CN109588253B - Sugarcane mechanized planting method - Google Patents
Sugarcane mechanized planting method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/55—Sugar cane
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B49/00—Combined machines
- A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B49/00—Combined machines
- A01B49/04—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools
- A01B49/06—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising
- A01B49/065—Combinations of soil-working tools with non-soil-working tools, e.g. planting tools for sowing or fertilising the soil-working tools being actively driven
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D45/00—Harvesting of standing crops
- A01D45/10—Harvesting of standing crops of sugar cane
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a sugarcane mechanized planting method, which comprises the following steps: step S1: land preparation, step S2: variety selection and seed stem preparation, step S3: mechanical planting, step S4: field management, step S5: and (5) mechanically harvesting. The sugarcane planting method adopts mechanical soil preparation, planting, management and harvesting in the whole process, combines the improvement of agricultural technology with the adjustment of agricultural machinery equipment, sets indexes for each planting link to be strictly controlled, can realize mechanical accurate planting, and can improve the quality and the yield of the sugarcane, wherein the yield of the sugarcane is more than 7 tons/mu, wherein, the number of medium and large stem varieties is 4700 per mu, each is more than 1.50kg, the number of medium and large stem varieties is 5500 per mu, each is more than 1.3kg, and the average sugar content of the sugarcane in the mature period is more than 14 percent; meanwhile, compared with the traditional sugarcane cultivation, the production cost is saved by more than 15%, and the benefit is improved by more than 10%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of sugarcane cultivation, and particularly provides a sugarcane mechanized planting method.
Background
The sugarcane contains rich sugar, is an important sugar-making raw material in China, and is mainly planted in tropical areas of Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, Hainan and the like in the south of China. The sugarcane is planted in a pre-cutting mode, namely, the sugarcane is cut into a plurality of small sections in advance, each small section contains 1-2 buds, and then the cut sugarcane sections are taken to be planted. At present, the whole-course mechanized planting of the sugarcane cannot be implemented, the equipment for the whole land preparation of the sugarcane is generally general equipment on the market, can not be matched according to the adjustment of the sugarcane agriculture, and can not well implement the deep-scarification and shallow-soil-covering planting mode of the sugarcane. In addition, because the sugarcane seed sections are not too straight and longer, the sugarcane seed sections are easy to clamp seeds and are not suitable for implementing mechanical automatic seed placing. At present, the sugarcane is planted by manual seeding, namely seeding is placed by manually sitting on a planter along with the movement of the planter. The planter is opened, and fertilizer is applied in the planting ditch with the sugarcane sections put in and soil is automatically covered. Although the manual seed releasing can prevent the seed from being blocked and ensure the continuous and effective operation of the planter, the labor intensity is higher, the efficiency is lower, the phenomenon of seeding missing or rebroadcasting is easy to occur in the manual seed releasing, the planting density (interval) and the like are not well controlled, and the yield of the sugarcane is influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects and provide a sugarcane mechanical planting method, which reduces the production cost of sugarcane and improves the yield and quality of sugarcane planting.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a sugarcane mechanized planting method comprises the following steps:
step S1: land preparation, specifically including:
a1: stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with a tilling width of 2.5-4.5 m by using a tractor with more than 165 horsepower to cut weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface into pieces, wherein the cutting length is 8-12 cm, the breaking rate is more than or equal to 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15-18 cm;
a2: leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with a tilling width of 3.6-5.4 m and dragged by a tractor with more than 165 horsepower, leveling according to the gradient and the terrain, wherein the land block flatness is less than or equal to 3cm after operation, and the pass rate of the flatness is more than or equal to 80 percent;
a3: deep scarification of a sugarcane field, namely suspending a 5-7-tooth deep scarifier with a tillage width of 2.3-3.3 m by using a tractor with more than 165 horsepower to carry out deep scarification operation with a tillage depth of more than 50cm, wherein the column spacing of the deep scarifier is 45-50 cm, the tillage width of each column of deep scarification teeth is 35-40 cm, and the deep scarification operation adopts a one-way deep scarification mode, wherein the deep scarification operation is carried out on the principle that a plough bottom layer is penetrated and a subsoil layer is not broken, no tillage is missed, and the sugarcane field is deep, loose, broken and flat;
a4: pre-opening the powder ditch, hanging a powder ditch opener by a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and equipped with a GPS navigation system, accurately positioning and opening the powder ditch, pre-opening the powder ditch according to the row spacing of 2.3-2.6 meters, wherein the depth of the powder ditch is 25-40 cm, the width of the upper part of the powder ditch is 60-80 cm, the width of the bottom of the powder ditch is 30-40 cm, and the soil at the bottom of the powder ditch is loose and fine.
Step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into single-bud sugarcane seeds of 3.0-4.5 cm or double-bud sugarcane seeds of 15-25 cm by using a seed cutting machine; the winter planted sugarcane is preferably planted with double-bud section sugarcane seeds, and the spring planted sugarcane and the autumn planted sugarcane are preferably planted with single-bud section sugarcane seeds.
Step S3: mechanical planting: the integrated planter is hung by a tractor with more than 120 horsepower, and the procedures of fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering, pesticide spraying and film covering are completed at one time on the sugarcane field with the ready-made row ditch:
b1: fertilizing, namely applying 20-30 kg of nitrodiamine compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 19:27:0) as a base fertilizer per mu, and adding 125-150 g/mu of insect-resist agent (the insect-resist agent on the market can be selected and also purchased and compounded with a synergist);
b2: arranging seeds, namely, 1740-2320 buds per mu, arranging the sugarcane seeds at a spacing of 30-35 cm in a staggered manner in a delta shape; planting depth is 30-35 cm;
b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 5-8 cm, and the bud ratio is less than or equal to 3%;
b4: spraying a pesticide to plant the ditch, and spraying the herbicide on the market according to the dosage of a specification;
b5: covering with a film, covering with a colorless transparent mulching film with the thickness of 0.01mm and the width of 70-80 cm, sowing, wherein the light-transmitting part of the mulching film is not less than 35-40 cm, covering soil around the film is dense and is not air-tight, and uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings (more than 60%) pass out of the film and the temperature is stable above 20 ℃, and performing intertillage nursing.
Step S4: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:
c1: intertillage small ridging is carried out, intertillage operation is carried out at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, a wide-row fertilization ridging machine is hung by a 40-100 horsepower tractor to carry out intertillage fertilization ridging, the fertilization distance is 10-13 cm from the sugarcane stump, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, and the furrow soil is basically leveled to the ground; applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 22: 8: 10) or 20-25 kg of Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) to each mu;
c2: carrying out intertillage and large hilling, namely suspending a wide-row fertilization hiller by using a 40-100 horsepower tractor to carry out intertillage, fertilization and large hilling at the early stage of sugarcane jointing, wherein the operation depth is 20-30 cm, and the distance from the sugarcane root to the sugarcane root is 14-16 cm, so that the fertilizer is deeply applied and the root is less damaged; applying 40-50 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 20: 8: 15) or 40-50 kg of sugarcane Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) to each mu of land, wherein the ridge height is 8-10 cm after ridging, the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and the hollow part of the sugarcane cluster are prevented from appearing; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent;
c3: weeding among rows, namely suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine by using a 40-100 horsepower tractor to smash mechanical weeding and loosen soil when weeds in a sugarcane field grow to 8-12 cm in the growth period of the sugarcane;
c4: applying stem-tapping fertilizer, namely additionally applying stem-tapping fertilizer once in the later growth stage of the sugarcane, applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 20: 8: 15) or 20-25 kg of Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) per mu, and adding 100-125 g of insect-resist agent per mu;
c5: water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out to ensure the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period; the sugarcane area without irrigation condition can adopt a method of sealing a ditch to store water and covering the ground with sugarcane leaves to prevent drought;
c6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 50% carbendazim or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 65% zineb wettable powder is selected at the initial stage of disease, and is sprayed for 1 time in 7 days and 2-3 times continuously; or mixing 400-600 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder with 1500 times of 25% milbemine suspension, and spraying for 3 times every 15 days; or spraying 1500-2000 times of 32.5% amikacin suspension for 1-2 times.
