CN110088277A - D-阿洛酮糖的酶法生产 - Google Patents
D-阿洛酮糖的酶法生产 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110088277A CN110088277A CN201780076628.1A CN201780076628A CN110088277A CN 110088277 A CN110088277 A CN 110088277A CN 201780076628 A CN201780076628 A CN 201780076628A CN 110088277 A CN110088277 A CN 110088277A
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- CN
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- Prior art keywords
- psicose
- starch
- phosphoric acid
- enzyme
- phosphorylase
- Prior art date
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Abstract
本公开提供了一种用于将糖类酶促转化为阿洛酮糖的方法。本发明还涉及一种用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法,其中所述方法涉及由6‑磷酸3‑异构酶(A6PE)催化将果糖6‑磷酸(F6P)转化为阿洛酮糖6‑磷酸(A6P);以及由阿洛酮糖‑6‑磷酸磷酸酶(A6PP)催化将所述A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2016年12月14日提交的美国申请序列号62/434,033的优先权,所述申请以引用的方式并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及糖D-阿洛酮糖的制备。更具体地,本发明涉及通过将糖类(例如,多糖、低聚糖、二糖、蔗糖、D-葡萄糖和D-果糖)酶促转化为D-阿洛酮糖来制备D-阿洛酮糖的方法。
背景技术
D-阿洛酮糖(也称为D-假果糖)(以下称为阿洛酮糖)是一种低热量的天然甜味剂,其甜度为蔗糖的70%,但卡路里仅为蔗糖的10%。阿洛酮糖是天然存在的单糖己糖,其在小麦和其他植物中仅以少量存在。2012年,食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准阿洛酮糖作为食品添加剂,并将其指定为公认安全的(GRAS)。然而,由于阿洛酮糖的销售价格很高,其作为甜味剂的用途受到限制。阿洛酮糖拥有无数的健康益处:它是低热量的(蔗糖的10%);它的血糖指数非常低,为1;它被小肠完全吸收但不会代谢,而是分泌在尿液和粪便中;它通过抑制α-淀粉酶、蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶来帮助调节血糖;以及它在食品和饮料中具有与蔗糖类似的功能。因此,阿洛酮糖在食品和饮料工业中明显具有多种应用。
目前,阿洛酮糖主要通过果糖的酶异构化生产(WO 2014049373)。总的来说,所述方法因为较高的原料成本、昂贵的阿洛酮糖与果糖的分离以及相对较低的产物收率而受到损害。
需要开发用于高收率的阿洛酮糖生产的成本有效的合成途径,其中所述方法的至少一个步骤涉及能量上有利的化学反应。此外,需要一种其中方法步骤可在一个罐或生物反应器中进行的生产方法。还需要一种可以在相对较低浓度的磷酸盐下进行的阿洛酮糖生产方法,其中磷酸盐可再循环,并且/或者所述方法不需要使用三磷酸腺苷(ATP)作为磷酸盐源。还需要一种在任一反应步骤中都不需要使用昂贵的烟酰胺腺苷二核苷酸(NAD(H))辅酶的阿洛酮糖生产途径。
发明内容
本文所述的发明涉及用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法。在各个方面,所述方法涉及由6-磷酸3-差向异构酶(A6PE)催化将果糖6-磷酸(F6P)转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P);以及由阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶(A6PP)催化将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。本发明还涉及由本文所述的任一方法制备的阿洛酮糖。
在本发明的一些方面,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法还涉及将葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G6P)转化为F6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)催化。在其他方面,用于阿洛酮糖合成的方法还包括将葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P)转化为G6P的步骤,并且此转化步骤由磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)催化。
在各个方面,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法可涉及由至少一种酶催化将糖类转化为G1P;由磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)催化将G1P转化为G6P;由磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)催化将G6P转化为F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P);以及由A6PP催化将产生的A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
在任一方法中使用的糖类可选自由以下组成的组:淀粉或其衍生物、纤维素或其衍生物和蔗糖。淀粉或其衍生物可以是直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性淀粉、淀粉糊精、麦芽糖糊精、麦芽糖或葡萄糖。在本发明的一些方面,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法涉及通过淀粉的酶水解或通过淀粉的酸水解将淀粉转化为淀粉衍生物。在其他方面,淀粉衍生物可通过由异淀粉酶、支链淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶或这些酶中的两种或更多种的组合催化的淀粉的酶水解来制备。在某些方面,制备阿洛酮糖的方法还可涉及加入4-葡聚糖转移酶(4GT)。
在各个方面,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法可涉及由至少一种酶催化将果糖转化为F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P);以及由A6PP催化将产生的A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。在其他实施方案中,阿洛酮糖生产方法涉及由至少一种酶催化将蔗糖转化为果糖;由至少一种酶催化将果糖转化为F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P);以及由A6PP催化将产生的A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
在本发明的其他方面,通过由至少一种酶催化将葡萄糖转化为G6P,可以产生待用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法中的G6P。继而可以通过由至少一种酶催化将蔗糖转化为葡萄糖来产生葡萄糖。
在本发明的其他方面,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法的步骤在约0mM至约150mM的磷酸盐浓度下在不含ATP、不含NAD(H)的情况下进行,所述磷酸盐被再循环并且/或者所述方法的至少一个步骤涉及能量上有利的化学反应。
附图说明
这些附图说明了本发明的一些实施方案的某些方面,并且不应用于限制或限定本发明。
图1是说明将果糖6-磷酸转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸然后转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径的示意图。
图2是说明将淀粉或其衍生产物转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径的示意图。使用以下缩写:αGP,α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶或淀粉磷酸化酶;PGM,磷酸葡萄糖变位酶;PGI,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶;IA,异淀粉酶;PA,支链淀粉酶;MP,麦芽糖磷酸化酶;PPGK,多磷酸葡萄糖激酶。
图3示出了将纤维素或其衍生产物转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径。CDP,纤维糊精磷酸化酶;CBP,纤维二糖磷酸化酶;PPGK,多磷酸葡萄糖激酶;PGM,磷酸葡萄糖变位酶;PGI,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶。
图4是说明将果糖转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径的示意图。PPFK,多磷酸果糖激酶。
图5是说明将葡萄糖转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径的示意图。PPGK,多磷酸葡萄糖激酶;PGI,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶。
图6示出了将蔗糖或其衍生产物转化为阿洛酮糖的酶途径。SP,蔗糖磷酸化酶;PPFK,多磷酸果糖激酶;PGM,磷酸葡萄糖变位酶;PGI,磷酸葡萄糖异构酶。
图7示出了基于形成用于将葡萄糖1-磷酸转化为阿洛酮糖的吉布斯能的中间体之间的反应吉布斯能。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了用于以高产物收率合成阿洛酮糖同时大大降低产物分离成本和阿洛酮糖生产成本的酶途径或方法。
