CN110115203B - Method for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo species in high-latitude Liaodong bay area - Google Patents
Method for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo species in high-latitude Liaodong bay area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the field of bamboo species cultivation, in particular to a cultivation and domestication method of cold-resistant bamboo species in high-latitude Liaodong bay area, which adopts a wind and soil domestication method and other comprehensive matching cold-resistant methods and comprises the following aspects: (1) selecting cold acclimation base materials and habitats; (2) domesticating daily monitoring and management; (3) and (5) overwintering management. The cultivation and domestication method of the invention adopts pure open air cultivation and domestication without adopting greenhouse coverage or utilizing geothermal pipelines, bamboo seeds domesticated by the method of the invention are completely adaptive to local climate and soil, can grow bamboo shoots and grow like southern bamboos, have luxuriant branches and leaves, and are transplanted mother plants from domesticated seed sources, cultivated in other local places, and have good growth vigor without being covered in winter, which indicates that the seed sources have cold-resistant genes in the bamboo seeds and can expand propagation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of bamboo species cultivation, in particular to a method for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo species.
Background
In recent years, large-scale cultivation tests of artificial introduction of south bamboo in north have been carried out in various places throughout the country, and great achievements are obtained. When the climatic conditions are that the annual average temperature is within 11 ℃, the monthly average temperature is minus 5.2-2.2 ℃, the lowest temperature is about minus 20 ℃, the annual precipitation exceeds 500mm, the bamboos can also grow, and some scattered raw bamboos and mixed raw bamboos with stronger resistance are introduced to the river to the north of the river. In regional distribution, has expanded from southern tropical, subtropical to northern warm zones, extending from overall distribution to within 40 ° north latitude. However, the cold temperate zone (middle temperate zone) at the north of latitude 40 ° is almost blank. If special measures and domestication technologies are not adopted and the method is directly introduced to northern cold areas with high latitudes, the method cannot survive and develop due to the inadaptation of conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil and the like. Therefore, in order to introduce tropical, subtropical and even northern warm-temperate bamboos to be cultivated beyond 40 degrees of north latitude, the comprehensive management of the cold-resistant measures under the conditions of soil, fertilizer, water, light and the like is broken through to adapt to the environment of northern high-latitude areas on the basis of the low-temperature domestication technology.
The northeast of Bohai Bay in the region of Liaodong Bay is the coastal zone with the highest latitude in coastal region of China. Cities in the economic district of the Liaodong Bay include Wakuai shop, Yingkou, Panjin, Jinzhou, Hulusi, Haicheng, etc. The Yingkou is a central city of coastal areas of the Bay in Liaodong, north latitude is 40.56 degrees, other cities of the Bay in Liaodong are all in a range of 40 degrees to 41 degrees (38 degrees north latitude in Dalian city area does not belong to economic area of the Bay in Liaodong), the lowest temperature of history is about minus 35 degrees, the northern end of natural development of bamboo growth in China is close, the northern end is also a stepping area for developing bamboo layout from a warm area to a cold area, and the stepping area is a stepping area for changing bamboo layout from the warm area to the cold area, wherein not only the air temperature is lower than the growth limit of.
In recent years, in some places in the Bay of Liaodong, beneficial exploration and innovation are made on bamboo domestication, through investigation on survival in winter, some areas are always covered by greenhouses, and some areas rely on utilizing geothermal pipelines, and natural overwintering in the pure dew days is reported. Therefore, the development of bamboo industry in northern high latitude areas is an important subject of the science and technology field of agriculture and forestry.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo species in a high-latitude Liaodong bay area, and aims to solve the problem that an effective method for domesticating the cold temperate zone bamboo species with the latitude of 40 degrees to the north in the prior art is lacked.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
the Bay area in Liaodong belongs to the highest latitude of the coastal area in China, and the lowest temperature and the average temperature in January exceed the natural growth temperature limit of bamboos, so that the cold domestication method is not suitable for a climate similarity method, and a wind soil domestication method with higher difficulty is adopted. Therefore, the method is not simple bamboo species introduction, but adopts a comprehensive matched domestication method, and firstly, basic work with spring as a key point is made.