Step S5: harvesting by a combined machine:
d1: the combine harvester can adopt a diel CH530 or Keys A8000 secant harvester, and is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation;
d2: the method selects the connected plots with the same planting period, consistent maturity, equivalent yield level and similar variety characteristics (such as defoliation, lodging resistance and sugarcane stem tissue crispness) as much as possible for centralized operation. Harvesting early-maturing varieties and then harvesting middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; harvesting autumn planted sugarcane and perennial sugarcane, cutting and harvesting winter planted sugarcane and spring planted sugarcane, and harvesting the sugarcane left with the perennial root after 1 middle ten days;
d3: before harvesting, impurities and barriers which are harmful to machines and tools, such as stones in fields, are cleaned, deep grooves of light and dark pits are filled, and soil bags are shoveled; the crop should have a turning and turning space of more than 6m, if the space is insufficient, the crop of the crop must be harvested in advance to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk;
d4: harvesting is carried out under the condition without rain, a harvester and a field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows, and the harvested sugarcane enters a factory in time and is not squeezed for more than 24 hours.
Further, the method also includes step S6: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:
e1: leveling stubble, namely leveling high-position buds by using a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and a stubble leveling machine, wherein the tractor is buried 3-5 cm into soil, and the growth of the low-position buds is promoted;
e2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, wherein the ridges and the roots are broken and loosened in sunny weather with warm air, a tractor with more than 140 horsepower and a navigation control system is adopted and provided with a furrow opener, the navigation control system is used for operating on a preset line, the ridge breaking operation tilling depth is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%;
e3: fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering, wherein the fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering for earthing up are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and pesticide amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.
Further, in step S1, selecting sandy loam or light clay with the thickness of a ploughable soil layer of more than 60cm and the pH of 5.0-7.0 to plant the sugarcane; the width of the plowed pavement of the sugarcane field machine is more than or equal to 4m, and the height difference between the field blocks and the pavement is less than or equal to 5 cm.
Further, in step S2, the sugarcane variety selected is any one of high-yield, high-sugar, stress-resistant, good perennial root, strong tillering ability, high stem-forming rate, regular stem tillering growth, erect and lodging-resistant, easy-defoliation suitable mechanized cultivars, such as cinnamic sugar No. 29, cinnamic sugar No. 44, cinnamic sugar No. 49, cinnamic sugar 08-120, cinnamic sugar 08-1589, and the like.
Further, in the step S2, the cut sugarcane seeds are put into the coating agent to be soaked for 25-30 minutes, then are fished out to be dried, are subjected to vacuum packaging and then are taken out for planting; the seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10 parts of water-retaining agent, 6 parts of penetrant, 0.5 part of 40% difenoconazole, 1 part of 40% prochloraz, 1 part of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 5 parts of fulvic acid potassium, 0.1 part of paclobutrazol and the balance of water. The cut single-bud sugarcane after the sugarcane seed section is soaked and coated has high germination rate, quick seedling emergence, more tillers and good disease and insect prevention effects; the quality of the sugarcane seed stems is ensured by combining the vacuum packaging machine technology, the storage period is prolonged, and the transportation cost of the seed seedlings is saved.
Further, in the step B3, soil is covered in a shallow rain season, the soil is not pressed after the soil is covered, and after the soil is covered in other periods, the planter is matched with a cylindrical pressing roller which is adaptive to the width of the seeding width to compact.
Further, in the step B4, 150-200 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent or 40-50 g/mu of 90% atrazine soluble powder is added with 40 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate and mixed with 50-75 kg/mu of water to prepare herbicide mixed solution, and the herbicide mixed solution is uniformly sprayed on planting furrows.
Further, in step B5, if the relative water content of the soil is below 70%, spraying enough water before spraying the herbicide to make the relative water content of the soil above 70%, and then covering with a film.
Further, in step S3, the planting machine includes a frame with a connecting portion, a seed placing mechanism, a soil covering mechanism, and a film covering mechanism are provided below the frame, and a seed discharging mechanism, a fertilizer applying mechanism, and a pesticide spraying mechanism are provided above the frame; the seed metering mechanism comprises a first seed metering mechanism and a second seed metering mechanism which are arranged at left and right intervals, the first seed metering mechanism and the second seed metering mechanism respectively comprise a seed guide frame with an upper opening and a lower opening, a conveying device and a hollowed seed metering opening, the conveying device comprises a transmission gear arranged in front and at back and a conveying belt sleeved on the transmission gear, transverse partition plates are arranged on the conveying belt at intervals, the seed guide frame is arranged above the front end of the conveying device, and the seed metering opening is arranged on a rack at the tail end of the conveying device; the seed discharging port of the first seed discharging mechanism and the seed discharging port of the second seed discharging mechanism are arranged in a staggered manner from front to back; the seed arranging mechanism comprises a first seed arranging mechanism and a second seed arranging mechanism corresponding to the seed discharging port, the first seed arranging mechanism and the second seed arranging mechanism comprise seed arranging funnels and first seed arranging positioning plates and second seed arranging positioning plates arranged below the seed arranging funnels at intervals, and the first seed arranging positioning plates and the second seed arranging positioning plates are parallel to the walking direction of the planter.
When in use, the sugarcane planter is connected with the tractor through the connecting part of the frame, and the tractor drives the planter to walk. Two people carry out the manual work respectively in the both sides of frame and put kind, in the manual work puts the two bud seed segments of sugarcane that cut in advance to the seed guide frame, the sugarcane seed segment of seed guide frame lower extreme discharge just falls into the interval of two adjacent baffles of conveyer belt to along with the rotation of conveyer belt and remove, the sugarcane seed segment just in time falls into the seed metering mouth when removing to conveyer end, and discharges from the seed metering mouth in the planting row between first pendulum kind locating plate and the second pendulum kind locating plate. The first seed discharging mechanism and the second seed discharging mechanism discharge seeds and sow seeds simultaneously, and the seed discharging ports of the first seed discharging mechanism and the second seed discharging mechanism are staggered from front to back, so that the discharged sugarcane seeds can be planted in a Chinese character 'pin' -shaped double-row seed discharging manner. Compared with the traditional manual seed metering, the seed metering mechanism can avoid missed seeding or reseeding, the seeding density is controllable, the seeding quantity per mu is 1600-2400 buds, the mechanical accurate planting is favorably realized, and the planting density and the yield of the sugarcane are ensured. In addition, because the sugarcane seed section is crooked, also longer for some, the very easy card kind phenomenon that appears, compare in direct by the transmission shaft seed metering through conveyer seed metering, reducible card kind phenomenon, if the card kind appears, still can in time remedy through artifical dredging the seed guide frame or replenishing the sugarcane seed section in the conveyer belt, realize the continuous effective seeding of sugarcane, efficient, can sow 5-7 mu per hour, than traditional mechanical planting 2-3 mu/hour, improve more than 1 times.
