CN113906968A - Rice transplanting method of wheat stubble dry rotary soil preparation machine - Google Patents
Rice transplanting method of wheat stubble dry rotary soil preparation machine Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
- A01G22/22—Rice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C14/00—Methods or apparatus for planting not provided for in other groups of this subclass
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Soil Working Implements (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a wheat stubble rice dry rotary tillage machine transplanting method, which belongs to the field of crop cultivation, and comprises the steps of selecting varieties, sunning seeds, soaking/mixing seeds with a medicament, accelerating germination, raising seedlings, soil preparation, field management and mechanical harvesting, wherein the method comprises the steps of rotary tillage of a wheat stubble soil once, secondary rotary fine leveling and compression roller compaction, ditching at two sides by using a tractor provided with a paving-assisted straight-moving system, then watering for spraying a herbicide to seal soil, transplanting seedlings on a machine on the next day and synchronously deeply fertilizing at the side, and the method can save water, labor and fertilizer, and is a green high-efficiency technology; through the demonstration and application of the technology, the mechanized high-quality and high-efficiency production of rice in the city can be promoted in the whole process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine transplanting method.
Background
Prior Art
Rice is an important grain crop in China, and the cultivation area and the yield of the rice are in the top position in the grain crop. At present, mechanization of a seed harvester for rice production tends to mature, but due to frequent extreme weather and tense rice and wheat stubble periods, a large planting household has a cultivation quality problem in a process of robbing and harvesting seeds; meanwhile, the increase of the fertilizing amount obviously improves the rice yield, but the serious environmental pollution problem is caused due to the large nitrogen application amount and the low fertilizer utilization rate, and the labor stress problem is aggravated by multiple times of fertilization.
At present, the conventional method before mechanical seedling transplanting is to crush wheat straws and return the crushed wheat straws to the field while or after wheat is harvested, rotationally cultivate the wheat straws and soil under the ground by a tractor, stir the wheat straws and the soil to bury the soil, soak the soil in the field in water, and suspend a beater by the tractor to play pulp and level the ground again after one to two days. But because the field is uneven, the field water level is difficult to control, and after secondary rotary tillage and slurry collection, the field wheat straws with high water level can float and expose out of the ground surface. The following problems may be caused: the wheat straw scraped by the transplanter during working is difficult to clean, and labor and time are wasted; the seedlings are planted at the straw position by a machine, and are not easy to root and cause dead seedlings; the straw on the ground surface is rotten, and the water quality is deteriorated to influence the normal growth of the rice seedlings; after pulping and leveling, the transplanter can plant and transplant in the ground 3-5 days, and the seedlings are usually quickly rotated and quickly transplanted during driving, so that the phenomena of soil ridging, uneven field blocks, deep planting or seedling floating of the seedlings, seedling stiffness, slow seedling growth, slow tillering and the like are caused. The manual spreading is generally adopted in the fertilization links in the land preparation and field production, multiple topdressing is needed, a large amount of labor is needed, and the current rural labor is in short supply, so that the efficiency and the benefit of rice production are influenced. The problems of insufficient labor force, high production cost, low planting benefit and the like exist in rice production, and the application of a light, simplified and efficient cultivation technical mode which saves labor and cost, increases yield and income has important effects on improving the rice planting benefit and stabilizing the rice planting area. Therefore, how to scientifically, reasonably, finely and quickly prepare land, improve the utilization rate of the fertilizer and save labor is a problem to be solved urgently at present.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention discloses a wheat stubble rice dry rotary tillage machine transplanting method aiming at the defects in the prior art, the method sequentially comprises the steps of variety selection (germination test), seed drying, medicament seed soaking/seed mixing, germination acceleration, seedling raising (seedling field management), land preparation (rotary tillage stubble crushing, dry rotary leveling, watering and field soaking, closed weeding), mechanical transplanting synchronous side deep fertilization, field management and mechanical harvesting.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
a wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine transplanting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: seedling preparation: firstly, selecting varieties of seedlings, determining a sowing period according to the varieties of the seedlings, and treating seeds of the seedlings;
step two: preparing a seedling bed and a substrate: selecting a field block which is convenient for drainage, irrigation and seedling transportation as a seedling raising seedbed, and according to the seedling field: the proportion of the field is 1: 80, preparing according to the proportion, and selecting a fertile field without impurities and pollution;
step three: seedling raising and seedling bed management; wherein, the seedling bed management is mainly divided into three parts of seedling bed water management, seedling bed fertilization management and seedling bed pest control;
step four: soil preparation; the process of soil preparation is completed through a series of operations of stubble crushing, dry spinning compaction ditching, ditch system matching and field soaking sealing;
step five: transplanting; transplanting by adopting a mechanical transplanting mode and selecting corresponding transplanting time and transplanting density; after mechanized planting, manually replanting the broken row and hole-lacking places in time;
step six: managing the field; selecting corresponding fertilizer for fertilization, performing water management in the field, and preventing and treating diseases, pests and weeds,
step seven: and (5) mechanically harvesting.