Selection of bamboo cold domestication base material and habitat
Selection of bamboo type
In the type of bamboo species, compared with the cluster type, the scattered bamboo and partial mixed bamboo have more developed roots, more fibrous roots, high lignification degree, deeper ground stem penetration, well-protected rhizome and shoot buds, are quite old and strong before winter in spring and have strong adaptability to severe cold climate. Therefore, it is more suitable to select scattered bamboo and partially mixed bamboo.
(II) selection of mother plant bamboo ream
The young material principle which is most liable to shake in heredity should be applied to the selection of the bamboo ream of the mother plant. One to two years of age is selected as the best, and the middle diameter is preferably 2cm to 3cm in diameter at breast height. After three years, the development is slow, and the genetic mutation rate is low. Transplanting mother bamboo must take root-protecting soil ball to protect good development of bamboo rhizome (ground soil diameter), taking 10cm of bamboo rhizome, removing 20cm of bamboo rhizome, wrapping the original soil with plastic bag to preserve moisture, wrapping the bamboo diameter with water-spraying straw mat, preserving moisture of bamboo leaf, and immediately cultivating when transporting to the introduction site.
(III) selection of the seed origin of the mother plants
In the selection of the parent plant seed source, the gradual migration principle is flexibly applied, and the closer the latitude area of the introduction is, the better. Practice proves that the introduction of the golden jade species from Jiangsu in the North of China ten years ago in our base is better than that of the southern region of the bamboo distribution area in the south of the Yangtze, the influence of low temperature on introduction can be reduced, and the reliability of successful freeze domestication is improved. In the last two years, some kinds of bamboos are introduced directly from Beijing and Tangshan farmers with closer latitudes to show stronger cold-resistant foundation, and the domestication period in the Bay of Liaodong can be shortened, so that the method can be called transition domestication and gradient domestication.
(IV) selection of mother plant planting time and mode
The transplanting time of the scattered bamboo in the natural bamboo growing area is about 10 months to 2 months in the next year, but the scattered bamboo is not yet developed in the area of 2 months in the Liaodong bay, and can be planted in a greenhouse under certain conditions or planted at the bottom of 3 months. The spring planting is selected, and the root systems of the plants are completely recovered after summer and autumn rain, so that the plants are beneficial to winter. The surface of the packing of the mother plant is lower than the surface of the planting hole by 3cm-5cm when the mother plant is planted, the surface soil and the organic fertilizer are uniformly mixed and then are backfilled into the planting hole, the thickness is 10cm, the packing of the mother plant is removed, the mother plant is placed into the hole, the surface of the packing is parallel to the ground, the penis is unfolded, the lower part of the packing is tightly connected with the soil, the surface soil is firstly filled, then the core soil is filled, the root system is tightly connected with the root system, the root fixing water is fully poured, after the water is completely infiltrated into the soil, a layer of loose soil is covered, a semicircular soil pile is formed on the base cloth of the bamboo pole, and a layer of rice straw is covered on the semicircular.
(V) selection of habitat
In terms of selecting a habitat, a small environment with good hydrothermal conditions is used as a basic premise for cultivating and domesticating bamboo seeds. The growth of bamboo in the north world is started by selecting small environment and microclimate. In fact, in the north border of bamboo distribution, there are more bamboo species, larger bamboo forest and better growth in the places with lees facing the sun and good water-wet conditions. The bamboo is planted in northern latitude of 40.56 degrees, the lowest temperature is 31 ℃ historically, the average lowest temperature is about-21 ℃ in nearly eleven years, wherein the temperature is more than-21 ℃ to-26 ℃ for 5 years, and the bamboo is beyond the survival and growth limit of the current Chinese bamboo. Therefore, a small environment with good hydrothermal conditions is required to be used as a basic premise for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo seeds during starting. The cultivation places are selected from bamboo forests, not centralized in a large area, but distributed in a point shape. The method comprises the following steps of (1) completely ploughing a planting field to a ploughing depth of 30cm, removing stones, weeds and tree roots in soil, applying an organic fertilizer, and digging planting holes with the length of 40cm, the width of 40cm and the depth of 30 cm; the habitat of bamboo soil needs soil and fertilizer conditions to adapt to the growth of bamboo. The soil in the Bay of Liaodong is alkaline, needs to be reformed and moved, fertile yellow loam and black sandy soil are selected from a hillside or a foot side, the proportion of the yellow loam to the black sandy soil is 7:3, and the thickness of a soil moving layer is 40 cm; bamboo generally prefers slightly acid soil, and the pH value is preferably 4.5-7, which exceeds that of the bamboo regulated by ferrous sulfate, preferably measured by a soil pH value tester.