Furthermore, a rotary tillage mechanism is arranged in front of the seed placing mechanism, the rotary tillage mechanism comprises a rotary tillage rotating shaft and rotary tillage blades arranged on the rotary tillage rotating shaft, a rotary tillage plough is arranged in the middle front of the rotary tillage rotating shaft, and the rotary tillage blades on two sides of the rotary tillage plough are symmetrically arranged; the rotary tillage rotating shaft is connected with a hydraulic motor of a tractor through a transmission shaft. The soil is further loosened deeply before planting, the fine crushing degree of the soil is improved, and the growth of the sugarcane is facilitated.
The invention has the advantages that: 1. the sugarcane planting method adopts mechanical soil preparation, planting and harvesting in the whole process, combines the agricultural improvement with the adjustment of agricultural machinery equipment, sets indexes for each planting link to be strictly controlled, can realize mechanical accurate planting, and can improve the quality and the yield of the sugarcane, wherein the yield of the sugarcane is more than 7 tons/mu, wherein, the medium and large stem variety is 4700 strips/mu, each strip is more than 1.50kg, the medium stem variety is 5500 strips/mu, each strip is more than 1.3kg, and the average sugar content of the sugarcane in the mature period is more than 14 percent; meanwhile, compared with the traditional sugarcane cultivation, the production cost is saved by more than 15%, and the benefit is improved by more than 10%.
2. Compared with the traditional manual seed metering, the automatic seed metering planter adopting the matched design can avoid missed seeding or reseeding, the seeding density is controllable, the seeding amount per mu is 1600-2400 buds, the mechanized accurate planting is favorably realized, and the planting density and the yield of the sugarcane are ensured; compared with the direct seed discharging by a transmission shaft, the seed clamping phenomenon can be reduced, and if the seed is clamped, the seed can be repaired in time by manually dredging the seed guiding frame or replenishing and placing the seed sections of the sugarcane in the conveying belt, so that the continuous and effective seeding of the sugarcane is realized, and the seeding efficiency of the sugarcane is improved. The planting machine can plant 5-7 mu of seeds per hour, and the efficiency is improved by more than 1 time compared with the traditional mechanical planting method by 2-3 mu per hour.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of the planter of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic mechanism diagram of a seed metering mechanism of the planter of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a mechanism schematic diagram of the seed arranging mechanism of the planter in the invention.
The reference numbers in the figures are: 1-a frame, 2-a rotary tillage mechanism, 3-a seed placing mechanism, 4-a seed placing mechanism, 41-a first seed placing mechanism, 42-a second seed placing mechanism, 5-a seed guiding frame, 6-a conveying device, 7-a seed placing opening, 8-a transmission gear, 9-a conveying belt, 10-a clapboard, 11-a transmission shaft, 12-a reducer, 13-a rotary tillage rotating shaft, 14-a rotary tillage knife, 15-a rotary tillage plough, 16-a first seed placing positioning plate, 17-a second seed placing positioning plate, 171-a vertical part, 172-an inclined part, 18-a connecting plate, 19-a seed storing part, 20-a seed storing plate, 21-a fence, 22-a hydraulic lifting rod, 23-a seed placing funnel and 24-a seed guiding plate.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further illustrated with reference to the following specific examples.
Example 1
As shown in figures 1-3, the sugarcane planter comprises a rack 1 with a connecting part, wherein a rotary tillage mechanism 2, a seed placing mechanism 3, a soil covering mechanism and a film covering mechanism are arranged below the rack 1, and a seed sowing mechanism 4, a fertilizer applying mechanism and a pesticide spraying mechanism are arranged above the rack 1. Wherein the soil covering mechanism, the film covering mechanism, the fertilizing mechanism and the pesticide spraying mechanism which are not shown in the figure are assembled by referring to the device mechanism in the prior art.
The seed metering mechanism 4 comprises a first seed metering mechanism 41 and a second seed metering mechanism 42 which are arranged at left and right intervals, and the first seed metering mechanism 41 and the second seed metering mechanism 42 respectively comprise a seed guide frame 5 with an upper opening and a lower opening, a conveying device 6 and a hollowed-out seed metering opening 7. The conveying device 6 comprises a transmission gear 8 and a conveying belt 9, wherein the transmission gear 8 is arranged in front and at the back, the conveying belt 9 is sleeved on the transmission gear 8, and transverse partition plates 10 are arranged on the conveying belt 9 at intervals. The gear at the front end of the first seeding mechanism 41 and the gear at the front end of the second seeding mechanism 42 rotate coaxially through a transmission shaft 11, the transmission shaft 11 is also connected with a speed reducer 12, and the speed reducer 12 is connected with a hydraulic motor of a tractor through the transmission shaft 11. The seed guide 5 is arranged above the front end of the conveying device 6. The seed guide frame 5 is a cuboid with an upper opening and a lower opening, and at least one surface of the seed guide frame 5 is of a frame structure. The included angle between the seed guiding frame 5 and the conveyor belt 9 is an obtuse angle which is 120 degrees. The seed discharging port 7 is arranged on the frame 1 at the tail end of the conveying device 6; the seed discharging port of the first seed discharging mechanism 41 and the seed discharging port 7 of the second seed discharging mechanism 42 are arranged in a staggered manner from front to back.
The seed arrangement mechanism 3 comprises a first seed arrangement mechanism and a second seed arrangement mechanism corresponding to the seed discharging port 7, and the first seed arrangement mechanism and the second seed arrangement mechanism respectively comprise a seed arrangement funnel 23 and a first seed arrangement positioning plate 16 and a second seed arrangement positioning plate 17 which are arranged below the seed arrangement funnel 23 at intervals. The first seed swing positioning plate 16 and the second seed swing positioning plate 17 each include a vertical portion 171 parallel to the traveling direction of the planter, and an inclined portion 172 provided in front of the vertical portion 171 and inclined inward. The top of the first seed swing positioning plate 16 and the second seed swing positioning plate 17 are provided with a horizontal connecting plate 18, the connecting plate 18 is provided with a screw hole, and the connecting plate 18 is detachably connected with the rack 1 through a bolt. The seed placing funnel 23 hopper is square, the right inclination of the seed placing funnel 23 is larger than the left inclination, and a forward inclined seed guide plate 24 is arranged below the rear side of the seed placing funnel 23; the sugarcane seed sections which are beneficial to transversely dropping are longitudinally discharged along the seed placing funnel 23 and fall between the first seed placing positioning plate 16 and the second seed placing positioning plate 17.