本发明涉及一种用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法,其中所述方法涉及由差向异构酶催化将果糖6-磷酸(F6P)转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P),以及由磷酸酶(例如,阿洛酮糖6-磷酸磷酸酶,A6PP)催化将产生的A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。此方法整体示于图1中。在某些实施方案中,催化F6P转化为A6P的差向异构酶是阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸3-差向异构酶(A6PE)。
将F6P转化为A6P的差向异构酶可用于本发明的方法中。差向异构酶也能够将A6P转化为F6P。在本发明的一些方面,适用于将F6P转化为A6P的方法中的差向异构酶包含与SEQ ID NO:3或6的氨基酸序列具有以下程度同一性的氨基酸序列:至少45%、更优选至少50%、更优选至少55%、更优选至少60%、更优选至少65%、更优选至少70%、更优选至少75%、更优选至少80%、更优选至少85%、甚至更优选至少90%、至少91%、至少92%、至少93%、或至少94%、最优选至少95%、并且甚至最优选至少96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。合适的差向异构酶由包含以下核苷酸序列的多核苷酸编码,所述核苷酸序列与SEQ ID NO:1、2、4和5的核苷酸序列具有以下程度的同一性:至少30%、优选至少35%、更优选至少40%、更优选至少45%、更优选至少50%、更优选至少55%、更优选至少60%、更优选至少65%、更优选至少70%、更优选至少75%、更优选至少80%、更优选至少85%、甚至更优选至少90%、最优选至少95%、并且甚至最优选至少96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
A6PE的实例包括但不限于由UNIPROT ID号所识别的以下蛋白质:D9TQJ4、A0A090IXZ8和P32719。其中,D9TQJ4和A0A090IXZ8来自嗜热生物体。P32719来自嗜温生物体。P32719与A0A090IXZ8具有53%同一性并且与D9TQJ4具有55%同一性,并且每种蛋白质都催化F6P差向异构化为A6P。此外,A0A090IXZ8与D9TQJ4具有45%同一性。相反,与D9TQJ4的同一性程度为45%或更低的由UNIPROT ID号所识别的其他差向异构酶蛋白:A0A101D823、R1AXD6、A0A150LBU8、A0A023CQG9和H1XWY2,不催化F6P差向异构化为A6P。
在本发明的一些方面,适用于将F6P转化为A6P的方法中的差向异构酶利用二价金属辅因子:优选但不限于钴。在本发明的另外方面,差向异构酶包含但不限于含有用于催化的(α/β)8-桶结构域;另外但不限于含有磷酸盐结合结构域,其包括在所述桶的第7个β-链的末端的Ser、在所述桶的第8个β-链的末端的Ser和活性位点环中的Gly;另外但不限于含有金属结合结构域,其包括在所述桶的第2和第3个β-链中的His;另外但不限于含有在所述桶的第2和第7个β-链中Asp以用作1,1-质子转移的酸/碱催化剂;并且另外但不限于含有在所述桶的第2个β-链中的His-疏水残基-Asp标签,其中所述His用于金属结合并且所述Asp用于酸/碱催化。这些特征在本领域中是已知的,并且参见例如Chan等.,Structural Basisfor Substrate Specificity in Phosphate Binding(beta/alpha)8-Barrels:D-Allulose 6-Phosphate3-Epimerase from Escherichia coli K-12.Biochemistry.2008;47(36);9608–9617。优选地,用于本发明方法的差向异构酶含有用于催化的(α/β)8-桶结构域、在所述桶的第7个β-链的末端的Ser、在所述桶的第8个β-链的末端的Ser、在活性位点环中的Gly、在所述桶的第2和第3个β-链中的His、在所述桶的第2和第7个β-链中的Asp以及在所述桶的第2个β-链中的His-疏水残基-Asp标签。
本发明的方法使用磷酸酶将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖(D-阿洛酮糖)。在本发明的一些方面,适用于将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖的方法中的磷酸酶包含与SEQ ID NO:9的氨基酸序列具有以下程度同一性的氨基酸序列:至少45%、更优选至少50%、更优选至少55%、更优选至少60%、更优选至少65%、更优选至少70%、更优选至少75%、更优选至少80%、更优选至少85%、甚至更优选至少90%、最优选至少95%、至少91%、至少92%、至少93%、或至少94%、并且甚至最优选至少96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。合适的差向异构酶由包含以下核苷酸序列的多核苷酸编码,所述核苷酸序列与SEQ ID NO:7和8的核苷酸序列具有以下程度的同一性:至少30%、优选至少35%、更优选至少40%、更优选至少45%、更优选至少50%、更优选至少55%、更优选至少60%、更优选至少65%、更优选至少70%、更优选至少75%、更优选至少80%、更优选至少85%、甚至更优选至少90%、最优选至少95%、并且甚至最优选至少96%、97%、98%、99%或100%。
A6PP的实例包括但不限于由UNIPROT ID号所识别的以下蛋白质:A3DC21、Q5LGR4和Q89ZR1。A3DC21与Q5LGR4具有46%的同一性并且与Q89ZR1具有45%的同一性,并且每种蛋白质都催化A6P特异性去磷酸化为阿洛酮糖。相反,来自卤酸脱氢酶超家族的其他磷酸酶,即与A3DC21的同一性小于45%的由UNIPROT ID号所识别的蛋白质:H0UQ29、Q67LU4、A0A0K6IPM3、C8WSJ0、A0A151YX61等,不催化A6P特异性去磷酸化为阿洛酮糖。
适用于本发明方法的将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖的磷酸酶对阿洛酮糖6-磷酸是特异性的。如本文所用,对阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸特异性是指与葡萄糖1-磷酸、葡萄糖-6-磷酸或果糖-6-磷酸相比,对于阿洛酮糖6-磷酸具有更高的特异性活性。
将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖的磷酸酶利用二价金属辅因子:优选镁。在本发明的另外方面,磷酸酶含有但不限于含有用于催化的Rossmanoid折叠结构域;另外但不限于含有用于底物特异性的C1加帽结构域;另外但不限于含有在Rossmanoid折叠的第1个β-链中的用于与镁配位的DXD标签,其中第二个Asp是一般的酸/碱催化剂;另外但不限于含有在Rossmanoid折叠的第2个β-链末端的有助于反应中间体的稳定性的Thr或Ser;另外但不限于含有在Rossmanoid折叠的第3个β-链C-末端的α-螺旋的N-末端的有助于反应中间体的稳定性的Lys;并且另外但不限于含有在Rossmanoid折叠的第4个β-链末端的用于与镁配位的GDxxxD标签。这些特征在本领域中是已知的,并且参见例如Burroughs等.,EvolutionaryGenomics of the HAD Superfamily:Understanding the Structural Adaptations andCatalytic Diversity in a Superfamily of Phosphoesterases and AlliedEnzymes.J.Mol.Biol.2006;361;1003–1034。优选地,在本发明的方法中使用的将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖的磷酸酶含有用于催化的Rossmanoid折叠结构域、C1加帽结构域、在Rossmanoid折叠的第1个β-链中的DxD标签、在Rossmanoid折叠的第2个β-链末端的Thr或Ser、在Rossmanoid折叠的第3个β-链C-末端的α-螺旋的N-末端的Lys以及在Rossmanoid折叠的第4个β-链末端GDxxxD标签。
在一些实施方案中,根据本发明的用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法还包括将葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G6P)酶促转化为F6P的步骤,并且此步骤由磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)催化。在其他实施方案中,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法另外包括将葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P)转化为G6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)催化。在又另外的实施方案中,阿洛酮糖生产方法还包括由至少一种酶催化将糖类转化为G1P的步骤。
因此,根据本发明的用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法可以例如包括以下步骤:(i)使用一种或多种酶将糖类转化为葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P);(ii)使用磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM,EC5.4.2.2)将G1P转化为G6P;(iii)使用磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI,EC 5.3.1.9)将G6P转化为F6P;(iv)通过A6PE将F6P转化为A6P,和(v)通过A6PP将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。其中所述糖类为淀粉的方法的实例示于图2中。
通常,在所公开的方法中使用的酶单位的比例是1:1:1:1:1(αGP:PGM:PGI:A6PE:A6PP)。为了优化产物收率,可以任何数字的组合调整这些比例。例如,可使用3:1:1:1:1的比例使磷酸化中间体的浓度最大化,这将导致下游反应的活性增加。相反,可使用1:1:1:1:3的比例来维持αGP的稳健的磷酸盐供应,这将导致更有效的α-1,4-糖苷键的磷酸裂解。可使用例如3:1:1:1:3的酶比例进一步增加反应速率。因此,可改变酶比例(包括下文讨论的其他任选的酶)来增加阿洛酮糖生产的效率。例如,相对于其他酶的量,特定酶可以约2x、3x、4x、5x等的量存在。
所述方法的重要优点之一在于所述方法步骤可在一个生物反应器或反应容器中进行。另选地,所述步骤也可在多个串联排列的生物反应器或反应容器中进行。
然后,通过A6P的去磷酸化产生的磷酸根离子可在将糖类转化为G1P的方法步骤中再循环,特别是在所有方法步骤在单个生物反应器或反应容器中进行时。在所公开的方法中再循环磷酸根的能力允许使用非化学计量的磷酸盐,其使得反应磷酸盐浓度保持较低。这影响了所述方法的总体途径和总体速率,但不限制单个酶的活性并且允许阿洛酮糖制造方法的总体效率。