Second, daily monitoring and management of cold-resistant bamboo domestication
Plant cold resistance is a genetic characteristic formed by long-term adaptation of plants to low-temperature environments. The expression of plant cold-resistant gene has close relation with external environment condition (temperature regulation, soil fertility, water molecule management, etc.) and plant development. Creates and ensures the proper condition of the full expression of the cold resistance of the plant, and adopts a proper corresponding method which is necessary, thus really conforming to natural domestication and regulating and controlling artificial domestication.
(I) gradient acclimatization induction temperature
The low temperature is an important environmental stimulus signal, and the temperature of cold-resistant exercise of different plants is different. The induction is carried out in the first stage in autumn, the induction can be carried out at a low temperature of below 10 ℃, the induction of temperate plants is mostly about 2 ℃, and the induction in high-latitude cold-temperature zones is lower. In the second stage of induction, the maximum cold resistance of the bamboo can be obtained under the condition of extremely low and semi-lethal temperature in winter, and the shape, development, physiology and the like of the plant can be changed along with the change of the cold resistance. The fittest lives but the weak eliminates, and the cold resistance of the bamboo is evaluated through repeated observation and investigation of various varieties for years. For example, the content of MDA begins to rise from-5 ℃ to-10 ℃ and then begins to fall, reaches the lowest point at-15 ℃, and then the content of MDA rises and reaches the survival temperature of Liaodong Bay at-25 ℃.
(II) acclimatization period
The sufficient expression of cold resistance also needs to be kept at low temperature for a certain time, the forging temperature is low, the required time is short, and otherwise, the time is prolonged. The northern planting area moved in north of Nanzhu is acclimatized for 1-3 years, and can be adapted to local environment, and high latitude area of non-natural planting area, such as Liaodong bay, is 4-6 years.
(III) photoperiod
The single low-temperature condition can induce the expression of the cold-resistant gene of the plant, the short sunshine has very important function in inducing the strong cold resistance of the plant, but the cold resistance obtained under the single low-temperature condition or by adopting the single short sunshine is far inferior to the effect of 'low temperature plus short sunshine'. When the variety such as the houndsia is subjected to low-temperature exercise, strong cold resistance can be induced by low temperature (0-5 ℃) and short sunshine (8h), and the cold resistance induced by the low temperature plus the long sunshine is weak. Therefore, the adjustment of the sunshade is necessary to be arranged adaptively.
(IV) fertility management
The proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is adjusted, the front promotion and the rear control are carried out, nitrogen fertilizers are applied more in the production period, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are less applied after autumn, so that the growth vigor, the economic yield, the quality and the cold resistance of the bamboo plants can be greatly influenced. The application of calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer and iron and rare earth trace element fertilizer has obvious effect of raising cold resistance of plant. In particular, the calcium fertilizer can keep the specificity of cells on improving the cold resistance of bamboos, maintain the normal functions of the cells, promote the conduction of low-temperature signals and induce the expression of antifreeze genes, and is a regulator of the thickening in cell walls and the stability of membrane lipid. Meanwhile, the calcium fertilizer has a relieving effect on salt damage, can enhance the bamboo root vigor, and directly acts on the absorption and transmission of water and nutrients of the underground part of the bambooParticularly has obvious relieving effect on saline-alkali soil mainly containing NaCl in the Bay of Liaodong. The reasonable fertilization is characterized in that the combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer is important, the organic fertilizer has stronger soil structure improvement and heat preservation performance, and particularly, plant ash is additionally applied. The plant ash is mainly potassium carbonate (K)2CO3). The plant ash fertilizer contains almost all mineral elements of organic matters and plant ash due to ash generated by burning the plant ash. The fertilizer contains potassium element with the maximum content of 6-12% generally, phosphorus and microelements such as calcium, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum and the like, and is a high-quality farmyard manure which is complete in nutrients and beneficial to generation of cold-resistant substances.