The rotary tillage mechanism 2 is arranged at the front part of the seed placing mechanism 3, the rotary tillage mechanism 2 comprises a rotary tillage rotating shaft 13 and rotary tillage blades 14 arranged on the rotary tillage rotating shaft 13, a rotary tillage plough 15 is further arranged in the middle front of the rotary tillage rotating shaft 13, and the rotary tillage blades 14 at two sides of the rotary tillage plough 15 are symmetrically arranged; the rotary tillage rotary shaft 13 is connected with a hydraulic motor of a tractor through a transmission shaft 11. The rotary tillage blades 14 are bent in a 7-shaped manner, and the bending directions of two adjacent rotary tillage blades 14 are opposite.
The parts of the planter not involved are the same as or can be implemented using existing technology.
Sugarcane is heavily raked and stubble-cleaned by a high-horsepower tractor, leveled on the ground, deeply loosened by a subsoiler and directionally provided with a powder ditch by a GPS, and then planted by the planting machine. When in use, the sugarcane planter is connected with the tractor through the connecting part of the frame 1, and the tractor drives the planter to walk. Two people respectively carry out manual seeding on two sides of the frame 1, namely manually put the cut sugarcane seed sections into the seed guide frame 5, the sugarcane seed sections discharged from the lower end of the seed guide frame 5 just fall into the space between two adjacent partition plates 10 of the conveying belt 9 and move along with the transmission of the conveying belt 9, the sugarcane seed sections just fall into the seed discharging port 7 when moving to the tail end of the conveying device 6, and are discharged into the planting rows between the first seed placing positioning plate 16 and the second seed placing positioning plate 17 from the seed discharging port 7 through the seed placing hopper 23. The first seed discharging mechanism 41 and the second seed discharging mechanism 42 discharge and seed simultaneously, and the seed discharging port 7 of the first seed discharging mechanism 41 and the seed discharging port 7 of the second seed discharging mechanism 42 are staggered from front to back, so that the discharged sugarcane seed sections are planted in a delta-shaped double-row seed discharging manner. Compared with the traditional manual seed metering, the seed metering mechanism 4 is adopted for seed metering and planting, the missing seeding or reseeding can be avoided, the seeding density is controllable, the seeding quantity per mu is 1600-2400 buds, the mechanized accurate planting is favorably realized, and the planting density and the yield of the sugarcane are ensured. In addition, because the sugarcane seed section is crooked, also longer for some, the very easy card kind phenomenon that appears, compare in directly by transmission shaft 11 seed metering through conveyer seed metering, reducible card kind phenomenon, and if the card kind appears, still can dredge the guide frame 5 through the manual work or in the timely remedy of conveyer belt 9 intermediate stocking sugarcane seed section, realize the continuous effective seeding of sugarcane to improve sugarcane seeding efficiency. The planting machine can plant 5-7 mu of seeds per hour, which is improved by more than 1 time compared with the traditional mechanical planting method by 2-3 mu per hour.
Example 2
The 2000 mu Guangxi sugar cane double high base adopts whole-process mechanized planting, the planting variety is osmanthus sugar number 49, and the planting method comprises the following steps:
step S1: land preparation, specifically including:
a1: and (3) stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with the tilling width of 2.5m by using a 165 horsepower tractor, chopping weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface, wherein the chopping length is 8-10 cm, the crushing rate is more than or equal to 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15 cm.
A2: and (3) leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with the tilling width of 3.6m and pulled by a tractor with 165 horsepower on the flat ground, leveling according to the gradient and the terrain, wherein the land block flatness after operation is less than or equal to 3cm, and the pass percent of the flatness is more than or equal to 80%.
A3: the sugarcane field is deeply loosed, 5-tooth subsoilers with the tilling width of 2.3m are hung by a tractor with more than 165 horsepower to carry out deep loosening operation with the tilling depth of more than 50cm, the column spacing of the subsoilers is 45cm, the tilling width of each column is 35cm, unidirectional deep loosening operation is adopted, and the deep loosening operation is carried out by penetrating through a plough bottom layer and not puncturing a soil layer, so that no tillage is missed, and the sugarcane field is deep, loose, broken and flat.
A4: pre-opening a powder ditch, namely suspending a powder ditch opener by using a tractor with 90 horsepower and equipped with a GPS navigation system to accurately position and open the powder ditch, and pre-opening the powder ditch according to the row spacing of 2.3 meters and the depth of the powder ditch of 30 cm; and then a 90 horsepower tractor is used for hanging a powder ditch device for powder ditch, the depth of the powder ditch is 35cm, the upper width of the row ditch is 60cm, the bottom width of the ditch is 30-40 cm, and the soil at the bottom of the ditch is loose and fine.
Step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into 3.0-4 cm single-bud sugarcane seeds by using a seed cutting machine; and putting the cut sugarcane seeds into a coating agent for soaking the sugarcane seeds for 25-30 minutes, taking out and airing, carrying out vacuum packaging, and then taking out for planting. The seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 9 parts of water-retaining agent, 6 parts of penetrant, 0.7 part of 40% difenoconazole, 1 part of 40% prochloraz, 1.2 parts of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 5 parts of fulvic acid potassium, 0.1 part of paclobutrazol and the balance of water.
Step S3: mechanical planting: the planter of the embodiment 1 is hung by a 120 horsepower tractor, and the procedures of fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering, pesticide spraying and film covering are completed at one time on the sugarcane field with the ditches opened:
b1: fertilizing, namely applying 25kg of nitrodiamine compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 19:27:0) as a base fertilizer per mu, and adding 130g of insect-resist agent per mu; the insect-resist agent is prepared from chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and a synergist in a weight ratio of 16: 8: 1.
B2: placing seeds, wherein the seed sowing amount is 1800-2000 buds per mu, the distance between two lines of sugarcane seeds is 30-35 cm, and the seeds are staggered and placed in a delta shape; the planting depth is 30-35 cm.
B3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 5-8 cm, and the bud ratio is less than or equal to 3%; after earthing, the planter is matched with a cylindrical press roller which is adaptive to the width of the seeding width for compacting.
B4: spraying a planting ditch, adding 40 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate into 150-200 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent for herbicide, adding 50-75 kg/mu of water to prepare herbicide mixed solution, and uniformly spraying the mixed solution on the planting ditch.
B5: covering with a film, covering with a colorless transparent mulching film with thickness of 0.01mm and width of 70cm, exposing the light transmission part of the mulching film to be not less than 35cm, covering soil around the film to be dense without air leakage, uncovering the film when most of the sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stabilized to be above 20 ℃, and performing intertillage nursing; step S4: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects.
Step S4: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects: c1: intertillage small ridging is carried out, intertillage operation is carried out at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, a 90 horsepower tractor is adopted to hang a wide-row fertilization ridging machine for intertillage, fertilization and ridging, the fertilization distance is 10-12 cm from the sugarcane root, and the ridging height is 10-15 cm, so that the furrow soil is basically level to the ground; and (3) applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 22: 8: 10) to each mu.
C2: intertillage and large hilling are carried out at the early stage of sugarcane jointing, a wide-row fertilization hiller is hung by a 90-horsepower tractor to carry out intertillage, fertilization and large hilling, the operation depth is 20-30 cm, the distance between the operation depth and the sugarcane root is 15cm, and the fertilizer is deeply applied and the root is less damaged; 50kg of sugarcane Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) is applied to each mu, the ridge height after ridging is 8-10 cm, the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and hollow in the middle of the sugarcane cluster are avoided; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent.
