CN109907352A - A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method - Google Patents
A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to agricultural plantation technology fields, specifically a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, steps are as follows: provenance selection, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium, the cultivation of selenium-rich tobacco leaf, tobacco flue-curing, the requirement of selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf, the method of inspection, selenium-rich tobacco leaf planting is carried out using this method, it is able to produce out the selenium-rich tobacco leaf that content of selenium in tobacco leaf reaches 0.25mg/kg~4.00mg/kg, using the iodine enriched cigarette of this selenium-rich leaf tobacco production, significantly improve the safety of cigarette, wherein, selenium-rich tobacco leaf reduces coke tar in cigarette toxicity, free-radical contents, decrease by 10%-30%, CO in flue gas is reduced simultaneously, B [a] P, NNK, NNN, NAT, NAB, hydrogen cyanide, crotonaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, the harmful components burst size such as ammonia 5%-15%.Therefore, this method has broad mass market prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to agricultural plantation technology field, specifically a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method.
Background technique
Selenium is the essential trace elements of the human body, is known as " kindling material of life ", " king of anticancer ", " long-lived element ", " heart
Patron saint ", thus by the extensive concern of nutrition and agronomy circle.China is selenium deficiency big country, about 72% territory selenium deficiency.
The problem of " smoking with health " always the world's extensive concern the problem of and research hotspot, selenium cigarette can be significantly reduced
Free radical and carcinogen content in leaf scorch oil and reduction flue gas, iodine enriched cigarette can reduce smoking to smoker's health
Injury, therefore, the safety of tobacco leaf can be increased by improving content of selenium in tobacco leaf.Selenium enters the blood of smoker with flue gas, improves blood
Selenium is horizontal, to enhance the ability of human body anticancer, anti-aging etc., safeguards the health of smoker.Iodine enriched cigarette is as " high-quality slender joss stick
The safety low-poison cigarette of low burnt, ecological safety " is one of the most strong cigarette kind that cigarette industry carries out market competition.Therefore,
Exploitation selenium-rich tobacco leaf all has great importance in industrial, agricultural, commercially.
Technology currently used for producing selenium-rich tobacco leaf mainly passes through foliage-spray containing inorganic selenium fertilizer, makes tobacco leaf selenium content
Reach selenium-rich index.This method and it is of the invention using selenium-rich soil resource, take chemistry, biological reinforcing technology selenium-rich tobacco leaf
Production method has essential distinction.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production methods, to solve mentioned above in the background art ask
Topic.
To achieve the above object, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, steps are as follows:
One, provenance selection: soil Se content is selected to reach the high-quality plant cigarette district domain of rice-cigarette crop rotation of sufficient selenium or selenium-rich standard as richness
Selenium leaf tobacco production base.
Two, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium:
A, the green manure seed that breeding time is short, including rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato preferentially the selection of green manure kind: are selected.
B, plant: after spring cigarette harvests, cultivating a second crop of rice, broadcast sowing green manure seed in the late rice wax yellow phase, cultivation management according to
Rape, Chinese milk vetch or the cultivation technique of sweet potato regulation enforcement.Suitable Sowing Period is generally before November 5, at the latest no more than 11
The moon 10.Temperature gos up after the beginning of spring, should impose instant nitrogenousfertilizer in time, apply urea 7.5kg or so per acre.
C, green manure turns over processing: spring cigarette transplants first 1 month, as the 2 of next year month to April, carries out green manure at this time and turns over.It wants
The first rotary tillage under not irrigation condition or plough is asked to turn over, dry field 3~5 days after ploughing, then rotary tillage of pouring water, help to improve green manure decomposition speed
Degree, and as far as possible accomplish deep ploughing, it is buried, raising turn over effect；
Three, selenium-rich tobacco leaf is cultivated:
A, it tobacco seedling: provides to execute according to GB/T25241.1；
B, it site preparation and base manure: is launched per acre in the flue-cured tobacco transplanting previous moon according to the pH of tobacco-growing soil and Selenium in Soil contents level
50kg~100kg Selenium in Soil activator, Selenium in Soil activator are turned over this green manure and are carried out；Other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizer application
It provides to execute according to GB/T 23221-2008；
C, it tobacco transplant and cultivation: provides to execute by GB/T 23221-2008；
D, the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive: according to Selenium in Soil contents level, in the group phase of flue-cured tobacco, prosperous growth phase and budding respectively
Phase fertile 3~5 times micro- to foliage-spray selemium nutrition；
E, tobacco leaf harvests: harvesting tobacco leaf must carry out by stages, adopt cigarette requirement every time and accomplish same kind, same position, it is same at
Ripe degree.