(V) moisture management
In the process of water management in bamboo production, the reasonable irrigation thought embodied by the fact that proper humidity and temperature are maintained and waterlogging cannot be formed, and the early spring water, the early summer water, the proper autumn water and the full winter water are also important measures for preventing the occurrence of freeze-drought, sucking and drying of the bamboo in winter. In the Bay area of Liaodong in North, water is irrigated to the bamboo roots to saturate the soil before winter every year. But the watering is not needed during the overwintering protection period, and the land is leveled and the watering is resumed when the air temperature is stabilized at 10 ℃ in the next april. One of the most obvious adaptations of overwintering plants during the cold-resistant acclimation process in autumn and early winter is the reduction of the water content of the overground part of the plant, especially the reduction of the free water content. This is because free water in the interstitial spaces of plant cells begins to freeze when the ambient temperature is below 0 ℃ and the freezing point of bound water is-20 ℃ to-25 ℃. Therefore, in the cold acclimation process of the bamboo, the moisture content is reduced, the ratio of free water/bound water is reduced, and the cold resistance is closely related. The test on the bamboo subfamily plants in winter shows that the water content of the overground part is kept about 65 percent, and the bamboo subfamily plants are most suitable for cold-resistant exercise and can induce the maximum cold resistance. However, the normal growth of the plants can be influenced by too low water amount. To perform moderate water management, many experiments have shown that moderate drought and freezing exercise can induce increased cold resistance in plants.
(VI) field management
1. Weeding and loosening the soil. In the newly planted bamboo garden, plants are sparse, but the forest land is sunny, and if the plants are not removed in time, water and nutrients in soil are consumed, and the growth of new bamboos is directly influenced. Therefore, weeding and loosening the soil should be paid attention to in the new bamboo garden, and the weeds removed are easy to rot when the weeds are preferably removed in a sunny day in summer. The weed which is shoveled down is spread on the ground or turned into the soil to be used as fertilizer, and the weed is shoveled for 2 to 3 times in the year.
2. And (5) managing in the shoot emergence period. When 1 parent bamboo shoots are too many after newly planted bamboo shoots are grown, the bamboo shoots are removed due to insufficient water and nutrient supply, and the newly planted bamboo shoots cannot grow into bamboo shoots. Therefore, weak bamboo shoots should be dug out in time, and 2 to 3 strong bamboo shoots are reserved for each mother bamboo plant and cultured into bamboos. After the new bamboo grows, the top tip of 1/5 should be cut off, so that the water evaporation can be reduced, the drought resistance can be improved, and the growth of bamboo rhizome root can be promoted. For adult bamboos, the bamboo shoots, small bamboo shoots and insect pests can be dug out, the nutrient consumption of the mother bamboos is reduced, and strong bamboos are cultured.
3. And (5) maintaining the bamboo rhizome. The bamboo rhizome grows and extends in soil generally in a soil layer above the old bamboo rhizome, and if the bamboo rhizome is allowed to grow naturally, the soil layer where the bamboo rhizome is located becomes shallow year by year, so that the absorption of nutrient and moisture in the soil by the bamboo rhizome root can be influenced, and the growth of bamboo plants is not favorable. Therefore, when cultivation and management are carried out, appropriate penis burying and ridging are carried out, and penis burying time is usually carried out when bamboo shoots stop. When the tip end of the bamboo rhizome is exposed out of the ground, if the bamboo rhizome is large and light yellow, the bamboo rhizome is buried in the ground, otherwise, the bamboo rhizome is cut off at one time, the inferior bamboo rhizome is removed, and the bamboo rhizome is buried in the ground. The method for embedding the whip comprises the following steps: digging a ditch with the depth of 30-40 cm and the width of 30cm, putting the penis into the ditch with the penis tip downward, covering soil with the depth of 8-10 cm, slightly compacting, putting fertilizer, and covering soil to hill. If the whip is found to be exposed after the whip is buried, the whip should be buried again. After the bamboo rhizome is buried, earth should be earthed to promote the growth of the bamboo rhizome, and an earth covering cold-proof layer is added to prevent the occurrence of freezing injury.