C3: weeding among rows, in 6 months, when weeds grow to 8-12 cm in a sugarcane field in the growth period of sugarcane, a 90-horsepower tractor is used for suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine to smash, mechanically weed and loosen soil.
C4: applying stem-tapping fertilizer, adding stem-tapping fertilizer once at the bottom of 8 months, applying 25kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K is 20: 8: 15) per mu, and adding 100g of insect-resist agent per mu; .
C5: and (4) water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out, so that the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period is ensured.
C6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; and (3) preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 50% carbendazim 500-1000 times of liquid is sprayed for 7 days for 1 time and continuously sprayed for 2 times at the initial stage of disease attack.
Step S5: harvesting by a combined machine:
d1: the combined harvester adopts a diel CH530 harvester and is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation; the height of the stubble left on the sugarcane is less than or equal to 2 cm.
D2: and selecting the connected plots with the same planting period, consistent maturity, equivalent yield level and similar variety characteristics (such as defoliation, lodging resistance and sugarcane stem tissue crispness) for centralized operation.
D3: before harvesting, impurities and barriers which are harmful to machines and tools, such as stones in fields, are cleaned, deep grooves of light and dark pits are filled, and soil bags are shoveled; the crop should have a turning space of more than 6m, if the space is insufficient, the crop must be harvested in advance to reserve the turning space, and the furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk.
D4: harvesting is carried out under the condition of no rain, a harvester and a field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows, and the harvested sugarcane enters a factory in time and is not squeezed for more than 24 hours.
Step S6: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:
e1: leveling stubble, namely leveling high-position buds by using a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and a stubble leveling machine, wherein the tractor is buried 3-5 cm into soil, and the growth of the low-position buds is promoted.
E2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, breaking the ridges and loosening the roots in sunny days with warm air, adopting a 140 horsepower tractor with a furrow loosening device, utilizing a satellite navigation control system to operate on a preset line, wherein the plowing depth of the ridge breaking operation is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%.
E3: fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering, wherein the fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering for earthing up are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and pesticide amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.
The planting variety adopts the osmanthus sugar No. 49, and the cost of the sugarcane seeds is 450 yuan per mu; an agricultural machinery service team is requested to perform re-raking, stubble cleaning, flat land leveling, deep scarification, positioning, row opening and mechanical precision seeding, and the cost per mu is 350 yuan; purchasing 504 4 tractors with 20 ten thousand yuan (minus supplement of agricultural machinery), 4 sets of weeder with 2 ten thousand yuan, 4 sets of banking machine with 2 ten thousand yuan and 4 liquid fertilizer applicator with 6 ten thousand yuan, wherein each tractor is hung with the above matched equipment to manage 500 mu of land, calculating the production period of 5 years for newly planted 4 years in 1 year, the mechanical investment cost of each mu is 120 yuan, and the mechanical investment of each mu is 250 yuan by adding labor, oil cost, maintenance cost and the like; 400 yuan fertilizer pesticide, 490 yuan mechanically harvested, 1000 yuan lessens, 100 yuan other expenses, 7 ton per mu yield of newly planted sugarcane, 3040 yuan per mu production cost. The cost of perennial root sugarcane per mu is 100 Yuan of stump loosening, 250 Yuan of management and protection, 400 Yuan of fertilizer and pesticide, 490 Yuan of machine harvesting, 1000 Yuan of ground renting and 2340 Yuan of other 100 Yuan. The investment cost and the income per mu in 5 years are shown in a table 1, and the sugarcane planting method suitable for whole-course mechanized production adopted in the 2000 mu Guangxi sugarcane double high base is shown in a table 2 compared with the traditional planting method.
TABLE 1 Whole-Process mechanization production model of example 2 cost budget and yield per acre of production compared to traditional planting (Yuan/acre)
TABLE 2. Whole-course mechanized planting method of example 2 compares with traditional planting method (mu)
As can be seen from tables 1-2, the sugarcane mechanized planting method has obvious effects of increasing efficiency, saving cost, increasing yield and increasing income compared with the traditional planting method, and mainly has the following effects:
(1) the improved sugarcane seeds with good perennial root property and the progeny seed stems of the detoxified healthy tissue culture seedlings are adopted as the production seed seedlings, so that the germination rate and the tillering rate can be improved, diseases such as mosaic disease, perennial root dwarf disease and the like can be reduced, and the perennial root age can reach more than 4 years, thereby achieving the purposes of cost saving and efficiency improvement.
(2) The uniform coated double-bud or single-bud seed stems are adopted, 50-75 kilograms of sugarcane seeds are used per mu, the seeding amount and the loading, unloading and transporting cost are reduced, precision mechanical planting is facilitated, and the planting efficiency is improved.
(3) The matched mechanical planting mode is adopted, wherein matched technologies such as mechanical weeding, ridging and liquid fertilizer application are adopted, the germination rate, the tillering rate and the effective stems of the seedlings are also ensured, and the yield is improved.
(4) The sparse planting method of 2.3 meters wide row spacing and quantitative plant spacing is adopted, the marginal effect is obvious, the growth space of the sugarcane is ensured, a certain effect is realized on tillering, growth promotion, uniform and robust plants of the sugarcane, and the yield and sugar increase can be realized.
(5) The planting mode with the row spacing of 2.3 meters is adopted, so that the harvesting operation of different harvesters is facilitated, the efficiency is high, and the cost can be reduced.
Example 3
10000 mu Guangxi sugar cane double high base adopts whole-process mechanized planting, planting varieties adopt self-breeding osmanthus sugar No. 44, matching operation machinery is self-purchased, and the planting method comprises the following steps:
step S1: land preparation, specifically including:
a1: and (3) stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with a ploughing width of 4.5m by using a tractor with 180 horsepower, chopping weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface, wherein the chopping length is 10-12 cm, the crushing rate is more than or equal to 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 16-18 cm.
A2: and (3) leveling the sugarcane field by using a 180 horsepower tractor to pull a grader with a tilling width of 5m to level the sugarcane field, leveling according to the gradient and the terrain, wherein the land flatness of the land parcel after operation is less than or equal to 3cm, and the pass percent of the flatness is more than or equal to 80%.
A3: the sugarcane field is deeply loosed, a tractor with 180 horsepower is used for hanging a 7-tooth subsoiler with the tilling width of 3m for deep loosening operation with the tilling depth of more than 50cm, the column spacing of the subsoiler is 50cm, the tilling width of each column is 40cm, a one-way deep loosening mode is adopted for operation, the deep loosening operation is based on the principle that a plough bottom layer is penetrated, a soil layer is not damaged, no tillage is missed, and the sugarcane field is deep, loosened, broken and flat.
A4: pre-opening a powder ditch, namely suspending a powder ditch opener by using a tractor with 160 horsepower and equipped with a GPS navigation system to accurately position and open the powder ditch, and pre-opening the powder ditch according to the row spacing of 2.6 meters and the depth of the powder ditch of 30-35 cm; and then hanging a powder ditch device by using a 120 horsepower tractor to ditch the powder, wherein the depth of the powder ditch is 35-40 cm, the upper width of the row ditch is 80cm, the bottom width of the ditch is 35-40 cm, and the soil at the bottom of the ditch is loose and fine.