Four, it tobacco flue-curing: provides to execute according to GB/T 23219-2008.
Five, selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf requirement: the Se content of selenium-rich tobacco leaf will meet selenium-rich standard through detection.
Six, the method for inspection: the total Se content of soil is measured according to method as defined in NY/T 1104-2006；Content of selenium in tobacco leaf is pressed
It is measured according to method as defined in YC/T 221-2007.
As a further solution of the present invention: the Se content standard of the foot selenium soil is 0.15mg/kg~0.40mg/
kg。
As a further solution of the present invention: the Se content standard of the selenium-rich soil is 0.40mg/kg~3.00mg/
kg。
As a further solution of the present invention: the environmental condition in selenium-rich leaf tobacco production base should meet 5010 nothing of NY
Public hazards food, vegetables home environment condition.
As a further solution of the present invention: the green manure seed meets GB 8080-2010 regulation.
As a further solution of the present invention: the rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato per acre application rate in 2.5~4kg.
As further scheme of the invention: specific step is as follows for the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive:
A, for the tobacco-growing soil of sufficient selenium: being carried out foliage-spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 1 time in the group phase of tobacco growth；It is raw in flue-cured tobacco
Long prosperous growth phase, squaring period respectively spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 2 times, and every minor tick 10 days~15 days to blade face；Each selemium nutrition
Application concentration is 10-30mg/L；
B, for the tobacco-growing soil of selenium-rich: being carried out foliage-spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 1 time in the prosperous growth phase of tobacco growth；It is raw in flue-cured tobacco
Long squaring period carries out 2 micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition to blade face and sprays, and every minor tick 10 days~15 days；The application of each selemium nutrition is dense
Degree is within the scope of 5mg/L~20mg/L.
Compared with prior art, it the beneficial effects of the present invention are: carrying out selenium-rich tobacco leaf planting using this method, is able to produce
Content of selenium in tobacco leaf reaches the selenium-rich tobacco leaf of 0.25mg/kg~4.00mg/kg out, using the iodine enriched cigarette of this selenium-rich leaf tobacco production,
Significantly improve the safety of cigarette, wherein selenium-rich tobacco leaf reduces coke tar in cigarette toxicity, free-radical contents, decreases by 10%-
30%, while reducing the harmful components such as CO, B in flue gas [a] P, NNK, NNN, NAT, NAB, hydrogen cyanide, crotonaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia
Burst size 5%-15%.Therefore, this method has broad mass market prospect.
Specific embodiment
Following disclosure provides many different embodiments or example is used to realize different structure of the invention.For letter
Change disclosure of the invention, hereinafter the component of specific examples and setting are described.Certainly, they are merely examples, and
It is not intended to limit the present invention.In addition, the present invention can in different examples repeat reference numerals and/or letter.It is this heavy
It is for purposes of simplicity and clarity, itself not indicate the relationship between discussed various embodiments and/or setting again.
Embodiment one
A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, steps are as follows:
One, provenance selection: soil Se content is selected to reach the high-quality plant cigarette district domain of rice-cigarette crop rotation of 0.35mg/kg as selenium-rich cigarette
Leaf production base, the environmental condition in selenium-rich leaf tobacco production base should meet NY/T5010 pollution-free food, vegetables home environment item
The Se content standard of part, the foot selenium soil is 0.15mg/kg~0.40mg/kg, and the Se content standard of the selenium-rich soil is
0.40mg/kg~3.00mg/kg.
Two, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium:
A, the green manure seed that breeding time is short, including rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato, green manure kind preferentially the selection of green manure kind: are selected
Son meets GB 8080-2010 regulation.
B, plant: after spring cigarette harvests, cultivating a second crop of rice, broadcast sowing green manure seed in the late rice wax yellow phase, cultivation management according to
Rape, Chinese milk vetch or the cultivation technique of sweet potato regulation enforcement, Suitable Sowing Period is generally before November 5, rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato
Sub application rate per acre is in 2.5kg.Temperature gos up after the beginning of spring, should impose instant nitrogenousfertilizer in time, apply urea 7.5kg or so per acre.