(VII) hormone-induced Cold resistance improvement
The application of abscisic acid (ABA) can increase the cold resistance of bamboo. One important function of ABA is to improve the stress resistance, including cold resistance, of bamboo. The ABA can promote water to convey cell membranes to leaves through roots in a cold condition, so that the permeability is improved, the content of proline and the like in the bamboo body is increased, and the stability of the membrane is increased. Membrane lipid stability is the most fundamental key measure of cold acclimation, and ABA as a cold resistance regulator has the same effect regardless of internal application or external application.
Third, cold-resistant bamboo overwintering management
The cold resistance is the original genetic characteristic of bamboo, and firstly, the bamboo tolerance attribute not only has difference with different species of the same genus, but also has difference in cold resistance of underground roots and branches and leaves on the ground structurally. Generally, the cold resistance of roots is strong, some dianthus bambusoides in northern Hakkaido of Japan and Russian Korea can grow in regions above 50 degrees north latitude, the phyllostachys bambusoides introduced from Jiangsu, also in the genus Dianthus, reaches a semi-lethal state when being acclimated, and some overground parts are completely frozen, but underground parts are 'pseudodead', roots still survive, and the cold damage of branches and leaves on the ground in the next spring is reduced. Secondly, because the bamboo belongs to the subfamily Bambusoideae of the family gramineae, no abscission layer is formed in winter, even if the bamboo leaves do not fall off in winter. In order to protect the root part from passing winter safely, the nutrient concentration of the root part can be reduced by adopting methods such as buckling a shed, winding a rod and the like. Some plants are even not in place for freezing and domestication, and the shed can not be removed in winter. The above problems are explained in more detail by the principle of "cultivating the tree first and cultivating the root first, domesticating first and domesticating the root first" and implementing the root-cutting and root-protecting method. The mechanism of action of stumping is based on the polarity of tree (biological characteristic of apical dominance), and adopts the principle of "trying to raise and inhibit first". After the seedling is cut, a large amount of water and nutrients are absorbed from the soil and conveyed to the branches and leaves. The leaves produce nutrients through photosynthesis, and the nutrients are transported to the roots for years and accumulated except for body consumption. Until the root accumulates nutrients to the maximum in winter. Because the stem grows vigorously for years, the stem grows high and has strong cold resistance. The stumping and root protection is to cover soil and fertilize after stumping and add an anti-freezing protective layer, the method is simple and easy to implement, and the specific method is as follows:
1. the selection during the stubble leveling is carried out in the dormant period of the bamboo, so that the bamboo is not easy to be too late and is easy to cause freezing damage too late, and the nutrient is transported upwards, so that the growth potential is greatly weakened, and the accumulation of root nutrients is influenced;
2. cutting the stumping stubble at the root diameter of 2cm to 3cm away from the ground, wherein the cut is smooth to a certain extent, so that the skin is prevented from being torn, and buds at the root are scraped off, so that nutrients are concentrated;
3. after stumping, a large amount of fully mature cake fertilizer and human excrement are applied immediately, and part of chemical compound fertilizer can be added, and then water is drenched once. The time for cutting, protecting roots and covering soil is between 10 and 20 days in 12 months in Bay of Liaodong. Covering a layer of overwintering with special soil, and covering the soil with 20 cm. The newly transplanted bamboo is piled into a semicircular soil pile, and the semicircular soil pile is covered with a layer of rice straws and rice husks to prevent the water of the plants from evaporating and play a cold-proof role.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the cultivation and domestication method of the invention adopts pure open air cultivation and domestication without adopting greenhouse coverage or utilizing geothermal pipelines, bamboo seeds domesticated by the method of the invention are completely adaptive to local climate and soil, can grow bamboo shoots and grow like southern bamboos, have luxuriant branches and leaves, and are transplanted mother plants from domesticated seed sources, cultivated in other local places, and have good growth vigor without being covered in winter, which indicates that the seed sources have cold-resistant genes in the bamboo seeds and can expand propagation.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The Yingkou area is located in the central city of the Bay in Liaodong, the north latitude is 40.65 degrees, the lowest temperature in the historical winter is minus 33 ℃, the average lowest temperature in nearly eleven years is about minus 21 ℃, and the temperature from minus 21 ℃ to minus 26 ℃ has 5 years, and belongs to the regional climate in the north temperate zone. In 2005, bamboo stock plants including golden-inlaid fragrant solomonseal rhizome, houndsia and green bamboo were introduced from Jiangsu et al and domesticated in 3 places by the cultivation and domestication method of the present invention. The method comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of cold acclimated base material and habitat
1.1 bamboo species type: selecting scattered bamboo and partial mixed bamboo seeds;
1.2 stock plant Zhuling: selecting one to two years, wherein the middle diameter is preferably 2 to 3cm in breast diameter; transplanting mother bamboo with root-protecting soil ball, taking 10cm penis, removing 20cm penis, wrapping with plastic bag, moistening, wrapping with water-sprayed straw mat, moistening, and immediately cultivating.
