5.0, and the total content of the microelement is 14% by mass ratio.
The trace elements comprise the following components in percentage by mass:
0.5% of copper, 4% of iron, 2% of magnesium, 3% of manganese, 4% of zinc, 2.5% of boron, 1% of molybdenum and 1% of cobalt.
S8, performing normal management later on, and performing artificial weeding, watering and pruning; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
Example 3
A comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia suspense comprises the following steps:
s1, selecting a gentle slope plot with an altitude of 500-1900 m as a transplanting land, and requiring leeward, sunny, deep soil layer and good drainage; fructus forsythiae is not planted in the land, and the soil is sandy loam rich in humus;
s2, planting fructus forsythiae by adopting a cutting method, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which are more than 5 years old, strong in growth and free of diseases and insect pests, picking up spikes, wherein each cutting shoot has more than 2-3 stem nodes, and cutting off lower leaves;
s3, 6-7 months, selecting the part 9: 00 or 16: 00 before sunny weather for cuttage, and dipping the roots with 110 times of diluted biological microbial inoculum before cuttage;
the method for dipping roots by using the first biological agent before cuttage comprises the following steps: and soaking the base part of the cutting slips in the first biological agent diluent for 3 hours, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm.
The first biological agent comprises bacillus subtilis, bacillus mucilaginosus, magnesium humate and zinc humate, and the effective viable count reaches 1 multiplied by 108The content of magnesium humate and zinc humate is respectively 40g/l and 40 g/l.
The first biological agent also comprises 10ml/l of marigold root extract and 30g/l of minced garlic.
Taking 10g of marigold root, removing impurities, cleaning, drying, grinding, adding 100ml of water and 50ml of ethanol, heating at 80-90 ℃ for 20 minutes, and filtering to obtain supernatant, namely the marigold root extract;
s4, setting a cuttage pool, cuttage of the cutting slips into the cuttage pool, and transplanting after the cutting slips grow out of root systems;
selecting gentle slope land blocks with the altitude of 500-1900 m in the cuttage pool, wherein the gentle slope land blocks are required to be leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer and good in drainage;
deeply ploughing soil before cuttage, wherein the depth is 35 cm; simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 5m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 8kg/667m2；
During cuttage, the row spacing of the plants is 7cm multiplied by 17cm, the cuttage depth is 3 cm-4 cm, and water is fully sprayed to a cuttage bed before cuttage so as to moisten the seedling bed;
the cutting shoots are directly inserted into soil, and the roots of the cutting shoots are properly compacted by soil after cutting is finished, so that the soil is ensured to be in close contact with the cutting shoots;
s5, keeping the surface of the cuttage bed moist in the early stage of cuttage;
when the water content of the soil is reduced to below 30%, spraying and watering in time;
when the water content of the soil is more than 70% and the cutting shoots grow young roots, the water spraying frequency is reduced, and only a small amount of water is needed except in high-temperature weather, so that the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time;
s6, selecting a transplanting land in the spring of the second year,deeply ploughing the soil to 35 cm; simultaneously applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 5m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 35 kg/667m2；
The organic fertilizer selected in the steps S4 and S6 is: the total nutrient content of the adopted compound fertilizer is more than 45%, and the mass percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is N: p: k = 17%: 12%: 12 percent.
S7, transplanting when the root system of the cutting grows to be more than 5cm in the next year from 6 months to 7 months, inserting the cutting into soil by 25cm during transplanting, then burying and compacting the soil, wherein the row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are 3m multiplied by 3m, laying a drip irrigation tape along the roots of the plants after transplanting, and watering by adopting drip irrigation to avoid flood irrigation;
spraying a second biological agent diluted 90 times solution and a trace element fertilizer diluted 110 times solution in the flowering phase of each year after transplanting; spraying for 5 times at 18d intervals each time;
the second biological agent comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
60% of bacillus licheniformis, 20% of photosynthetic bacteria, 15% of bacillus megaterium, 2% of bacillus mucilaginosus and 3% of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, wherein the effective viable count is 3 multiplied by 108More than one/ml.