C, green manure turns over processing: 2 months of next year, carries out green manure at this time and turns over.It is required that first under not irrigation condition rotary tillage or
Plough turns over, dry field 3~5 days after ploughing, then rotary tillage of pouring water, and helps to improve green manure decomposition speed, and accomplishes deep ploughing, buried as far as possible, mentions
Height turns over effect；
Three, selenium-rich tobacco leaf is cultivated:
A, it tobacco seedling: provides to execute according to GB/T25241.1；
B, it site preparation and base manure: is launched per acre in the flue-cured tobacco transplanting previous moon according to the pH of tobacco-growing soil and Selenium in Soil contents level
50kg Selenium in Soil activator, Selenium in Soil activator are turned over this green manure and are carried out；Other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizer application are according to GB/
T 23221-2008 regulation executes；
C, it tobacco transplant and cultivation: provides to execute by GB/T 23221-2008；
D, the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive: according to Selenium in Soil contents level, in the group phase of flue-cured tobacco, prosperous growth phase and budding respectively
Phase fertile 5 times micro- to foliage-spray selemium nutrition, specific step is as follows every time: carrying out foliage-spray selenium in the group phase of tobacco growth
Nutrition micro- fertile 1 time；Selemium nutrition micro- fertile 2 times, and every minor tick 10 are respectively sprayed to blade face in prosperous growth phase, the squaring period of tobacco growth
It；The application concentration of each selemium nutrition is 25mg/L；
E, tobacco leaf harvests: harvesting tobacco leaf must carry out by stages, adopt cigarette requirement every time and accomplish same kind, same position, it is same at
Ripe degree.
Four, it tobacco flue-curing: provides to execute according to GB/T 23219-2008.
Five, selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf requirement: the Se content of selenium-rich tobacco leaf will meet selenium-rich standard through detection.
Six, the method for inspection: the total Se content of soil is measured according to method as defined in NY/T 1104-2006；Content of selenium in tobacco leaf is pressed
It is measured according to method as defined in YC/T 221-2007.
Embodiment two
A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, steps are as follows:
One, provenance selection: selecting soil Se content is the high-quality plant cigarette district domain of rice-cigarette crop rotation of 0.55 mg/kg as selenium-rich tobacco leaf
Production base.Other home environment technical conditions meet the requirement of NY/T 5010., the Se content standard of the foot selenium soil is
0.15mg/kg~0.40mg/kg, the Se content standard of the selenium-rich soil are 0.40mg/kg~3.00mg/kg.
Two, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium:
A, the green manure seed that breeding time is short, including rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato, green manure kind preferentially the selection of green manure kind: are selected
Son meets GB 8080-2010 regulation.
B, plant: after spring cigarette harvests, cultivating a second crop of rice, broadcast sowing green manure seed in the late rice wax yellow phase, cultivation management according to
Rape, Chinese milk vetch or the cultivation technique of sweet potato regulation enforcement, Suitable Sowing Period generally before November 10, rape, Chinese milk vetch or
Sweet potato per acre application rate in 4kg.Temperature gos up after the beginning of spring, should impose instant nitrogenousfertilizer in time, apply urea 6kg or so per acre.
C, green manure turns over processing: the April of next year, carries out green manure at this time and turns over.It is required that first under not irrigation condition rotary tillage or
Plough turns over, dry field 5 days after ploughing, then rotary tillage of pouring water, and helps to improve green manure decomposition speed, and accomplishes deep ploughing, buried as far as possible, and raising is turned over
Press effect；
Three, selenium-rich tobacco leaf is cultivated:
A, it tobacco seedling: provides to execute according to GB/T25241.1；
B, it site preparation and base manure: is launched per acre in the flue-cured tobacco transplanting previous moon according to the pH of tobacco-growing soil and Selenium in Soil contents level
100kg Selenium in Soil activator, Selenium in Soil activator are turned over this green manure and are carried out；Other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizer application according to
GB/T 23221-2008 regulation executes；
C, it tobacco transplant and cultivation: provides to execute by GB/T 23221-2008；
D, the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive: according to Selenium in Soil contents level, in the group phase of flue-cured tobacco, prosperous growth phase and budding respectively
Phase fertile 5 times micro- to foliage-spray selemium nutrition, specific step is as follows every time: carrying out foliage-spray selenium in the prosperous growth phase of tobacco growth
Nutrition micro- fertile 1 time；It carries out 2 micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition to blade face in the squaring period of tobacco growth to spray, every minor tick 15 days；Every time
The application concentration of selemium nutrition is within the scope of 10mg/L~20mg/L；
E, tobacco leaf harvests: harvesting tobacco leaf must carry out by stages, adopt cigarette requirement every time and accomplish same kind, same position, it is same at
Ripe degree.
Four, it tobacco flue-curing: provides to execute according to GB/T 23219-2008.
Five, selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf requirement: the Se content of selenium-rich tobacco leaf will meet selenium-rich standard through detection.