例如,反应磷酸盐浓度可在以下范围内:约0mM至约300mM、约0mM至约150mM、约1mM至约50mM、优选约5mM至约50mM、或更优选约10mM至约50mM。例如,反应磷酸盐浓度可为约0.1mM、约0.5mM、约1mM、约1.5mM、约2mM、约2.5mM、约5mM、约6mM、约7mM、约8mM、约9mM、约10mM、约15mM、约20mM、约25mM、约30mM、约35mM、约40mM、约45mM、约50mM、或约55mM。
因此,低磷酸盐浓度由于总磷酸盐低导致生产成本降低,并因此导致磷酸盐去除成本减小。它还可以防止高浓度游离磷酸根对A6PP的抑制,并减小磷酸根污染的可能性。
此外,本文公开的方法可在不加入ATP作为磷酸盐源的情况下进行,即在无ATP的情况下进行。所述方法还可在不必加入NAD(H)的情况下进行,即在无NAD(H)的情况下进行。其他优点还包括以下事实:所公开的用于制造阿洛酮糖的方法的至少一个步骤涉及能量上有利的化学反应(图7)。
用于将糖类转化为G1P的酶的实例包括α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶(αGP,EC 2.4.1.1,其还包括麦芽糊精磷酸化酶、淀粉磷酸化酶、糖原磷酸化酶和其他α-1,4糖苷键降解磷酸化酶)、麦芽糖磷酸化酶(MP,EC2.4.1.8)、纤维糊精磷酸化酶(CDP,EC 2.4.1.49)、纤维二糖磷酸化酶(CBP,EC 2.4.1.20)、纤维素磷酸化酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶(SP,EC 2.4.1.7)以及其组合。酶或酶组合的选择取决于所述方法中使用的糖类。
用于产生G1P的糖类可以是多糖、低聚糖和/或二糖。例如,所述糖类可以是淀粉、淀粉的一种或多种衍生物、纤维素、纤维素的一种或多种衍生物、蔗糖、蔗糖的一种或多种衍生物或其组合。
淀粉是自然界中使用最广泛的储能化合物,并且主要储存在植物种子中。天然淀粉含有直链淀粉和分支的支链淀粉。淀粉衍生物的实例包括直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性淀粉、淀粉糊精、麦芽糖糊精、麦芽糖、果糖和葡萄糖。纤维素衍生物的实例包括预处理的生物质、再生的无定形纤维素、纤维糊精、纤维二糖、果糖和葡萄糖。蔗糖衍生物包括果糖和葡萄糖。
淀粉的衍生物可通过淀粉的酶水解或通过淀粉的酸水解来制备。具体地,淀粉的酶水解可由以下催化或增强:异淀粉酶(IA,EC.3.2.1.68),其水解α-1,6-糖苷键;支链淀粉酶(PA,EC.3.2.1.41),其水解α-1,6-糖苷键;4-α-葡糖基转移酶(4GT,EC.2.4.1.25),其催化短麦芽低聚糖的转糖基作用,从而得到较长的麦芽低聚糖;或α-淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.1),其裂解α-1,4-糖苷键。
此外,纤维素的衍生物可通过由纤维素酶混合物催化的纤维素的酶水解、通过酸或通过生物质的预处理来制备。
在某些实施方案中,用于将糖类转化为G1P的酶含有αGP。在此步骤中,当所述糖类包括淀粉时,通过αGP由淀粉产生G1P;当所述糖类含有可溶性淀粉、淀粉糊精或麦芽糖糊精时,通过αGP由可溶性淀粉、淀粉糊精或麦芽糖糊精生产G1P。
当所述糖类包括麦芽糖并且所述酶含有麦芽糖磷酸化酶时,通过麦芽糖磷酸化酶由麦芽糖产生G1P。如果所述糖类包括蔗糖并且所述酶含有蔗糖磷酸化酶,则通过蔗糖磷酸化酶由蔗糖产生G1P。
在又一实施方案中,当所述糖类包括纤维二糖并且所述酶含有纤维二糖磷酸化酶时,通过纤维二糖磷酸化酶由纤维二糖产生G1P。
在另一个实施方案中,当所述糖类含有纤维糊精并且所述酶包括纤维糊精磷酸化酶时,通过纤维糊精磷酸化酶由纤维糊精产生G1P。
在将糖类转化为G1P的一个另选的实施方案中,当所述糖类包括纤维素并且所述酶含有纤维素磷酸化酶时,通过纤维素磷酸化酶由纤维素产生G1P。
根据本发明,阿洛酮糖还可由果糖生产。所述方法的实例示于图4中。例如,所述方法涉及由多磷酸果糖激酶(PPFK)催化由果糖和多磷酸盐产生F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为A6P;以及由A6PP催化将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。果糖可例如通过蔗糖的酶转化来生产。
在其他实施方案中,阿洛酮糖可由蔗糖生产。这种方法的实例示于图6中。所述方法提供了体外合成途径,其包括以下酶步骤:由蔗糖磷酸化酶(SP)催化由蔗糖和游离磷酸根产生G1P;由PGM催化将G1P转化为G6P;由PGI催化将G6P转化为F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为A6P;以及由A6PP催化将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
然后在A6P转化为阿洛酮糖时产生的磷酸根离子可在将蔗糖转化为G1P的步骤中再循环。另外,如图6所示,PPFK和多磷酸盐可用于通过由SP对蔗糖的磷酸裂解产生的果糖产生F6P来增加阿洛酮糖收率。
在一些实施方案中,用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法包括以下步骤:通过酶水解或酸水解由多糖和寡糖产生葡萄糖,由至少一种酶催化将葡萄糖转化为G6P,通过酶水解或酸水解由多糖和寡糖产生果糖,以及由至少一种酶催化将果糖转化为G6P。上文列举了多糖和寡糖的实例。
在其他实施方案中,通过多磷酸葡糖激酶由葡萄糖和多磷酸钠产生G6P。
本公开提供了用于将糖类(诸如淀粉、纤维素、蔗糖以及它们的衍生产物中的多糖和寡糖)转化为阿洛酮糖的方法。在某些实施方案中,提供了人工(非天然)无ATP的酶途径,以使用无细胞酶混合物将淀粉、纤维素、蔗糖以及它们的衍生产物转化为阿洛酮糖。
如上所示,若干种酶可用于水解淀粉以增加G1P收率。此类酶包括异淀粉酶、支链淀粉酶和α-淀粉酶。玉米淀粉含有许多阻碍αGP作用的分支。异淀粉酶可用于使淀粉去分支,从而得到线性淀粉糊精。经异淀粉酶预处理的淀粉可导致最终产物中的F6P浓度更高。异淀粉酶和支链淀粉酶裂解α-1,6-糖苷键,这允许α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶更完全地降解淀粉。α-淀粉酶裂解α-1,4-糖苷键,因此α-淀粉酶用于将淀粉降解成片段用于更快地转化为阿洛酮糖。
如图2所示,麦芽糖磷酸化酶(MP)可用于通过将降解产物麦芽糖磷酸裂解成G1P和葡萄糖来增加阿洛酮糖收率。另选地,4-葡聚糖转移酶(4GT)可用于通过将降解产物葡萄糖、麦芽糖和麦芽三糖再循环到更长的麦芽低聚糖中来增加阿洛酮糖收率;所述更长的麦芽低聚糖可被αGP磷酸裂解以得到G1P。
另外,纤维素是最丰富的生物资源,并且是植物细胞壁的主要组分。非食用木质纤维素生物质含有纤维素、半纤维素和木质素以及其他微量组分。可通过一系列处理来制备纯纤维素,其包括Avicel(微晶纤维素)、再生无定形纤维素、细菌纤维素、滤纸等。部分水解的纤维素底物包括聚合度大于7的水不溶性纤维糊精、聚合度为3-6的水溶性纤维糊精、纤维二糖、葡萄糖和果糖。
在某些实施方案中,纤维素及其衍生产物可通过一系列步骤转化为阿洛酮糖。这种方法的实例示于图3中。所述方法提供了体外合成途径,其涉及以下步骤:分别由纤维糊精磷酸化酶(CDP)和纤维二糖磷酸化酶(CBP)催化由纤维糊精和纤维二糖以及游离磷酸根产生G1P;由PGM催化将G1P转化为G6P;由PGI催化将G6P转化为F6P;由A6PE催化将F6P转化为A6P;以及由A6PP催化将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。在此方法中,磷酸根离子可通过将纤维糊精和纤维二糖转化为G1P的步骤再循环。
若干种酶可用于将固体纤维素水解成水溶性纤维糊精和纤维二糖。此类酶包括内切葡聚糖酶和纤维二糖水解酶,但不包括β-葡糖苷酶(纤维二糖酶)。
在纤维素水解和G1P产生之前,可预处理纤维素和生物质以增加它们的反应性并减小纤维素链的聚合度。纤维素和生物质预处理方法包括稀酸预处理、基于纤维素溶剂的木质纤维素分馏、氨纤维膨胀、氨水浸泡、离子液体处理以及使用浓酸(包括盐酸、硫酸、磷酸以及它们的组合)部分水解。
在一些实施方案中,可将多磷酸盐和多磷酸葡萄糖激酶(PPGK)加入所述方法中,从而通过将降解产物葡萄糖磷酸化为G6P来增加阿洛酮糖的收率,如图3所示。
在其他实施方案中,阿洛酮糖可由葡萄糖产生。这种方法的实例示于图5中。该方法涉及以下步骤:由多磷酸葡萄糖激酶(PPGK)催化由葡萄糖和多磷酸盐产生G6P;由PGI催化将G6P转化为F6P;由酶催化将F6P转化为A6P;以及由A6PP催化将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
本领域已知的任何合适的生物缓冲液可用于本发明的方法中,所述缓冲液诸如HEPES、PBS、BIS-TRIS、MOPS、DIPSO、Trizma等。所有实施方案的反应缓冲液可具有5.0-8.0的pH范围。更优选地,反应缓冲液pH可在约6.0至约7.3范围内。例如,反应缓冲液pH可为6.0、6.2、6.4、6.6、6.8、7.0、7.2或7.3。
反应缓冲液也可含有关键金属阳离子。所述金属离子的实例包括Mg2+、Co2+和Zn2+。
进行所述反应步骤的反应温度可在37℃-85℃范围内。更优选地,所述步骤可以在约40℃至约70℃的温度范围内进行。所述温度可为例如约40℃、约45℃、约50℃、约55℃或约60℃。优选地,所述反应温度为约50℃。
所公开的方法的反应时间可根据需要进行调整,并且可在约8小时至约48小时范围内。例如,反应时间可为约16小时、约18小时、约20小时、约22小时、约24小时、约26小时、约28小时、约30小时、约32小时、约34小时、约36小时、约38小时、约40小时、约42小时、约44小时、约46小时、或约48小时。更优选地,反应时间为约24小时。
由于总体反应的非常有利的平衡常数,根据本发明的方法可以实现高收率。理论上,如果起始物质完全转化为中间体,则可以实现高达99%的收率。
本发明的方法使用低成本的起始物质,并通过降低与原料和产物分离相关的成本来降低生产成本。淀粉、纤维素、蔗糖及它们的一些衍生物是比例如果糖更便宜的原料。当由果糖生产阿洛酮糖时,收率比本发明更低,并且阿洛酮糖必须通过色谱法从果糖中分离,这导致生产成本更高。
而且,根据本发明将A6P转化为阿洛酮糖的步骤是不可逆的磷酸酶反应,与原料无关。因此,阿洛酮糖以非常高的收率生产,同时有效地使随后的产物分离成本最小化。
与基于细胞的制造方法相反,本发明涉及阿洛酮糖的无细胞制备,因为消除了细胞膜而具有相对高的反应速率,,所述细胞膜通常使底物/产物进出细胞的运输减慢。它还具有不含营养丰富的发酵培养基/细胞代谢物的最终产物。
实施例
材料和方法
化学品