1.3 the seed source of the mother plant: performing transition domestication and gradient domestication by applying a gradual migration principle;
1.4 planting time and mode of stock plant: 3, planting at the bottom of the month; selecting spring for planting; when planting, the surface of the packing of the stock plant is lower than the surface of the planting hole by 3cm-5cm, the surface soil and the organic fertilizer are uniformly mixed and then are backfilled into the planting hole, the thickness is 10cm, the packing of the stock plant is removed, the stock plant is placed into the hole, the surface of the packing root is parallel to the ground, the penis root is unfolded, the lower part of the packing root is tightly connected with the soil, the surface soil is firstly filled, then the core soil is filled, the root system is tightly connected with the root system, the root fixing water is fully poured, after the water is completely infiltrated into the soil, a layer of loose soil is covered, a semicircular soil pile is formed on the base cloth of the bamboo pole, and a layer of rice straw is covered;
1.5 selection of habitat: selecting a small environment with good hydrothermal conditions, and selecting bamboo forests to be in dotted distribution at the cultivation site; the soil fertilizer condition is suitable for the growth of the bamboo; the cultivation site needs to plough the planting field completely, the ploughing depth is 30cm, stones, weeds and tree roots in the soil are removed, organic fertilizer is applied, planting holes are dug, and the planting holes are 40cm long, 40cm wide and 30cm deep; the soil needs to be reformed and moved, fertile yellow rice soil and black sand soil are selected, the proportion of the yellow rice soil to the black sand soil is 7:3, the thickness of a soil moving layer is 40cm, the soil is slightly acidified, the pH value is controlled to be 4.5-7, when the pH value is more than 7, ferrous sulfate is used for regulating, and the measurement is carried out by a soil pH value tester.
(2) Domestication daily monitoring and management
2.1 gradient acclimation induction temperature: the first stage of induction is started in autumn, and the induction temperature in a high-latitude cold-warm area is lower than 5 ℃; the second stage of induction is started in winter, and the maximum cold resistance is obtained under the condition of extremely low and semi-lethal temperature of the bamboo;
2.2 acclimation period: 4 to 6 years;
2.3 photoperiod: inducing in a low-temperature short-day manner, and setting a shade shed for adjustment according to conditions; the sunshine time is less than or equal to 8 h;
2.4 fertility management: regulating the proportion of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, carrying out front promotion and rear control, applying more nitrogen fertilizers in the production period, and applying less nitrogen, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers after autumn; applying calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer and iron and rare earth micro-fertilizer; the combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer is emphasized, and plant ash is additionally applied;
2.5 moisture management: the irrigation thinking of early spring water, skillful summer water, proper autumn water and full winter water is adopted; in winter, the water content of the overground part is kept at about 65 percent;
2.6, field management: weeding is carried out on sunny days in summer for 2-3 times in a year, and the weed shoveled down is laid on the ground or turned into soil to be used as fertilizer; digging some weak bamboo shoots in time, reserving 2-3 strong bamboo shoots for each parent bamboo shoot, and culturing to obtain the finished bamboo. Cutting off the top tip of 1/5 after the new bamboo grows; removing bamboo shoots, small bamboo shoots and insect pests from adult bamboo shoots; appropriate whip burying and ridging; the whip burying time is usually carried out when the bamboo stops growing out; when the tip end of the bamboo rhizome is exposed out of the ground, if the bamboo rhizome is large and light yellow, the bamboo rhizome is buried in the soil, otherwise, the bamboo rhizome is cut off at one time, the inferior bamboo rhizome is removed, and the bamboo rhizome is buried in the soil. The method for burying the penis comprises the steps of firstly digging a ditch with the depth of 30-40 cm and the width of 30cm, putting the penis into the ditch with the tip of the penis downward, firstly covering soil with 8-10 cm, slightly treading, putting in fertilizer, and then covering the soil for earthing up; if the whip is found to be exposed after the whip is buried, the whip is buried again; after burying the penis, the cultivation should be earthed up.