Six, the method for inspection: the total Se content of soil is measured according to method as defined in NY/T 1104-2006；Content of selenium in tobacco leaf is pressed
It is measured according to method as defined in YC/T 221-2007.
Embodiment three
A kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, steps are as follows:
One, provenance selection: selecting soil Se content is the high-quality plant cigarette district domain of rice-cigarette crop rotation of 0.78 mg/kg as selenium-rich tobacco leaf
Production base.Other home environment technical conditions meet the requirement of NY/T 5010.The Se content standard of the foot selenium soil is
0.15mg/kg~0.40mg/kg, the Se content standard of the selenium-rich soil are 0.40mg/kg~3.00mg/kg.
Two, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium:
A, the green manure seed that breeding time is short, including rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato, green manure kind preferentially the selection of green manure kind: are selected
Son meets GB 8080-2010 regulation.
B, plant: after spring cigarette harvests, cultivating a second crop of rice, broadcast sowing green manure seed in the late rice wax yellow phase, cultivation management according to
Rape, Chinese milk vetch or the cultivation technique of sweet potato regulation enforcement, application rate is suitable for sowing in 3kg per acre for rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato
Phase generally before November 5, at the latest no more than November 10.Temperature gos up after the beginning of spring, should impose instant nitrogenousfertilizer in time, per acre
Apply urea 7.5kg or so.
C, green manure turns over processing: the March of next year, carries out green manure at this time and turns over.It is required that first under not irrigation condition rotary tillage or
Plough turns over, dry field 4 days after ploughing, then rotary tillage of pouring water, and helps to improve green manure decomposition speed, and accomplishes deep ploughing, buried as far as possible, and raising is turned over
Press effect；
Three, selenium-rich tobacco leaf is cultivated:
A, it tobacco seedling: provides to execute according to GB/T25241.1；
B, it site preparation and base manure: is launched per acre in the flue-cured tobacco transplanting previous moon according to the pH of tobacco-growing soil and Selenium in Soil contents level
75kg Selenium in Soil activator, Selenium in Soil activator are turned over this green manure and are carried out；Other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizer application are according to GB/
T 23221-2008 regulation executes；
C, it tobacco transplant and cultivation: provides to execute by GB/T 23221-2008；
D, the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive: according to Selenium in Soil contents level, in the group phase of flue-cured tobacco, prosperous growth phase and budding respectively
Phase, specific step is as follows every time to foliage-spray selemium nutrition agent 4 times: carrying out blade face in group phase, the prosperous growth phase of tobacco growth
Spray the micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition each 1 time；It carries out 2 micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition to blade face in the squaring period of tobacco growth to spray, every minor tick
12 days；The application concentration of each selemium nutrition is within the scope of 5mg/L~20mg/L；
E, tobacco leaf harvests: harvesting tobacco leaf must carry out by stages, adopt cigarette requirement every time and accomplish same kind, same position, it is same at
Ripe degree.
Four, it tobacco flue-curing: provides to execute according to GB/T 23219-2008.
Five, selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf requirement: the Se content of selenium-rich tobacco leaf will meet selenium-rich standard through detection.
Six, the method for inspection: the total Se content of soil is measured according to method as defined in NY/T 1104-2006；Content of selenium in tobacco leaf is pressed
It is measured according to method as defined in YC/T 221-2007.
Selenium-rich tobacco leaf planting is carried out using this method, content of selenium in tobacco leaf is able to produce out and reaches 0.25mg/kg~4.00mg/
The selenium-rich tobacco leaf of kg significantly improves the safety of cigarette using the iodine enriched cigarette of this selenium-rich leaf tobacco production, wherein selenium-rich cigarette
Leaf reduce coke tar in cigarette toxicity, free-radical contents, decrease by 10%-30%, at the same reduce CO, B in flue gas [a] P, NNK, NNN,
The harmful components burst size such as NAT, NAB, hydrogen cyanide, crotonaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia 5%-15%.Therefore, this method has broad mass market
Prospect.
In the description of this specification, reference term " one embodiment ", " some embodiments ", " example ", " specifically show
The description of example " or " some examples " etc. means particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described in conjunction with this embodiment or example
It is included at least one embodiment or example of the invention.In the present specification, schematic expression of the above terms need not
It must be directed to identical embodiment or example.Moreover, particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics described can be any
It can be combined in any suitable manner in a or multiple embodiment or examples.In addition, without conflicting with each other, the technology of this field
The feature of different embodiments or examples described in this specification and different embodiments or examples can be combined by personnel
And combination.