除非另外指明,否则所有化学品,包括玉米淀粉、可溶性淀粉、麦芽糖糊精、麦芽糖、葡萄糖、滤纸均为试剂级或更高级别,并且购自Sigma-Aldrich(St.Louis,MO,USA)或Fisher Scientific(Pittsburgh,PA,USA)。限制酶、T4连接酶和Phusion DNA聚合酶购自New England Biolabs(Ipswich,MA,USA)。寡核苷酸由Integrated DNA Technologies(Coralville,IA,USA)或Eurofins MWG Operon(Huntsville,AL,USA)合成。核苷酸序列SEQID NO 1编码来自热解糖热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum)的嗜热A6PE(UNIPROT ID D9TQJ4)。SEQ ID NO 2是该核苷酸序列的密码子优化型式。SEQID NO 3是所述酶的氨基酸序列。核苷酸序列SEQ ID NO4编码来自嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans)的嗜热A6PE(UNIPROT ID A0A090IXZ8)。SEQ ID NO 5是该核苷酸序列的密码子优化型式。SEQ ID NO 6是所述酶的氨基酸序列。核苷酸序列SEQ IDNO 7编码来自热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)的嗜热A6PP(UNIPROT ID A3DC21)。SEQ ID NO 8是所述核苷酸序列的密码子优化型式。SEQ ID NO 9是对应于所述酶的氨基酸序列。用于酶纯化的再生无定形纤维素由Avicel PH105(FMC BioPolymer,Philadelphia,PA,USA)通过其溶解和再生来制备,如下所述:Ye等,Fusion of a family 9cellulose-binding module improves catalytic potential of Clostridium thermocellumcellodextrin phosphorylase on insoluble cellulose.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.2011;92:551-560。大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Sig10(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA)用作DNA操纵的宿主细胞,并且大肠杆菌(E.coli)BL21(DE3)(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA)用作重组蛋白表达的宿主细胞。将包含100mg L-1氨苄青霉素或50mg L-1卡那霉素的ZYM-5052培养基用于大肠杆菌细胞生长和重组蛋白表达。来自里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)的纤维素酶(目录号:C2730)和支链淀粉酶(目录号:P1067)购自Sigma-Aldrich(St.Louis,MO,USA)并由Novozymes(Franklinton,NC,USA)生产。麦芽糖磷酸化酶(目录号:M8284)购自Sigma-Aldrich。
重组酶的生产和纯化
将携带蛋白质表达质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)菌株在1L爱伦美氏烧瓶中与含有100mg L-1氨苄青霉素或50mg L-1卡那霉素的100mL ZYM-5052培养基一起温育。将细胞在30℃下以220rpm旋转振荡培养16-24小时。在12℃下离心收获细胞,并将其用含有50mM NaCl和5mM MgCl2的20mM HEPES(pH 7.5)(热沉淀和纤维素结合模块)或含有300mM NaCl和5mM咪唑的20mM HEPES(pH 7.5)(Ni纯化)洗涤一次。将细胞沉淀重新悬浮在相同的缓冲液中并通过超声处理(Fisher Scientific超声破碎仪型号500;5s脉冲开启和10s关闭,50%振幅下总共21分钟)进行裂解。离心之后,纯化上清液中的靶蛋白。
使用三种方法来纯化各种重组蛋白。His标记蛋白通过Profinity IMAC Ni装填树脂(Bio-Rad,Hercules,CA,USA)进行纯化。含有纤维素结合模块(CBM)和自裂解内含肽的融合蛋白通过在大表面积再生无定形纤维素上的高亲和力吸附进行纯化。在70-95℃下热沉淀5-30分钟用于纯化超热稳定酶。通过十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)检测重组蛋白的纯度。A6PE用生长培养基中存在的80μM CoCl2、洗脱缓冲液、透析缓冲液和蛋白质储存缓冲液进行纯化。
所使用的酶和它们的活性测定
使用来自海栖热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima)的α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶(αGP)(UNIPROT ID G4FEH8)。在50℃下在含有1mM MgCl2、5mM DTT和30mM麦芽糖糊精的50mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 7.2)中测量活性。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)(Vivaproducts,Inc.,Littleton,MA,USA)过滤酶来终止反应。使用补充有25U/mL磷酸葡萄糖变位酶的葡萄糖己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒(Sigma Aldrich,目录号GAHK20-1KT)来测量葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P)。单位(U)被描述为μmol/分钟。
使用来自Thermococcus kodakaraensis的磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)(UNIPROT IDQ68BJ6)。在50℃下在含有5mM MgCl2和5mM G1P的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH7.2)中测量活性。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒(Sigma Aldrich,目录号GAHK20-1KT)测定产物葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G6P)。
使用来自热纤梭菌(UNIPROT ID A3DBX9)和嗜热栖热菌(Thermus thermophilus)(UNIPROT ID Q5SLL6)的两种不同来源的磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)。在50℃下在含有5mMMgCl2和10mM G6P的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH7.2)中测量活性。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用果糖6-磷酸激酶(F6PK)/丙酮酸脱氢酶(PK)/乳酸脱氢酶(LD)偶联酶测定法测定产物果糖6-磷酸(F6P),其中340nm处吸光度的降低表明产生F6P。这200μL反应含有50mM HEPES(pH 7.2)、5mM MgCl2、10mM G6P、1.5mM ATP、1.5mM磷酸烯醇丙酮酸、200μM NADH、0.1U PGI、5U PK和5U LD。
使用来自热解糖热厌氧杆菌的阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸3-差向异构酶(A6PE)(UNIPROTID D9TQJ4),即SEQ ID NO 3。在50℃下在含有5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、1U/mL A6PP和10mMF6P的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.2)中测量活性。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶并检测游离磷酸根释放来测定产物阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P)。为了检测游离磷酸根释放,将500μL含有0.1M乙酸锌和2mM钼酸铵的溶液(pH 5)加入50μL反应中。将其混合,并且然后加入125μL的5%抗坏血酸(pH 5)。将此溶液混合,然后在30℃下温育20分钟。读取850nm处的吸光度以确定游离磷酸根释放。
使用来自热纤梭菌的阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶(A6PP)(UNIPROT ID A3DC21),即SEQ ID NO 9。在50℃下在含有5mM MgCl2、80μMCoCl2、1U/mL A6PE和10mM F6P的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.2)中测量活性。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。如关于A6PE所述,通过检测游离磷酸根释放来测定产物阿洛酮糖。
来自热纤梭菌的重组纤维糊精磷酸化酶和纤维二糖磷酸化酶描述于Ye等.Spontaneous high-yield production of hydrogen from cellulosic materials andwater catalyzed by enzyme cocktails.ChemSusChem 2009;2:149-152中。如所述的测定它们的活性。
来自Thermobifida fusca YX的重组多磷酸葡萄糖激酶描述于Liao等.,One-steppurification and immobilization of thermophilic polyphosphate glucokinasefrom Thermobifida fusca YX:glucose-6-phosphate generation without ATP.Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.2012;93:1109-1117中。如所述的测定它的活性。
来自Sulfolobus tokodaii的重组异淀粉酶描述于Cheng等.,Doubling poweroutput of starch biobattery treated by the most thermostable isoamylase froman archaeon Sulfolobus tokodaii.Scientific Reports 2015;5:13184中。如所述的测定它的活性。
来自海滨嗜热球菌(Thermococcus litoralis)的重组4-α-葡聚糖转移酶描述于Jeon等.4-α-Glucanotransferase from the Hyperthermophilic ArchaeonThermococcus Litoralis.Eur.J.Biochem.1997;248:171-178中。如所述的测量它的活性。