Step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into single-bud sugarcane seeds of 4.0-4.5 cm by using a seed cutting machine; and putting the cut sugarcane seeds into a coating agent for soaking the sugarcane seeds for 25-30 minutes, taking out and airing, carrying out vacuum packaging, and then taking out for planting. The seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 11 parts of water-retaining agent, 7 parts of penetrant, 0.5 part of 40% difenoconazole, 1.2 parts of 40% prochloraz, 1 part of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 4 parts of fulvic acid potassium, 0.2 part of paclobutrazol and the balance of water.
Step S3: mechanical planting: the planter of the embodiment 1 is hung by a 120 horsepower tractor, and the procedures of fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering, pesticide spraying and film covering are completed at one time on the sugarcane field with the ditches opened:
b1: applying fertilizer, namely applying 30kg of nitrodiamine compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 19:27:0) as a base fertilizer per mu, and adding 150g of insect-resist agent per mu; the insect-resist agent is prepared from chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam and a synergist in a weight ratio of 20: 9: 3, preparing a composition;
b2: arranging seeds, wherein the sowing amount is 2000-2320 buds per mu, the distance between two lines of sugarcane seeds is 30-35 cm, and the seeds are staggered and arranged in a delta shape; planting depth is 30-35 cm;
b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 6-8 cm, and the bud ratio is less than or equal to 3%; and (3) shallow earthing in rainy seasons, not compacting after earthing, and compacting by a cylindrical compacting roller matched with the seeding width after earthing in other periods.
B4: spraying a planting ditch, namely uniformly spraying a mixed herbicide solution prepared by 40-50 g/mu of herbicide solution which is 90% atrazine soluble powder, 40 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable solution and 50-75 kg/mu of water into the mixed herbicide solution, and uniformly spraying the mixed herbicide solution on the planting ditch;
b5: covering with a film, covering with a colorless transparent mulching film with thickness of 0.01mm and width of 80cm, exposing light transmission part of the mulching film to be not less than 40cm, covering soil around the film to be dense without leakage, uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stabilized to be above 20 ℃, and performing intertillage nursing.
Step S4: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:
c1: intertillage small ridging is carried out, intertillage operation is carried out at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, a 100 horsepower tractor is adopted to hang a wide-row fertilization ridging machine for intertillage, fertilization and ridging, the fertilization distance is 10-13 cm from the sugarcane root, and the ridging height is 10-15 cm, so that the furrow soil is basically level to the ground; applying 25kg of sugarcane Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) to each mu;
c2: intertillage and large hilling are carried out at the early stage of sugarcane jointing, a 100 horsepower tractor is adopted to hang a wide-row fertilization hiller to carry out intertillage, fertilization and large hilling, the operation depth is 20 cm-30 cm, the distance between the operation depth and the sugarcane root is 15cm, and the fertilizer is deeply applied and the root is less damaged; 45kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 20: 8: 15) is applied to each mu, the ridge height after ridging is 8-10 cm, the base part of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and hollow in the sugarcane cluster are avoided; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent;
c3: 5 months and 8 months, during the growth period of the sugarcane, when the weeds in the sugarcane field grow to 8-12 cm, a 160 horsepower tractor is used for suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine for crushing, mechanically weeding and loosening the soil;
c4: applying stem-tapping fertilizer, adding stem-tapping fertilizer once at the bottom of 8 months, adding 25kg of sugarcane Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120), and adding 110 g/mu of insect-resist agent;
c5: water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out to ensure the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period; the sugarcane area without irrigation condition can adopt a method of sealing a ditch to store water and covering the ground with sugarcane leaves to prevent drought;
c6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method is characterized by preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 400-600 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder and 1500 times of 25% mixianami suspension are mixed for use at the initial stage of disease attack, and the mixture is sprayed once every 15 days and is sprayed for 3 times continuously.
Step S5: harvesting by a combined machine:
d1: the combine harvester adopts a Kaiss A8000 cutting type harvester, and is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation; the height of the stubble left on the sugarcane is less than or equal to 2 cm;
d2: the method selects the connected plots with the same planting period, consistent maturity, equivalent yield level and similar variety characteristics (such as defoliation, lodging resistance and sugarcane stem tissue crispness) as much as possible for centralized operation. Harvesting early-maturing varieties and then harvesting middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; harvesting autumn planted sugarcane and perennial sugarcane, cutting and harvesting winter planted sugarcane and spring planted sugarcane, and harvesting the sugarcane left with the perennial root after 1 middle ten days;
d3: before harvesting, impurities and barriers which are harmful to machines and tools, such as stones in fields, are cleaned, deep grooves of light and dark pits are filled, and soil bags are shoveled; the crop should have a turning and turning space of more than 6m, if the space is insufficient, the crop of the crop must be harvested in advance to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk;
d4: harvesting is carried out under the condition of no rain, a harvester and a field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows, and the harvested sugarcane enters a factory in time and is not squeezed for more than 24 hours.
Step S6: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:
e1: leveling stubble, namely leveling high-position buds by using a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and a stubble leveling machine, wherein the tractor is buried 3-5 cm into soil, and the growth of the low-position buds is promoted;
e2: the method comprises the following steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, wherein the ridges and the roots are broken and loosened in sunny weather with warm air, a 140 horsepower tractor is provided with a furrow loosening device, a satellite navigation control system is used for operating on a preset line, the plowing depth of ridge breaking operation is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%;
e3: fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering, wherein the fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering for earthing up are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and pesticide amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.
The planting variety adopts a self-breeding osmanthus sugar number 44, and the cost of the sugarcane seeds is 300 yuan per mu; purchasing 2 tractors with 50 ten thousand yuan (deducting agricultural machinery subsidies) with 160 p, 4 tractors with 60 ten thousand yuan (deducting agricultural machinery subsidies) with 140 p, 704 dragging, 25 tractors with 125 ten thousand yuan (deducting agricultural machinery subsidies), 2 sets of heavy rakes with 6 ten thousand yuan, 2 sets of land levelers with 7 ten thousand yuan, 2 sets of subsoilers with 10 ten thousand yuan, 4 planters with 12 ten thousand yuan, 5 ten thousand yuan such as opener and the like, 25 sets of weeder with 10 ten thousand yuan, 25 sets of soil spraying machine with 50 ten thousand yuan, 25 sets of liquid fertilizer applicator with 25 ten thousand yuan, one set of harvesters with 140 ten thousand yuan (deducting agricultural machinery subsidies) with 500 ten thousand yuan for each acre, calculating according to the production period of 4-year perennial roots of 1 year and 5 years, and the mechanical investment cost per mu is 500 yuan; the supporting facilities are 100 yuan, and the labor cost, the oil cost, the maintenance cost and the like are 500 yuan; 400 yuan fertilizer pesticide, 1000 yuan lessens, 100 yuan other expenses, 2800 yuan per mu of production cost. The cost per mu of the perennial root sugarcane is 500 yuan, 100 yuan of common facilities, 400 yuan such as labor, oil cost, maintenance cost and the like, 500 yuan of fertilizer and pesticide, 1000 yuan of land rent and 2600 yuan other 100 yuan. The 10000 mu Guangxi sugar cane double high base adopts a cane planting method suitable for whole-course mechanized production and compares the production cost and the income by adopting a traditional planting method, and the details are shown in tables 3 and 4.