2.7 hormone induction: applying abscisic acid;
(3) overwintering management: implementing a stumping and root protecting method, specifically, stumping is carried out in the dormancy stage of the bamboo; cutting the stumped stubble at the root diameter of 2cm to 3cm away from the ground, wherein the cut is smooth to a certain extent, so that the skin is prevented from being torn, and buds at the root are scraped off; applying a large amount of fully mature cake fertilizer and human excrement immediately after stumping, or adding partial chemical compound fertilizer, and then watering thoroughly; covering a layer of overwintering with special soil for 12 months and 10 days to 20 days, and covering soil of 20 cm; the bamboo is transplanted to form a semicircular soil pile, and the semicircular soil pile is covered with a layer of rice straw and rice husk.
The bamboo seeds domesticated by the method are completely adapted to local climate and soil at present, can grow bamboo shoots and grow like southern bamboos, and have luxuriant branches and leaves, and a plurality of mother plants are transplanted from the domesticated seed source in 2016, and are cultivated in other places in the field, and the bamboo seeds are not covered in winter and grow well, which indicates that the seed source bamboo seeds have cold-resistant genes and can be propagated. After introducing gradient domestication from Beijing and Tangshan before 2014, golden-inlaid rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, Zaocys, Indocalamus leaf, and Phyllostachys nigra can be cultured in special soil container and can also be used in winter safely. At present, two factory areas, a small area and a kindergarten area are planted and propagated to form an ornamental bamboo garden.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. A method for cultivating and domesticating cold-resistant bamboo species in high-latitude Liaodong bay areas is characterized in that: adopting a wind soil domestication method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of cold acclimated base material and habitat
1.1 bamboo species type: selecting scattered bamboo and partial mixed bamboo seeds;
1.2 stock plant Zhuling: selecting one to two years, wherein the middle diameter is 2cm to 3cm of breast diameter;
1.3 the seed source of the mother plant: the latitude area of the introduction is as close to the introduction destination as possible, and transition domestication and gradient domestication are carried out by applying the gradual migration principle; the destination is in the Bay area of Liaodong, and is 40-41 degrees in northern latitude;
1.4 planting time and mode of stock plant: the transplanting time of the scattered bamboos in the natural bamboo growing area is 10 months to 2 months in the next year, if the field is not already developed, the scattered bamboos can be planted in a greenhouse under certain conditions, and can also be planted at the bottom of 3 months; when planting, the surface of the packing of the stock plant is lower than the surface of the planting hole by 3cm-5cm, the surface soil and the organic fertilizer are uniformly mixed and then are backfilled into the planting hole, the thickness is 10cm, the packing of the stock plant is removed, the stock plant is placed into the hole, the surface of the packing is parallel to the ground, the penis is unfolded, the lower part of the packing is tightly connected with the soil, the surface soil is firstly filled, then the core soil is filled, the root system is tightly connected with the soil, the root fixing water is fully poured, after the water is completely infiltrated into the soil, a layer of loose soil is covered, a semicircular soil pile is formed at the base part of the bamboo pole, and a layer of straw is covered on the semicircular soil;
1.5 selection of habitat: selecting a small environment with good hydrothermal conditions, and selecting bamboo forests to be in dotted distribution at the cultivation site; the soil fertilizer condition needs to adapt to the growth of bamboos, fertile yellow loam and black sandy soil are selected from a hillside or a foot side, the ratio of the yellow loam to the black sandy soil is 7:3, and the thickness of a soil transfer layer is 40 cm; the pH value is 4.5-7;
(2) domestication daily monitoring and management
2.1 gradient acclimation induction temperature: the first stage of induction is started in autumn, and the induction temperature in a high-latitude cold-warm area is lower than 5 ℃; the second stage of induction is started in winter, and the maximum cold resistance is obtained under the condition of extremely low and semi-lethal temperature of the bamboo;
2.2 acclimation period: the high latitude area of the non-natural planting area is 4 to 6 years, and the cold acclimation period is in direct proportion to the cold resistance enhancement;