使用来自Caldithrix abyssi的蔗糖磷酸化酶(UNIPROT H1XT50)。在含有10mM蔗糖和12mM有机磷酸盐的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH7.5)中测量它的活性。使用补充有25U/mL磷酸葡萄糖变位酶的葡萄糖己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒测量葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P),如同α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶一样。
可以增加或减少下文每个实施例中使用的酶单位,以根据需要调整反应时间。例如,如果想要在8小时而不是24小时内进行实施例9,则酶的单位将增加约3倍。相反,如果想要在48小时而不是24小时内进行实施例9,则酶单位可减少约2倍。这些实施例说明了可如何使用酶单位的量来增加或减少反应时间,同时保持恒定的生产率。
实施例1
为了验证由淀粉进行酶生物合成果糖-6-磷酸的技术可行性,重组表达了三种酶:来自海栖热袍菌的α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶(UNIPROT ID G4FEH8)、来自Thermococcuskodakaraensis的磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(UNIPROT ID Q68BJ6)和来自热纤梭菌的磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(UNIPROT ID A3DBX9)。重组蛋白在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中过表达,并如上所述进行纯化。
将含有10g/L可溶性淀粉、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、0.5mM ZnCl2、0.01UαGP、0.01U PGM和0.01U PGI的0.20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用果糖6-磷酸激酶(F6PK)/丙酮酸脱氢酶(PK)/乳酸脱氢酶(LD)偶联酶测定法测定产物果糖6-磷酸(F6P),其中340nm处吸光度的降低表明产生F6P,如上所述。24小时之后F6P的终浓度为3.6g/L。
实施例2
在40℃至80℃下进行与实施例1中相同的测试(除了反应温度不同)。我们发现,在40小时反应之后,10g/L可溶性淀粉在40℃下产生0.9g/L F6P,并且在80℃下产生3.6g/LF6P。这些结果表明,增加这组酶的反应温度会增加F6P收率,但过高的温度可能会损害一些酶活性。
实施例3
我们发现,在80℃下,大约1:1:1的αGP:PGM:PGI酶单位比例导致快速产生F6P。我们注意到,如果反应时间足够长,则酶比例不会极大地影响最终F6P浓度。然而,酶比例影响反应速率和系统中使用的酶的总成本。
实施例4
将含有10g/L麦芽糖糊精、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、0.5mM ZnCl2、0.01UαGP、0.01U PGM和0.01U PGI的0.20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用果糖6-磷酸激酶(F6PK)/丙酮酸脱氢酶(PK)/乳酸脱氢酶(LD)偶联酶测定法测定产物果糖6-磷酸(F6P),其中340nm处吸光度的降低表明产生F6P,如上所述。24小时之后F6P的终浓度为3.6g/L。
实施例5
为了测试由Avicel生产F6P,使用Sigma纤维素酶在50℃下水解纤维素。为了从商业纤维素酶中去除β-葡糖苷酶,将10滤纸单位/mL的纤维素酶与10g/L Avicel在冰水浴中混合10分钟。在4℃下离心之后,倾析含β-葡糖苷酶的上清液。将与含有内切葡聚糖酶和纤维二糖水解酶的纤维素酶结合的Avicel重悬于柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.8)中,在50℃下水解3天。将纤维素水解产物与5U/mL纤维糊精磷酸化酶、5U/L纤维二糖磷酸化酶、5U/mLαGP、5U/mL PGM和5U/mL PGI在含有10mM磷酸盐、5mM MgCl2和0.5mM ZnCl2的100mM HEPES缓冲液(pH7.2)中混合。反应在60℃下进行72小时,并且发现高浓度的F6P(少量的葡萄糖,并且没有纤维二糖)。使用上述偶联酶测定法检测F6P。使用如上所述的己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒检测葡萄糖。
实施例6
为了增加Avicel的F6P收率,将Avicel用浓磷酸预处理以产生无定形纤维素(RAC),如Zhang等.A transition from cellulose swelling to cellulose dissolutionby o-phosphoric acid:evidence from enzymatic hydrolysis and supramolecularstructure.Biomacromolecules 2006;7:644-648中所述。为了从商业纤维素酶中去除β-葡糖苷酶,将10滤纸单位/mL的纤维素酶与10g/L RAC在冰水浴中混合5分钟。在4℃下离心之后,倾析含β-葡糖苷酶的上清液。将与含有内切葡聚糖酶和纤维二糖水解酶的纤维素酶结合的RAC重悬于柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.8)中,用于在50℃下水解12小时。将RAC水解产物与5U/mL纤维糊精磷酸化酶、5U/L纤维二糖磷酸化酶、5U/mLαGP、5U/mL PGM和5U/mL PGI在含有10mM磷酸盐、5mM MgCl2和0.5mM ZnCl2的100mM HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.2)中混合。反应在60℃下进行72小时。因为没有加入酶将葡萄糖转化为F6P,因此回收了高浓度的F6P和葡萄糖。使用上述偶联酶测定法检测F6P。使用如上所述的己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒检测葡萄糖。
实施例7
为了进一步提高RAC的F6P收率,加入了多磷酸葡萄糖激酶和多磷酸盐。为了从商业纤维素酶中去除β-葡糖苷酶,将10滤纸单位/mL的纤维素酶与10g/L RAC在冰水浴中混合5分钟。在4℃下离心之后,倾析含β-葡糖苷酶的上清液。将与含有内切葡聚糖酶和纤维二糖水解酶的纤维素酶结合的RAC重悬于柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.8)中,用于在50℃下水解,在柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.8)中温育,用于在50℃下水解12小时。将RAC水解产物与5U/mL多磷酸葡萄糖激酶、5U/mL纤维糊精磷酸化酶、5U/mL纤维二糖磷酸化酶、5U/mLαGP、5U/mL PGM和5U/mL PGI在含有50mM多磷酸盐、10mM磷酸盐、5mM MgCl2和0.5mM ZnCl2的100mM HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.2)中混合。反应在50℃下进行72小时。发现F6P浓度很高,并且现在只存在少量葡萄糖。使用上述偶联酶测定法检测F6P。使用如上所述的己糖激酶/G6PDH测定试剂盒检测葡萄糖。
实施例8
为了验证由F6P生产阿洛酮糖,将2g/L F6P与1U/ml A6PE和1U/ml A6PP在含有5mMMgCl2和80μM CoCl2的50mM HEPES缓冲液(pH 7.2)中混合。反应在50℃下温育6小时。通过使用Agilent Hi-Plex H柱和折射率检测器的HPLC(Agilent 1100系列)观察到99%的F6P转化为阿洛酮糖。样品在5mM H2SO4中以0.6mL/分钟运行。
实施例9
为了验证由麦芽糖糊精生产阿洛酮糖,将含有20g/L麦芽糖糊精、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05UαGP、0.05U PGM、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE和0.05UA6PP的0.20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。通过用Vivaspin 2浓缩器(10,000MWCO)过滤酶来终止反应。使用具有折射率检测器和Agilent Hi-Plex H柱的Agilent 1100系列HPLC检测并定量阿洛酮糖。流动相为5mM H2SO4,其以0.6mL/分钟运行。使用各种浓度的阿洛酮糖的标准品来定量我们的收率。
实施例10
将含有200g/L麦芽糖糊精、10mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.5)、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2和0.1g/L异淀粉酶的反应混合物在80℃下温育24小时。这用于产生另一种反应混合物,其含有20g/L异淀粉酶处理的麦芽糖糊精、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、0.05UαGP、0.05U PGM、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE和0.05U A6PP,将所述反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例11
将含有200g/L麦芽糖糊精、10mM乙酸盐缓冲液(pH 4.5)、5mM MgCl2和NovozymesD6支链淀粉酶的1:200稀释液的反应混合物在50℃下温育4小时。这用于产生另一种反应混合物,其含有20g/L支链淀粉酶处理的麦芽糖糊精、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05UαGP、0.05U PGM、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE和0.05U A6PP,将所述反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例12
为了进一步增加麦芽糖糊精的阿洛酮糖收率,将0.05U 4-葡聚糖转移酶(4GT)加入实施例9中所述的反应中。