Table 3: example 3 Whole-course mechanized production Pattern cost budget and benefit per acre compared to traditional planting (Yuan/acre)
TABLE 4. Whole-course mechanized planting method of example 3 compares with traditional planting method (mu)
As can be seen from tables 3-4, compared with the traditional planting method, the mechanized planting method has the advantages of cost saving and efficiency improvement, and not only can increase the yield, but also can reduce the planting expense of sugarcane farmers and increase the income of the sugarcane farmers. In addition, the quality of the harvested sugarcane is better than that of the traditional sugarcane, wherein the medium and large stem variety is 4700 per mu and each variety is more than 1.50kg, the medium and large stem variety is 5500 per mu and each variety is more than 1.3kg, and the average sucrose content of the sugarcane in the mature period is more than 14%.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, several simple deductions or substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all shall be considered as belonging to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. A sugarcane mechanical planting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step S1: land preparation, specifically including:
a1: stubble cleaning, namely dragging a heavy harrow with a tilling width of 2.5-4.5 m by using a tractor with more than 165 horsepower to cut weeds, sugarcane leaves and sugarcane tops on the ground surface into pieces, wherein the cutting length is 8-12 cm, the breaking rate is more than or equal to 90%, the top soil is loosened, and the depth is 15-18 cm;
a2: leveling the sugarcane field by using a grader with a tilling width of 3.6-5.4 m and dragged by a tractor with more than 165 horsepower, leveling according to the gradient and the terrain, wherein the land block flatness is less than or equal to 3cm after operation, and the pass rate of the flatness is more than or equal to 80 percent;
a3: deep scarification of a sugarcane field, namely suspending a 5-7-tooth deep scarifier with a tillage width of 2.3-3.3 m by using a tractor with more than 165 horsepower to carry out deep scarification operation with a tillage depth of more than 50cm, wherein the column spacing of the deep scarifier is 45-50 cm, the tillage width of each column of deep scarification teeth is 35-40 cm, and the deep scarification operation adopts a one-way deep scarification mode, wherein the deep scarification operation is carried out on the principle that a plough bottom layer is penetrated and a subsoil layer is not broken, no tillage is missed, and the sugarcane field is deep, loose, broken and flat;
a4: pre-opening a powder ditch, namely suspending a powder ditch opener by using a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and equipped with a GPS navigation system to accurately position and open the powder ditch, pre-opening the powder ditch according to the row spacing of 2.3-2.6 meters, wherein the depth of the powder ditch is 25-40 cm, the width of the upper part of the powder ditch is 60-80 cm, the width of the bottom of the powder ditch is 30-40 cm, and the soil at the bottom of the powder ditch is loose and fine;
step S2: seed stem preparation, namely cutting the sugarcane stems of the healthy seedlings into single-bud sugarcane seeds of 3.0-4.5 cm or double-bud sugarcane seeds of 15-25 cm by using a seed cutting machine;
step S3: mechanical planting: the integrated planter is hung by a tractor with more than 120 horsepower, and the procedures of fertilization, seed arrangement, soil covering, pesticide spraying and film covering are completed at one time on the sugarcane field with the ready-made row ditch:
b1: fertilizing, namely applying 20-30 kg of nitrodiamine compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 19:27:0) as a base fertilizer per mu, and adding 125-150 g of insect-resist agent per mu;
b2: arranging seeds, namely, 1740-2320 buds per mu, arranging the sugarcane seeds at a spacing of 30-35 cm in a staggered manner in a delta shape; planting depth is 30-35 cm;
b3: covering soil, wherein the thickness of the covered soil is 5-8 cm, and the bud ratio is less than or equal to 3%;
b4: spraying a pesticide to plant the ditch, and spraying the herbicide on the market according to the dosage of a specification;
b5: covering a film, covering a sowing width by using a colorless transparent mulching film with the width of 70-80 cm, covering soil around the film densely without leaking, uncovering the film when most of sugarcane seedlings pass out of the film and the temperature is stable above 20 ℃, and intertillage nursing;
the planting machine comprises a frame with a connecting part, a seed placing mechanism, an earthing mechanism and a film covering mechanism are arranged below the frame, and a seed discharging mechanism, a fertilizing mechanism and a pesticide spraying mechanism are arranged above the frame; the seed metering mechanism comprises a first seed metering mechanism and a second seed metering mechanism which are arranged at left and right intervals, the first seed metering mechanism and the second seed metering mechanism respectively comprise a seed guide frame with an upper opening and a lower opening, a conveying device and a hollowed seed metering opening, the conveying device comprises a transmission gear arranged in front and at back and a conveying belt sleeved on the transmission gear, transverse partition plates are arranged on the conveying belt at intervals, the seed guide frame is arranged above the front end of the conveying device, and the seed metering opening is arranged on a rack at the tail end of the conveying device; the seed discharging port of the first seed discharging mechanism and the seed discharging port of the second seed discharging mechanism are arranged in a staggered manner from front to back; the seed arrangement mechanism comprises a first seed arrangement mechanism and a second seed arrangement mechanism corresponding to the seed discharging port, the first seed arrangement mechanism and the second seed arrangement mechanism respectively comprise a seed arrangement funnel and a first seed arrangement positioning plate and a second seed arrangement positioning plate which are arranged below the seed arrangement funnel at intervals, and the first seed arrangement positioning plate and the second seed arrangement positioning plate are parallel to the traveling direction of the planter;
step S4: the field management specifically comprises the following aspects:
c1: intertillage small ridging is carried out, intertillage operation is carried out at the early tillering stage of the sugarcane, a wide-row fertilization ridging machine is hung by a 40-100 horsepower tractor to carry out intertillage fertilization ridging, the fertilization distance is 10-13 cm from the sugarcane stump, the ridging height is 10-15 cm, and the furrow soil is basically leveled to the ground; applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 22: 8: 10) or 20-25 kg of Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) to each mu;
c2: carrying out intertillage and large hilling, namely suspending a wide-row fertilization hiller by using a 40-100 horsepower tractor to carry out intertillage, fertilization and large hilling at the early stage of sugarcane jointing, wherein the operation depth is 20-30 cm, and the distance from the sugarcane root to the sugarcane root is 14-16 cm, so that the fertilizer is deeply applied and the root is less damaged; applying 40-50 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 20: 8: 15) or 40-50 kg of sugarcane Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) to each mu of land, wherein the ridge height is 8-10 cm after ridging, the base of the sugarcane cluster is filled to form a turtle back shape, and the U-shaped sugarcane ridge and the hollow part of the sugarcane cluster are prevented from appearing; the fertilizer coverage rate is more than or equal to 90 percent, and the hilling qualification rate is more than 80 percent;
c3: weeding among rows, namely suspending a rotary tillage weeding machine by using a 40-100 horsepower tractor to smash mechanical weeding and loosen soil when weeds in a sugarcane field grow to 8-12 cm in the growth period of the sugarcane;
c4: applying stem-tapping fertilizer, namely additionally applying stem-tapping fertilizer once in the later growth stage of the sugarcane, applying 20-25 kg of nitro-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer (N: P: K: 20: 8: 15) or 20-25 kg of Fengbao liquid fertilizer (N: P: K: 140: 60: 120) per mu, and adding 100-125 g of insect-resist agent per mu;
c5: water management, namely, regular management and timely irrigation are carried out to ensure the water supply of the sugarcane in each growth period; the method of sealing the ditch to store water and covering the ground with sugarcane leaves is adopted to prevent drought in the sugarcane area without irrigation conditions;
c6: pest control, namely, the borer, the thrips and the cotton aphid control, wherein the insect-resistant agent is applied when the base fertilizer and the stem-attacking fertilizer are applied; the method comprises the following steps of (1) preventing and treating the tip rot, brown streak and rust, wherein 50% carbendazim or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 65% zineb wettable powder is selected at the initial stage of disease, and is sprayed for 1 time in 7 days and 2-3 times continuously; or mixing 400-600 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder with 1500 times of 25% milbemine suspension, and spraying for 3 times every 15 days; or spraying 1500-2000 times of 32.5% amikacin suspension for 1-2 times;
step S5: harvesting by a combined machine:
d1: the combine harvester is matched with a field transfer trolley for operation;
d2: harvesting early-maturing varieties and then harvesting middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties; harvesting autumn planted sugarcane and perennial sugarcane, cutting and harvesting winter planted sugarcane and spring planted sugarcane, and harvesting sugarcane land with perennial root after 1 month in the middle ten days;
d3: before harvesting, cleaning sundries and barriers damaging machines, filling deep grooves of light and dark pits, and leveling soil bags; a turning and turning space of more than 6m is reserved at the crop end, if the space is insufficient, the crop end sugarcane is firstly harvested to reserve the turning and turning space, and furrows are leveled after harvesting, so that the machine can conveniently walk;
d4: the harvester and the field transfer vehicle need to go in and out from the field head and run along the sugarcane rows, and the sugarcane roots cannot be rolled across furrows.