Further, the first step specifically comprises:
1.1, determining the seeding date in the last ten days of 5 months according to the variety growth period and the safe spike-aligning period of the seedlings;
1.2, seed treatment of seedlings: performing seed treatment after sunning for 1 d-2 d before sowing; the 20% phenamacril/cartap wettable powder is used for soaking seeds in 600-800 times of liquid or 17% cartap/ethylicin wettable powder in 300-400 times of liquid for 48 hours, washing is not needed after soaking, and direct seeding is carried out after germination acceleration.
Further, the second step is specifically as follows:
2.1, preparing a rice seedling bed: the specification of the seedling plate of the seedling bed is that the clear width of the bed surface is 1.4 m-1.5 m, the width of the furrow is 0.3 m-0.4 m, the depth of the furrow is 0.15m, the width of the peripheral furrow is 0.3m, the depth is 0.25m, the length is determined according to the requirement and the size of the field block, and the added waist furrow is more than 25 m; then the seedling trays are placed on the ridge surface, and then matrix, rice falling, soil covering and the like are laid in the seedling trays.
2.2, preparing a substrate: preparing fine soil according to 120kg per mu of field, wherein 100kg is used as bed soil, sieving, coating, piling, stuffiness curing, and taking other 20kg as seed covering soil.
Further, the third step is specifically:
3.1, seedling raising: each seedling tray has 100-120 g of dry seeds and 140-150 g of sprouted grains; the thickness of the seed covering soil is 3 mm-5 mm, and the rice can not be seen; two seedling trays are arranged in parallel, no gap is reserved between the two seedling trays, and the bottoms of the seedling trays are tightly attached to the seedling plates; filling the non-woven fabric around the seedling raising plate with water for one time, wetting all the seedling raising plates and draining water to control temperature, preserve moisture and promote seedling alignment; and open the water shortage, prevent the water flooding from submerging the seedling board, the rotten root is rotten to sprout;
3.2, seedling bed water management: after seedling aligning, uncovering the non-woven fabric in the evening of fine day or at 8: 00-9: 00 am of cloudy day, and irrigating once with ditch water to cause sufficient water seepage; after the cloth is uncovered, the surface of the dish is kept moist and not whitened, and water is not supplied; before the two-leaf period, flat ditch water is established, the disc surface is kept moist and not whitened, the seedling plate is kept moist when the two leaves to the three leaves are kept, the water does not enter after the front water is not dried, and the water quantity in the ditch is generally determined according to the following general principle that: filling the ditch water in sunny days, draining the ditch water in cloudy days and in rainy days; and (4) in the leaf 2-3 period, the watering of the running horse water is frequently carried out according to the weather condition so as to keep the wet state of the seedling plate. 3 d-4 d before transplanting, filling semi-ditch squat seedlings to facilitate packing;
3.3, fertilizing and managing the rice seedling bed: the seedling bed using the nutrient soil does not need topdressing, and the leaf color does not fall yellow; establishing a shallow water layer in the evening according to 2g of urea per plate with obvious yellow leaf color, and uniformly spreading the shallow water layer in the evening after mixing with fine soil;
3.4, controlling diseases and insect pests of the seedling bed; the 'grafted medicine' of 20% tricyclazole 100g and 25% pymetrozine 20g mixed with water 30kg for spraying or seedling soaking is used 2 d-3 d before transplanting, the base number of diseases and pests can be reduced, and the safe growth of seedlings is ensured. The diseases and insect pests such as rice blast, chilo suppressalis and the like in the field are generally prevented by using tricyclazole, pymetrozine or kasugamycin, chlorantraniliprole and the like 2-3 days before transplanting, the diseases and insect pests of the seedling field are prevented from being diffused to the field, the pesticide application can be greatly reduced, the labor cost is reduced, and the reduction and the synergism of pesticides are facilitated.