2.3 photoperiod: inducing in a low-temperature short-day manner, and setting a shade shed for adjustment according to conditions; the sunshine time is less than or equal to 8 h;
2.4 fertility management: regulating the proportion of the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, carrying out front promotion and rear control, applying more nitrogen fertilizers in the production period, and applying less nitrogen, more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers after autumn; applying calcium fertilizer, silicon fertilizer and iron and rare earth micro-fertilizer; the combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer is emphasized, and plant ash is additionally applied;
2.5 moisture management: the irrigation thinking of early spring water, skillful summer water, proper autumn water and full winter water is adopted; in winter, the water content of the overground part is kept at about 65 percent;
2.6, field management: weeding is carried out on sunny days in summer for 2 to 3 times in a year; digging some weak bamboo shoots in time, reserving 2-3 strong bamboo shoots for each parent bamboo shoot, and culturing the strong bamboo shoots into bamboos; cutting off the top tip of 1/5 after the new bamboo grows; removing bamboo shoots, small bamboo shoots and insect pests from adult bamboo shoots; appropriate whip burying and ridging;
2.7 hormone induction: applying abscisic acid;
(3) overwintering management: the stubble leveling and root protecting method is implemented: the stumping selection is carried out in the dormancy period of the bamboo; cutting the stumped stubble at the root diameter of 2cm to 3cm away from the ground, wherein the cut is smooth to a certain extent, so that the skin is prevented from being torn, and buds at the root are scraped off; immediately applying a large amount of fully mature cake fertilizer and human excrement after stumping, adding partial chemical compound fertilizer, and watering once for permeating water; covering a layer of overwintering with special soil, and covering with 20cm of soil; piling the newly transplanted bamboo into a semicircular soil pile, and covering a layer of rice straws and rice husks on the semicircular soil pile; the time for stumping, protecting roots and covering soil in the Bay of Liaodong is between 12 months and 10 days and 20 days.
2. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step 1.2, transplanting mother bamboos with root-protecting soil balls, taking 10cm of whips, removing 20cm of whips, meanwhile, wrapping original soil with plastic bags for moisture preservation, wrapping bamboo diameters with sprayed straw curtains, moisture preservation of bamboo leaves, and transporting to a seed introduction place for immediate cultivation.
3. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 2, characterized in that: in the step 1.5, the cultivation place needs to be ploughed completely, the ploughing depth is 30cm, stones, weeds and tree roots in the soil are removed, organic fertilizer is applied, and planting holes are dug, wherein the planting holes are 40cm in length, 40cm in width and 30cm in depth.
4. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 3, characterized in that: in the step 1.5, if a saline-alkali area in Bay of Liaodong is selected, soil needs to be reformed and moved, fertile yellow loam and black sandy soil are selected, the ratio of the yellow loam to the black sandy soil is 7:3, the thickness of a soil moving layer is 40cm, the soil is slightly acidated, and the pH value is 4.5-7.
5. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 4, characterized in that: in the step 1.5, if the pH value is more than 7, the pH value is adjusted by ferrous sulfate, and the determination is carried out by a soil pH value tester.
6. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 3, characterized in that: in the step 2.6, the shoveled weeds are paved on the ground or turned into soil to be used as fertilizers; the whip burying time is usually carried out when the bamboo stops growing out; when the tip end of the bamboo rhizome is exposed out of the ground, if the bamboo rhizome is large and light yellow, the bamboo rhizome is buried in the soil, otherwise, the bamboo rhizome is cut off at one time, the inferior bamboo rhizome is removed, and the bamboo rhizome is buried in the soil.
7. A culture acclimatization method according to claim 6, characterized in that: in the step 2.6, the method for burying the penis comprises the steps of firstly digging a ditch with the depth of 30-40 cm and the width of 30cm, placing the penis into the ditch with the penis tip downward, firstly covering soil with 8-10 cm, slightly compacting, placing fertilizer, and then covering soil and earthing up; if the whip is found to be exposed after the whip is buried, the whip is buried again; after burying the penis, the cultivation should be earthed up.
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