2. The mechanized sugar cane planting method of claim 1, further comprising step S6: the perennial sugarcane management method specifically comprises the following steps:
e1: leveling stubble, namely leveling high-position buds by using a tractor with more than 90 horsepower and a stubble leveling machine, wherein the tractor is buried 3-5 cm into soil, and the growth of the low-position buds is promoted;
e2: the method comprises the steps of breaking ridges and loosening roots, wherein the ridges and the roots are broken and loosened in sunny weather with warm air, a tractor with more than 140 horsepower and a navigation control system is adopted and provided with a furrow opener, the navigation control system is used for operating on a preset line, the ridge breaking operation tilling depth is 25-35 cm, and the damage rate of sugarcane is controlled to be less than or equal to 5%;
e3: fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering, wherein the fertilizing, pesticide applying and film covering for earthing up are carried out simultaneously and are finished before the end of 3 months, and the fertilizing and pesticide amount are the same as those of the newly planted sugarcane; the other field management measures are the same as those of newly planted sugarcane, but the management time is 15-20 days earlier than that of the newly planted sugarcane.
3. The mechanical sugarcane planting method according to claim 1, wherein in step S1, the sugarcane is planted in sandy loam or light clay with a arable soil layer thickness of 60cm or more and a pH of 5.0-7.0; the width of the plowed pavement of the sugarcane field machine is more than or equal to 4m, and the height difference between the field blocks and the pavement is less than or equal to 5 cm.
4. The mechanized planting method of sugar cane according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the selected sugar cane variety is any one of cinnamic sugar No. 29, cinnamic sugar No. 44, cinnamic sugar No. 49, cinnamic sugar 08 ═ 120, and cinnamic sugar 08 ═ 589.
5. The mechanical sugarcane planting method according to claim 1, wherein in step S2, the cut sugarcane seeds are put into a coating agent to be soaked for 25-30 minutes, then are taken out to be dried, are subjected to vacuum packaging and then are taken out for planting; the seed soaking coating agent comprises the following components in parts by weight: 9-11 parts of a water-retaining agent, 5-7 parts of a penetrating agent, 0.5-0.7 part of 40% difenoconazole, 1-1.2 parts of 40% prochloraz, 1-1.2 parts of 35% chlorantraniliprole, 4-5 parts of potassium fulvate, 0.1-0.2 part of paclobutrazol and the balance of water.
6. The mechanized planting method of sugar cane according to claim 1, wherein in step B3, soil is covered in a shallow area in rainy season, and is not pressed after soil covering, and the planter is compacted with a cylindrical pressing roller adapted to the width of the planting width after soil covering in the rest period.
7. The mechanized planting method of sugar cane of claim 1, wherein in step B4, the herbicide is mixed with 40 mL/mu of 80% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate with 150-200 g/mu of 40% atrazine suspending agent or 40-50 g/mu of 90% atrazine soluble powder, and mixed with 50-75 kg/mu of water to form herbicide mixed solution, and the mixed solution is uniformly sprayed to the planting furrows.
8. The mechanical sugarcane planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step B5, if the relative moisture content of the soil is below 70%, water is sufficiently sprayed before spraying the herbicide to enable the relative moisture content of the soil to be above 70%, and then the soil is covered with a film.
9. The mechanized planting method for sugarcane according to claim 1, wherein in step S3, a rotary tillage mechanism is further provided in front of the seed placement mechanism, the rotary tillage mechanism comprises a rotary tillage rotating shaft and rotary blades provided on the rotary tillage rotating shaft, a rotary plow is further provided in the middle front of the rotary tillage rotating shaft, and the rotary blades on both sides of the rotary plow are symmetrically provided; the rotary tillage rotating shaft is connected with a hydraulic motor of a tractor through a transmission shaft.
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| CN109984005B (en) * | 2019-04-30 | 2021-01-15 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Sugarcane single-bud precision seeding planting method |
| CN110583125B (en) * | 2019-09-27 | 2022-09-13 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Horizontal sugarcane precision planter |
| CN110663492A (en) * | 2019-09-27 | 2020-01-10 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Sugarcane mechanical planting method with ultra-wide row spacing |
| CN111096207B (en) * | 2019-12-18 | 2022-05-24 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Low-lying wide-row-spacing sugarcane mechanized planting method |
| CN111165302B (en) * | 2020-01-13 | 2021-08-20 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Cost-saving sugarcane planting method suitable for mechanical planting |
| CN111386997B (en) * | 2020-04-10 | 2022-05-03 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Wide-row soil moisture conservation planting method for sugarcane |
| CN111386823A (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2020-07-10 | 广州甘蔗糖业研究所湛江甘蔗研究中心 | Sugarcane planting method applying slow-release granular pesticide fertilizer |
| CN112470849A (en) * | 2020-11-20 | 2021-03-12 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Sugarcane double-bud-section planting method integrating square shape and accurately placing seeds, applying fertilizers and applying pesticides |
| CN113424751B (en) * | 2021-06-18 | 2022-10-28 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Management method for mechanically stumping, ridging, deep loosening and stumping perennial root sugarcane |
| CN113973681B (en) * | 2021-10-27 | 2023-02-17 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | Sugarcane planting and management method for eliminating wide and narrow row craters |
| CN114287215B (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-11-01 | 华南农业大学 | Automatic sequencing and directional seed sowing device and method suitable for double-bud-section sugarcane planting |
| CN114680010A (en) * | 2022-05-18 | 2022-07-01 | 广西壮族自治区农业科学院 | High-yield planting method for sugar cane in red soil area and with consideration of soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction |
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