The microelement fertilizer is medium microelement chelated by EDTA, the pH is 7.0, and the total content of the microelement is 21% by mass ratio.
The trace elements comprise the following components in percentage by mass:
1.5% of copper, 3% of iron, 3% of magnesium, 2% of manganese, 5% of zinc, 1.5% of boron, 0.8% of molybdenum and 0.8% of cobalt.
S8, performing normal management later on, and performing artificial weeding, watering and pruning; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
Test example 1
In this test example, the method of the present invention was carried out in 2 treatments, i.e., treatment 1, treatment 2, and treatment 2 as a control. The forsythia suspense variety used in the test examples was "forsythia angustifolia".
The method is carried out in Anzexian county in Linfen City of Shanxi province and Lily Suo Ying village fructus forsythiae base of Chuandong Hongyu in Chuandong province in 2015-2018.
The specific treatment comprises the following steps:
treating in spring at a ratio of 1: 2015, selecting gentle slope land with elevation of 1000m, leeward, rising sun, deep soil layer and good drainage, and deeply ploughing soil before cuttage with depth of 30cm as a cuttage pool. Simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 3m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 10kg/667m2。
Cutting and planting fructus forsythiae in summer 2015, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which grow vigorously and have no plant diseases and insect pests and have the age of more than 5 years for ear picking. Each cutting shoot has more than 2-3 stem nodes, and the lower leaves are cut off. Cutting in a daily ratio of 9: 00 in sunny weather, diluting 100 times of the cutting solution with biological agent containing Bacillus licheniformis, and making the number of effective viable bacteria reach 2 × 108More than one/ml. And soaking the base part of the cutting slips in a biological agent diluent for 4 hours, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm.
During cuttage, the row spacing of plants is 5cm multiplied by 20cm, cutting slips are directly inserted into soil, soil is applied to compact the root matrix of the cutting slips after cutting of the cutting slips is completed, and the soil is guaranteed to be in close contact with the cutting slips. The surface of the cutting bed is kept moist in the early stage of cutting, and the spraying and watering are carried out in time when the water content of the soil is reduced to be below 30 percent. When more than 70% of cutting shoots grow into young roots, the water spraying frequency is reduced, otherwise, only a small amount of water is needed to be sprayed in high-temperature weather, the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time. And (5) preparing for transplanting when the root system of the cutting shoots grows to be more than 5cm in 2016.
In 2016, a gentle slope plot with the elevation of 1000m is selected in spring, and forsythia is planted in a plot which is leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer, good in drainage and not planted with forsythia before. And deeply ploughing soil before planting, wherein the depth is 30 cm. Simultaneously, a great amount of decomposed cow dung and compound fertilizer are applied, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 6m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 30kg/667m2. The total nutrient content of the compound fertilizer is more than 45% (N: P: K = 15: 15: 15).
Transplanting is carried out in 2016 and 6 months, and the cutting shoots are inserted into soil for 20-25 cm. Then burying soil and compacting, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 2m multiplied by 2 m. After transplanting, drip irrigation belts are laid along the roots of the plants, and drip irrigation watering is adopted, so that flood irrigation is avoided. And spraying 80 times of diluted biological agent and 100 times of diluted trace element fertilizer in the flowering phase of spring every year after transplanting. Spraying 4 times at 15d intervals.
The biological agent contains bacillus licheniformis (accounting for 50 percent), photosynthetic bacteria (accounting for 30 percent), bacillus megaterium (accounting for 10 percent), bacillus mucilaginosus (accounting for 5 percent) and bacillus amyloliquefaciens (accounting for 5 percent), and the effective viable count of the biological agent is 2 multiplied by 108More than one/ml. The microelements are medium microelements chelated by EDTA, the total content of the microelements is 17%, and typical values are as follows: 1.0% of copper; 3.5 percent of iron; 2.5 percent of magnesium; 2.5 percent of manganese; 4.5 percent of zinc; 2.0% of boron; 0.5 percent of molybdenum; 0.5 percent of cobalt; the pH is 5.0 to 7.0.