将含有20g/L异淀粉酶处理的麦芽糖糊精(参见实施例9)、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH7.2、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05UαGP、0.05U PGM、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE、0.05U A6PP和0.05U 4GT的0.2mL反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例13
为了测定磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)的浓度范围,将含有50g/L麦芽糖糊精;6.25mM、12.5mM、25mM、37.5mM或50mM磷酸盐缓冲盐水pH 7.2;5mM MgCl2;0.1U aGP;0.1U PGM和0.1U PGI的0.20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育6小时。短持续时间会确保无法完成,并因此可以清楚地看到效率的差异。使用果糖6-磷酸激酶(F6PK)/丙酮酸脱氢酶(PK)/乳酸脱氢酶(LD)偶联酶测定法定量F6P的产量,其中340nm处吸光度的降低表明产生F6P。对于含有6.25mM、12.5mM、25mM、37.5mM或50mM磷酸盐缓冲盐水pH 7.2的反应,分别得到了4.5g/L、5.1g/L、5.6g/L、4.8g/L或4.9g/L F6P的收率(表1)。这些结果表明,浓度为25mM的PBS pH7.2对于这些特定的反应条件是理想的。值得注意的是,即使使用pH 7.2的6.25mM PBS也会因磷酸根再循环而导致显著的周转。这表明所公开的磷酸根再循环方法即使在工业水平的容积生产率(例如,200-300g/L麦芽糖糊精)下也能够保持低磷酸根水平。
表1
PBS pH 7.2的浓度(mM) | F6P g/L |
6.25 | 4.5 |
12.5 | 5.1 |
25 | 5.6 |
37.5 | 4.8 |
50 | 4.9 |
实施例14
为了确定级联反应的pH范围,将含有50g/L麦芽糖糊精;50mM磷酸盐缓冲盐水pH6.0、6.2、6.4、6.6、6.8、7.0、7.2或7.3;5mM MgCl2;0.02UαGP;0.02U PGM和0.02U PGI的0.20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育16小时。减小单位以确保无法完成,并因此可以清楚地看到效率的差异。如实施例12中那样,定量F6P的产量。对于含有pH 6.0、6.2、6.4、6.6、6.8、7.0、7.2或7.3的50mM磷酸盐缓冲盐水的反应,分别得到了4.0g/L、4.1g/L、4.2g/L、4.1g/L、4.4g/L、4.1g/L、3.8g/L或4.0g/L F6P的收率(表2)。这些结果表明,尽管所述系统在很宽的pH范围内工作,但pH 6.8对于这些特定的反应条件是理想的。
表2
PBS的pH | F6P g/L |
6.0 | 4.0 |
6.2 | 4.1 |
6.4 | 4.2 |
6.6 | 4.1 |
6.8 | 4.4 |
7.0 | 4.1 |
7.2 | 3.8 |
7.3 | 4.0 |
实施例15
为了研究规模放大,将含有50g/L异淀粉酶处理的麦芽糖糊精(参见实施例10)、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.2、5mM MgCl2、80μMCoCl2、10UαGP、10U PGM、10U PGI、10U A6PE和10U A6PP的20mL反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例16
为了进一步增加麦芽糖糊精的阿洛酮糖收率,将0.05U麦芽糖磷酸化酶加入实施例9中所述的反应中。
实施例17
为了进一步增加麦芽糖糊精的阿洛酮糖收率,将0.05U多磷酸葡萄糖激酶和75mM多磷酸盐加入实施例9中所述的反应中。
实施例18
为了由果糖生产阿洛酮糖,将含有10g/L果糖、50mM Tris缓冲液pH 7.0、75mM多磷酸盐、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05U果糖多磷酸激酶、0.05U A6PE和0.05U A6PP的反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例19
为了由葡萄糖生产阿洛酮糖,将含有10g/L葡萄糖、50mM Tris缓冲液pH 7.0、75mM多磷酸盐、5mM MgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05U葡萄糖多磷酸激酶、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE和0.05U A6PP的反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例20
为了由蔗糖生产阿洛酮糖,将含有10g/L蔗糖、50mM磷酸缓冲盐水pH 7.0、5mMMgCl2、80μM CoCl2、0.05U蔗糖磷酸化酶、0.05U PGM、0.05U PGI、0.05U A6PE和0.05U A6PP的反应混合物在50℃下温育24小时。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
实施例21
为了进一步增加蔗糖的阿洛酮糖收率,将75mM多磷酸盐和0.05多磷酸果糖激酶加入实施例20中的反应混合物中。如实施例9中那样,定量阿洛酮糖的产量。
序列表
<110> 博努莫斯有限责任公司 (BONUMOSE LLC)
<120> D-阿洛酮糖的酶法生产
<130> 146.0003-WO00
<140> PCT/US17/66298
<141> 2017-12-14
<150> 62/434,033
<151> 2016-12-14
<160> 9
<170> PatentIn 3.5版
<210> 1
<211> 663
<212> DNA
<213> 热解糖热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum)
<400> 1
atgaaatatt tattttcgcc atctttaatg tgtatgaatt taatcaagct aaatgaacaa 60
atatctgttc ttaatagcaa ggcggatttt ttgcatgttg acatcatgga tggccatttt 120
gttaaaaata ttactttatc accgtttttt atagagcaga ttaaatcata tgtcaatatt 180
cctattgatg cacaccttat ggtagaaaat ccaggtgatt atattgaaat atgcgaaaaa 240
tcgggagcaa gttttataac tatacatgca gaaacaatta atagagaagc atttagaata 300
atagatagaa ttaaaagtca tggactcatg gttggcatag cattgaatcc agcaacacct 360
atttcggaaa ttaaacatta tattaataaa atagataaga taacaataat gactgtcgat 420
cccggcttcg ctggtcaacc atttattccg gaggtattgg aaaagatccg agatctaaag 480
agactgaaag atgataataa ttataattat ttaattgaag cagatggttc ctgcaataaa 540
aatacgtttc aagtgctaaa agatgccgga tgtaaagttt tcgtattagg ttcatcaggg 600
ctttttaatc ttagcgatga tttgggaaaa gcgtgggaaa taatgattgg caattttaat 660
gga 663
<210> 2
<211> 663
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial Sequence)
<220>
<223> 热解糖热厌氧杆菌的密码子优化的A6PE
<400> 2
atgaagtacc tgtttagccc gagcctgatg tgcatgaatc tgattaagct gaatgaacag 60
attagcgttc tgaatagcaa agccgatttt ctgcatgttg atattatgga tggtcatttt 120
gttaagaaca tcaccctgag cccgtttttc attgaacaga ttaagagcta tgtgaatatc 180
ccgattgatg cccatctgat ggtggaaaat ccgggtgact atattgaaat ttgtgaaaaa 240
agcggcgcaa gttttattac cattcatgcc gaaaccatta atcgtgaagc atttcgtatt 300
attgaccgta ttaagagtca tggtctgatg gtgggcattg cactgaatcc ggccaccccg 360
attagcgaaa ttaagcatta tattaacaag atcgacaaga tcaccattat gaccgttgat 420
ccgggctttg caggccagcc gtttattccg gaagtgctgg aaaaaattcg cgatctgaaa 480
cgtctgaaag atgataataa ttacaactac ctgatcgaag ccgatggtag ttgcaataag 540
aatacctttc aggttctgaa agatgcaggc tgcaaagttt ttgtgctggg cagtagcggt 600
ctgtttaatc tgagtgatga tctgggcaaa gcatgggaaa ttatgattgg caattttaat 660
ggc 663
<210> 3
<211> 221
<212> PRT
<213> 热解糖热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum)
<400> 3
Met Lys Tyr Leu Phe Ser Pro Ser Leu Met Cys Met Asn Leu Ile Lys
1 5 10 15
Leu Asn Glu Gln Ile Ser Val Leu Asn Ser Lys Ala Asp Phe Leu His
20 25 30
Val Asp Ile Met Asp Gly His Phe Val Lys Asn Ile Thr Leu Ser Pro
35 40 45
Phe Phe Ile Glu Gln Ile Lys Ser Tyr Val Asn Ile Pro Ile Asp Ala
50 55 60
His Leu Met Val Glu Asn Pro Gly Asp Tyr Ile Glu Ile Cys Glu Lys
65 70 75 80
Ser Gly Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr Ile His Ala Glu Thr Ile Asn Arg Glu