Although an embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that: not
A variety of change, modification, replacement and modification can be carried out to these embodiments in the case where being detached from the principle of the present invention and objective, this
The range of invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method, which is characterized in that steps are as follows:
Provenance selection: soil Se content is selected to reach the high-quality plant cigarette district domain of rice-cigarette crop rotation of sufficient selenium or selenium-rich standard as selenium-rich
Leaf tobacco production base；
Two, the poly- green manure cultivation of selenium:
A, the green manure seed that breeding time is short, including rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato preferentially the selection of green manure kind: are selected；
B, plant: after spring cigarette harvests, cultivating a second crop of rice, broadcast sowing green manure seed in the late rice wax yellow phase, cultivation management according to rape,
The cultivation technique regulation enforcement of Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato, Suitable Sowing Period is generally before November 5, at the latest no more than November 10
Day；
Temperature gos up after the beginning of spring, should impose instant nitrogenousfertilizer in time, apply urea 7.5kg or so per acre；
C, green manure turns over processing: spring cigarette transplants first 1 month, as the 2 of next year month to April, carries out green manure at this time and turns over, it is desirable that first
Rotary tillage or plough turn under not irrigation condition, dry field 3~5 days after ploughing, then rotary tillage of pouring water, and accomplish deep ploughing, buried as far as possible, and raising is turned over
Press effect；
Three, selenium-rich tobacco leaf is cultivated:
A, it tobacco seedling: provides to execute according to GB/T25241.1；
B, it site preparation and base manure: is launched per acre in the flue-cured tobacco transplanting previous moon according to the pH of tobacco-growing soil and Selenium in Soil contents level
50kg~100kg Selenium in Soil activator, Selenium in Soil activator are turned over this green manure and are carried out；Other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizer application
It provides to execute according to GB/T 23221-2008；
C, it tobacco transplant and cultivation: provides to execute by GB/T 23221-2008；
D, the micro- fertilizer of foliage-spray Se-containing nutritive: according to Selenium in Soil contents level, in the group phase of flue-cured tobacco, prosperous growth phase and budding respectively
Phase fertile 3~5 times micro- to foliage-spray selemium nutrition；
E, tobacco leaf harvests: harvesting tobacco leaf must carry out by stages, adopt cigarette requirement every time and accomplish same kind, same position, it is same at
Ripe degree；
Four, it tobacco flue-curing: provides to execute according to GB/T 23219-2008；
Five, selenium-rich content of selenium in tobacco leaf requirement: the Se content of selenium-rich tobacco leaf will meet selenium-rich standard through detection；
Six, the method for inspection: the total Se content of soil is measured according to method as defined in NY/T 1104-2006；Content of selenium in tobacco leaf according to
The measurement of method as defined in YC/T 221-2007.
2. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the Se content of the foot selenium soil
Standard is 0.15mg/kg~0.40mg/kg.
3. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the Se content of the selenium-rich soil
Standard is 0.40mg/kg~3.00mg/kg.
4. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that selenium-rich leaf tobacco production base
Environmental condition should meet 5010 pollution-free food of NY, vegetables home environment condition.
5. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the green manure seed meets GB
8080-2010 regulation.
6. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the rape, Chinese milk vetch or sweet potato
Sub application rate per acre is in 2.5~4kg.
7. a kind of selenium-rich leaf tobacco production method according to claim 1 or 2 or 3, which is characterized in that the foliage-spray contains
Specific step is as follows for the micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition:
A, for the tobacco-growing soil of sufficient selenium: being carried out foliage-spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 1 time in the group phase of tobacco growth；It is raw in flue-cured tobacco
Long prosperous growth phase, squaring period respectively spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 2 times, and every minor tick 10 days~15 days to blade face；Each selemium nutrition
Application concentration is 10-30mg/L；
B, for the tobacco-growing soil of selenium-rich: being carried out foliage-spray selemium nutrition micro- fertile 1 time in the prosperous growth phase of tobacco growth；It is raw in flue-cured tobacco
Long squaring period carries out 2 micro- fertilizer of selemium nutrition to blade face and sprays, and every minor tick 10 days~15 days；The application of each selemium nutrition is dense
Degree is within the scope of 5mg/L~20mg/L.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110402784A (en) * | 2019-07-12 | 2019-11-05 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | The method of green manure is planted and turned in advance in a kind of smoke hallway |
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110402784A (en) * | 2019-07-12 | 2019-11-05 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | The method of green manure is planted and turned in advance in a kind of smoke hallway |
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