Planting area of 200m2Let 3 repetitions. Carrying out normal management later, and regularly carrying out artificial weeding, watering and pruning; redundant and dense branches are thinned and removed during pruning, so that the plants keep ventilation and light transmission; removing branches and leaves with serious leaf spot; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
And 2, treating the field blocks with the forsythia suspensa planted continuously for more than 5 years, and planting the forsythia suspensa by cutting in summer of 2015, namely selecting forsythia suspensa plants which grow vigorously for more than 5 years and have no plant diseases and insect pests for ear picking. Each cutting shoot has more than 2-3 stem nodes, and the lower leaves are cut off. Cutting is carried out by selecting 9: 00 in sunny weather every day, a cutting pool is set, the row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are 4cm multiplied by 5cm during cutting, cutting slips are directly inserted into soil, soil is applied to compact the root matrix of the cutting slips after cutting is finished, spraying and watering are carried out in time to ensure that the soil is in close contact with the cutting slips, the cutting slips are transplanted after survival in 2016, and the row spacing and the plant spacing of the plants are 1.5m multiplied by 1.5 m. Watering in a large water flood irrigation mode, wherein the planting area is 200m2Let 3 repetitions.
The method for preventing and treating the plant diseases and insect pests by adopting a conventional chemical pesticide spraying method is started from 2017. Fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
The rest of the management methods are the same.
The incidence and yield of 2 treated pests (leaf spot, borer, snail, longicorn) were investigated from 2017, which was converted to acre yield for 2 years.
Disease and insect pest incidence rate = (number of infected insect plants/total number of investigated plants) × 100%
See table 1 below for details.
TABLE 1 comparison of pest incidence and yield for Forsythia suspensa
The results show that the pest incidence rates of the treatment 1 in 2017 and 2018 are 10.2% and 10.4%, the incidence rates are low, the change range is small, and the pest incidence rates of the treatment 2 are respectively 30.4% and 35.4%, which are higher than those of the treatment 1 and tend to rise year by year.
The yield per mu of the treatment 1 reaches 71.2kg in 2017 and rises to 100.4kg in 2018. Treatment 2 also showed a tendency to increase year by year, reaching 65.5 kg and 80.3kg in 2017 and 2018, respectively, but lower than treatment 1. Comprehensive comparison shows that the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced and the yield is greatly improved in the treatment 1 compared with the treatment 2.
The foregoing is considered as illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (6)
1. A comprehensive cultivation method for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests of forsythia suspense is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, selecting a gentle slope plot with an altitude of 500-1900 m as a transplanting land, and requiring leeward, sunny, deep soil layer and good drainage; fructus forsythiae is not planted in the land, and the soil is sandy loam rich in humus;
s2, planting fructus forsythiae by adopting a cutting method, namely selecting fructus forsythiae plants which are more than 5 years old, strong in growth and free of plant diseases and insect pests, picking up spikes, wherein each cutting spike has more than 3 stem nodes, and cutting off lower leaves;
s3 and 6-7 months, cutting before 9: 00 or 16: 00 of sunny weather, diluting 80-110 times of liquid with a first biological microbial inoculum to dip roots before cutting, wherein the first biological microbial inoculum comprises bacillus subtilisBacillus, bacillus mucilaginosus, magnesium humate and zinc humate, and the effective viable count reaches 1-3 multiplied by 108More than one per ml, and the content of magnesium humate and zinc humate is 20-40 g/l respectively;
s4, setting a cuttage pool, cuttage of the cutting slips into the cuttage pool, and transplanting after the cutting slips grow out of root systems;
selecting gentle slope land blocks with the altitude of 500-1900 m in the cuttage pool, wherein the gentle slope land blocks are required to be leeward, sunny, deep in soil layer and good in drainage;