85 90 95
Ala Phe Arg Ile Ile Asp Arg Ile Lys Ser His Gly Leu Met Val Gly
100 105 110
Ile Ala Leu Asn Pro Ala Thr Pro Ile Ser Glu Ile Lys His Tyr Ile
115 120 125
Asn Lys Ile Asp Lys Ile Thr Ile Met Thr Val Asp Pro Gly Phe Ala
130 135 140
Gly Gln Pro Phe Ile Pro Glu Val Leu Glu Lys Ile Arg Asp Leu Lys
145 150 155 160
Arg Leu Lys Asp Asp Asn Asn Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Ile Glu Ala Asp Gly
165 170 175
Ser Cys Asn Lys Asn Thr Phe Gln Val Leu Lys Asp Ala Gly Cys Lys
180 185 190
Val Phe Val Leu Gly Ser Ser Gly Leu Phe Asn Leu Ser Asp Asp Leu
195 200 205
Gly Lys Ala Trp Glu Ile Met Ile Gly Asn Phe Asn Gly
210 215 220
<210> 4
<211> 690
<212> DNA
<213> 嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans)
<400> 4
atgagcaaca aaattgaatt ttcaccgtct ttaatgacaa tggatttaga caagtttaaa 60
gaacagatta cttttttaaa taatcatgtc ggttcttacc atatcgatat tatggacgga 120
cattatgtac ctaatataac tctatcccct tggtttgtcc aagaggtacg gaaaattagt 180
gatgttccga tgtctgccca cttgatggtc acaaacccaa gtttttgggt acaacaactc 240
attgatatta agtgtgaatg gatttgcatg cacgtagaaa cccttgatgg gttagctttc 300
cgcttaattg atcaaatcca cgatgcggga ttaaaagcag gggtcgtatt aaatcctgaa 360
acaagtgttg atgcgattcg cccgtacatt gatttagtgg ataaagtcac cattatgact 420
gtcgacccag gttttgcagg tcaacgcttt attgatagta cattggagaa aatcgtggaa 480
ttaagaaaat tacgggaaga acacggttat aaatatgtga ttgaaatgga tggatcttcg 540
aatcggaaat ccttcaagaa aatttatgaa gccggtcctg acatttatat tataggtcgc 600
agcggtttgt ttggattaca cgaagatatc gaaaaagcat gggaaatcat gtgcaaagat 660
tttgaggaaa tgactggcga aaaagtatta 690
<210> 5
<211> 690
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial Sequence)
<220>
<223> 来自嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌的密码子优化的嗜热A6PE
<400> 5
atgagtaaca agatcgaatt cagcccgagc ctgatgacca tggatctgga taaatttaaa 60
gaacagatca cctttctgaa caatcatgtt ggcagttatc atattgatat catggatggt 120
cattacgtgc cgaatattac cctgagcccg tggtttgttc aggaagtgcg caaaattagc 180
gatgttccga tgagcgcaca tctgatggtt accaatccga gtttttgggt tcagcagctg 240
attgatatta aatgtgaatg gatttgcatg catgttgaaa ccctggatgg cctggccttt 300
cgtctgattg atcagattca tgatgccggc ctgaaagcag gtgtggttct gaatccggaa 360
accagtgtgg atgccattcg tccgtatatt gatctggttg ataaagttac catcatgacc 420
gtggatccgg gctttgccgg ccagcgcttt attgatagca ccctggaaaa aattgtggaa 480
ctgcgtaaac tgcgtgaaga acatggttat aaatatgtga ttgagatgga tggcagcagc 540
aatcgcaaaa gctttaaaaa aatttacgag gcaggtccgg atatttatat tattggccgt 600
agtggcctgt ttggcctgca tgaagatatt gaaaaagcat gggaaattat gtgtaaggat 660
tttgaagaaa tgaccggtga aaaagtgctg 690
<210> 6
<211> 230
<212> PRT
<213> 嗜热淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thermoamylovorans)
<400> 6
Met Ser Asn Lys Ile Glu Phe Ser Pro Ser Leu Met Thr Met Asp Leu
1 5 10 15
Asp Lys Phe Lys Glu Gln Ile Thr Phe Leu Asn Asn His Val Gly Ser
20 25 30
Tyr His Ile Asp Ile Met Asp Gly His Tyr Val Pro Asn Ile Thr Leu
35 40 45
Ser Pro Trp Phe Val Gln Glu Val Arg Lys Ile Ser Asp Val Pro Met
50 55 60
Ser Ala His Leu Met Val Thr Asn Pro Ser Phe Trp Val Gln Gln Leu
65 70 75 80
Ile Asp Ile Lys Cys Glu Trp Ile Cys Met His Val Glu Thr Leu Asp
85 90 95
Gly Leu Ala Phe Arg Leu Ile Asp Gln Ile His Asp Ala Gly Leu Lys
100 105 110
Ala Gly Val Val Leu Asn Pro Glu Thr Ser Val Asp Ala Ile Arg Pro
115 120 125
Tyr Ile Asp Leu Val Asp Lys Val Thr Ile Met Thr Val Asp Pro Gly
130 135 140
Phe Ala Gly Gln Arg Phe Ile Asp Ser Thr Leu Glu Lys Ile Val Glu
145 150 155 160
Leu Arg Lys Leu Arg Glu Glu His Gly Tyr Lys Tyr Val Ile Glu Met
165 170 175
Asp Gly Ser Ser Asn Arg Lys Ser Phe Lys Lys Ile Tyr Glu Ala Gly
180 185 190
Pro Asp Ile Tyr Ile Ile Gly Arg Ser Gly Leu Phe Gly Leu His Glu
195 200 205
Asp Ile Glu Lys Ala Trp Glu Ile Met Cys Lys Asp Phe Glu Glu Met
210 215 220
Thr Gly Glu Lys Val Leu
225 230
<210> 7
<211> 651
<212> DNA
<213> 热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)
<400> 7
atgattaaat acaaagcggt attctttgat tttgactata cgctggcaga ttcatctaaa 60
gctgttatag aatgtattaa ctatgcactg caaaaaatgg gttatcccga atcttctccg 120
gaaagtattt gcagaacaat aggacttacg ttggccgagg cttttaaaat acttagcggg 180
gatacttctg attccaatgc ggaccttttc cgccaatact ttaaagaaag agcagatctg 240
gttatgtgtg accggactgt aatgtacagc actgttgaat gtgttttgaa gaagctgaaa 300
aaggcggatg taaaaacagg aattgtttca acgaagtaca gatacaggat agaggatata 360
ttaaaaaggg acaaactttt acagtatttt gatgtaattg tcggcgggga agatgttgcg 420
gcccataaac cggatccgga agggcttcta aaggccatat cgatggttgg ctgccaaaag 480
gaagaagtcc tttttgtcgg agacagtacg gtggatgcaa ggactgcaaa aaatgcggga 540
gtggattttg tggcggttct tacggggaca accggggcaa atgagttttc agagtataat 600
cctggtgctg tgattgaaga tttgagtggt ttattggata tgtttatgtt a 651
<210> 8
<211> 651
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列(Artificial Sequence)
<220>
<223> 来自热纤梭菌的密码子优化的A6PP
<400> 8
atgatcaagt acaaggccgt tttttttgat tttgattaca ccctggcaga tagcagcaaa 60
gccgttattg aatgtattaa ttacgccctg cagaaaatgg gctatccgga aagcagtccg 120
gaaagcattt gtcgtaccat tggcctgacc ctggcagaag catttaaaat tctgagcggt 180