deeply ploughing soil before cuttage, wherein the depth is 25-35 cm; simultaneously applying organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 2-5 m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 8-13 kg/667m2；
During cuttage, the row spacing of the plants is 3-7 cm multiplied by 17-23 cm, the cuttage depth is 3-4 cm, and water is fully sprayed to a cuttage bed before cuttage so as to moisten the seedling bed;
the cutting shoots are directly inserted into soil, and the roots of the cutting shoots are properly compacted by soil after cutting is finished, so that the soil is ensured to be in close contact with the cutting shoots;
s5, keeping the surface of the cuttage bed moist in the early stage of cuttage;
when the water content of the soil is reduced to below 30%, spraying and watering in time;
when the water content of the soil is more than 70% and the cutting shoots grow young roots, the water spraying frequency and the water spraying amount are reduced, the field management is enhanced, and the weeds are removed in time;
s6, deeply ploughing soil in the transplanting land in spring of the second year, wherein the depth is 25-35 cm; simultaneously applying a large amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer, wherein the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 5-8 m3/667m2The dosage of the compound fertilizer is 25-35 kg/667m2；
S7, transplanting when the root system of the cutting grows to be more than 5cm in the next year of 6-7 months, inserting the cutting into soil by 20-25 cm during transplanting, then burying and compacting the soil, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 2-3 m multiplied by 2-3 m, after transplanting, laying a drip irrigation tape along the roots of the plants, and watering by adopting drip irrigation to avoid flood irrigation;
spraying 70-90 times of diluted solution of a second biological microbial agent and 80-110 times of diluted solution of a trace element fertilizer in the flowering phase of each year after transplanting; spraying 3-5 times at intervals of 12-18 days for each time;
s8, performing normal management later on, and performing artificial weeding, watering and pruning; fructus forsythiae is picked up in 8-9 months after being matured.
2. The comprehensive cultivation method for controlling forsythia suspensa pests and diseases according to claim 1, wherein the method for dipping roots with the first biological agent before cuttage in step S3 comprises the following steps: and soaking the base part of the cutting slips in the first biological agent diluent for 3-5 h, wherein the dipping depth is 3-5 cm.
3. The comprehensive cultivation method for controlling forsythia pests and diseases according to claim 1, wherein the organic fertilizer selected in the steps S4 and S6 is: the total nutrient content of the adopted compound fertilizer is more than 45%, and the mass percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the compound fertilizer is N: p: k = 12-17%: 12-17%: 12 to 17 percent.
4. The comprehensive cultivation method for controlling forsythia diseases and pests according to claim 1, wherein the second biological agent adopted in the step S7 comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
40-60% of bacillus licheniformis, 20-40% of photosynthetic bacteria, 5-15% of bacillus megaterium, 2-8% of bacillus mucilaginosus and 3-8% of bacillus amyloliquefaciens, wherein the effective viable count is 1-3 multiplied by 108More than one/ml.
5. The comprehensive cultivation method for controlling forsythia diseases and pests according to claim 1, wherein the microelement fertilizer used in step S7 is medium and trace elements chelated by EDTA, and the pH is 5.0-7.0.
6. The comprehensive cultivation method for controlling forsythia diseases and pests according to claim 5, wherein the total content of trace elements in the trace element fertilizer is 14-21%, and the trace elements comprise the following components in percentage by mass:
0.5-1.5% of copper, 3-4% of iron, 2-3% of magnesium, 2-3% of manganese, 4-5% of zinc, 1.5-2.5% of boron, 0.5-1% of molybdenum and 0.5-1% of cobalt.
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| WO2016201686A1 (en) * | 2015-06-18 | 2016-12-22 | 刘惠河 | Method for planting crops |
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