gataccagcg atagcaatgc cgatctgttt cgccagtatt ttaaagaacg cgcagatctg 240
gttatgtgtg atcgcaccgt gatgtatagc accgtggaat gcgtgctgaa aaaactgaaa 300
aaagcagatg ttaagaccgg tattgtgagc accaaatatc gctatcgtat tgaagatatt 360
ctgaaacgtg ataaactgct gcagtatttt gatgttattg ttggtggcga agatgttgcc 420
gcccataaac cggatccgga aggcctgctg aaagcaatta gcatggtggg ctgccagaaa 480
gaagaagttc tgtttgttgg tgatagcacc gttgatgcac gtaccgccaa aaatgcaggc 540
gtggattttg tggccgttct gaccggcacc accggcgcaa atgaatttag cgaatataat 600
ccgggcgccg tgattgaaga tctgagcggt ctgctggata tgtttatgct g 651
<210> 9
<211> 217
<212> PRT
<213> 热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)
<400> 9
Met Ile Lys Tyr Lys Ala Val Phe Phe Asp Phe Asp Tyr Thr Leu Ala
1 5 10 15
Asp Ser Ser Lys Ala Val Ile Glu Cys Ile Asn Tyr Ala Leu Gln Lys
20 25 30
Met Gly Tyr Pro Glu Ser Ser Pro Glu Ser Ile Cys Arg Thr Ile Gly
35 40 45
Leu Thr Leu Ala Glu Ala Phe Lys Ile Leu Ser Gly Asp Thr Ser Asp
50 55 60
Ser Asn Ala Asp Leu Phe Arg Gln Tyr Phe Lys Glu Arg Ala Asp Leu
65 70 75 80
Val Met Cys Asp Arg Thr Val Met Tyr Ser Thr Val Glu Cys Val Leu
85 90 95
Lys Lys Leu Lys Lys Ala Asp Val Lys Thr Gly Ile Val Ser Thr Lys
100 105 110
Tyr Arg Tyr Arg Ile Glu Asp Ile Leu Lys Arg Asp Lys Leu Leu Gln
115 120 125
Tyr Phe Asp Val Ile Val Gly Gly Glu Asp Val Ala Ala His Lys Pro
130 135 140
Asp Pro Glu Gly Leu Leu Lys Ala Ile Ser Met Val Gly Cys Gln Lys
145 150 155 160
Glu Glu Val Leu Phe Val Gly Asp Ser Thr Val Asp Ala Arg Thr Ala
165 170 175
Lys Asn Ala Gly Val Asp Phe Val Ala Val Leu Thr Gly Thr Thr Gly
180 185 190
Ala Asn Glu Phe Ser Glu Tyr Asn Pro Gly Ala Val Ile Glu Asp Leu
195 200 205
Ser Gly Leu Leu Asp Met Phe Met Leu
210 215
Claims (22)
1.一种用于制备阿洛酮糖的方法,所述方法包括:
由差向异构酶催化将果糖6-磷酸(F6P)转化为阿洛酮糖6-磷酸(A6P);和
由磷酸酶催化将所述A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括将葡萄糖-6-磷酸(G6P)转化为所述F6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)催化。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其还包括将葡萄糖1-磷酸(G1P)转化为所述G6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)催化。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其还包括将糖类转化为所述G1P的步骤,其中所述步骤由至少一种酶催化,其中所述糖类选自由以下组成的组:淀粉或其衍生物、纤维素或其衍生物以及蔗糖。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中至少一种酶选自由以下组成的组:α-葡聚糖磷酸化酶(αGP)、麦芽糖磷酸化酶、蔗糖磷酸化酶、纤维糊精磷酸化酶、纤维二糖磷酸化酶和纤维素磷酸化酶。
6.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述糖类是选自由以下组成的组的淀粉或其衍生物:直链淀粉、支链淀粉、可溶性淀粉、淀粉糊精、麦芽糖糊精、麦芽糖和葡萄糖。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其还包括将淀粉转化为淀粉衍生物的步骤,其中所述淀粉衍生物通过淀粉的酶水解或淀粉的酸水解来制备。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中将4-葡聚糖转移酶(4GT)加入所述方法中。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中所述淀粉衍生物通过由异淀粉酶、支链淀粉酶、α-淀粉酶或其组合催化的淀粉的酶水解来制备。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其还包括:
将果糖转化为所述F6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由至少一种酶催化;并且任选地包括将蔗糖转化为所述果糖的步骤,其中所述步骤由至少一种酶催化。
11.如权利要求2所述的方法,其还包括:
将葡萄糖转化为所述G6P的步骤,其中所述步骤由至少一种酶催化,并且任选地包括将蔗糖转化为所述葡萄糖的步骤,其中所述步骤由至少一种酶催化。
12.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述差向异构酶是阿洛酮糖6-磷酸3-差向异构酶。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述阿洛酮糖6-磷酸3-差向异构酶包含与SEQ IDNO:3或6具有45%、至少50%、至少55%、至少60%、至少65%、至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%、或至少100%序列同一性的氨基酸序列,其中所述差向异构酶催化F6P转化为A6P。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述阿洛酮糖6-磷酸3-差向异构酶含有用于催化的(α/β)8-桶结构域、在所述桶的第7个β-链的末端的Ser、在所述桶的第8个β-链的末端的Ser、在活性位点环中的Gly、在所述桶的第2和第3个β-链中的His、在所述桶的第2和第7个β-链中的Asp以及在所述桶的第2个β-链中的His-疏水残基-Asp标签。
15.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述磷酸酶是阿洛酮糖6-磷酸磷酸酶。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述阿洛酮糖6-磷酸磷酸酶包含与SEQ ID NO:9具有至少45%、至少50%、至少55%、至少60%、至少65%、至少70%、至少75%、至少80%、至少85%、至少90%、至少95%、或至少100%序列同一性的氨基酸序列,其中所述磷酸盐催化A6P转化为阿洛酮糖。
17.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述阿洛酮糖6-磷酸磷酸酶对阿洛酮糖6-磷酸具有特异性。
18.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述阿洛酮糖6-磷酸磷酸酶含有用于催化的Rossmanoid折叠结构域、C1加帽结构域、在所述Rossmanoid折叠的第1个β-链中的DxD标签、在所述Rossmanoid折叠的第2个β-链末端的Thr或Ser、在所述Rossmanoid折叠的第3个β-链C-末端的α-螺旋的N-末端的Lys以及在所述Rossmanoid折叠的第4个β-链末端GDxxxD标签。
19.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法步骤在约40℃至约70℃范围内的温度下、在约5.0至约8.0范围内的pH下、和/或在约8小时至约48小时内进行。
20.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法步骤在一个生物反应器或多个串联排列的生物反应器中进行。
21.如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法,其中所述方法步骤在约0mM至约150mM的磷酸盐浓度下在不含ATP、不含NAD(H)的情况下进行,所述磷酸盐被再循环并且/或者所述方法的至少一个步骤涉及能量上有利的化学反应。
22.一种阿洛酮糖,其通过如权利要求1-11中任一项所述的方法制备。
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PCT/US2017/066298 WO2018112139A1 (en) | 2016-12-14 | 2017-12-14 | Enzymatic production of d-allulose |
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CN113544265A (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2021-10-22 | Cj第一制糖株式会社 | 新阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸去磷酸化酶,包含其制备阿洛酮糖的组合物,和用其制备阿洛酮糖的方法 |
CN113544265B (zh) * | 2018-12-11 | 2024-03-26 | Cj第一制糖株式会社 | 新阿洛酮糖-6-磷酸磷酸酶,包含其制备阿洛酮糖的组合物,和用其制备阿洛酮糖的方法 |
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