Further, the fourth step is specifically:
4.1, stubble smashing: according to the rice and wheat crop rotation method, after wheat is harvested, rotary tillage is performed for the first time to break stubble;
4.2, dry spinning compaction and ditching: after the first rotary tillage and stubble smashing, carrying out secondary rotary tillage, fine leveling, wherein the depth is consistent when soil preparation is carried out, and the soil preparation depth is 16-18 cm; compacting in the middle, and ditching at two sides simultaneously, wherein the row spacing of ditches is 4m and is uniform;
4.3, groove system matching: mechanical ditching, wherein a vertical ditch is dug every four meters, the depth of the ditch is 20 cm-30 cm, the distance between the vertical ditch and the horizontal ridges at two ends of the field is 2 m-3 m, each horizontal ditch is dug, the depth of the ditch is 30 cm-40 cm, a waist ditch is dug when the length of a field block exceeds 100m, and the horizontal and vertical ditches are matched and communicated;
4.4, sealing the soaked field: leveling and compacting the field blocks, digging transverse and vertical ditches, soaking the field blocks in water, spraying herbal medicines to seal the soil, and enabling the water to submerge the plough layer by 3-5 cm.
Further, the fifth step is specifically:
5.1, transplanting time: transplanting the rice seedlings the second day after water supply and sealing, determining the seedling age according to the variety and the seedling raising mode, wherein the seedling age of the rice is 18-21 d, and transplanting the rice seedlings in the middle and last ten days of 6 months;
5.2, transplanting density: transplanting specification is 30cm multiplied by 13cm, and planting is carried out at 25.5 ten thousand holes/hm24 seedlings per hole, 102 ten thousand seedlings/hm of basic seedlings at group starting point2；
5.3 planting and inserting mode: mechanized transplanting, the depth of the water layer on the surface of the field is 1 cm-2 cm, and the depth of the water layer is 1.5 cm-2.0 cm;
5.4, timely seedling supplementing: after the machine is inserted, the artificial seedling is timely supplemented to the broken and hole-lacking place.
Further, the sixth step is specifically:
6.1, synchronously applying fertilizer to one side of the rice seedling by a machine transplanting synchronous side deep fertilization method during machine transplanting, using a special slow controlled release fertilizer for rice, wherein the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 270kg/hm conventionally2The pure N is reduced by 15 percent; the special slow controlled release fertilizer requires nitrogen release characteristics basically synchronous with the nitrogen requirement rule of local high-yield and high-quality rice, and has the appearance requirements of regular grain shape, no powder, proper strength, less moisture absorption, floating prevention and suitability for mechanical side deep fertilization. And (3) applying spike fertilizer once in later period, wherein the spike fertilizer is commercial special spike fertilizer or urea and accounts for 15% of the total nitrogen.
6.2, field moisture management: after transplanting, performing shallow water service irrigation, preferably irrigating for 2-3 times by taking a water layer with the water depth of 2-3 cm, exposing the field for 2-3 times, and adding fresh water after the water layer naturally falls to dry; when the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the effective spike number, the seedlings begin to be exposed, the seedlings are placed for a plurality of times by insisting on lightly placing the seedlings, and the seedlings are placed until the soil in the field is settled without sinking the feet until the leaf color fades; recovering the water layer when the two leaves are inverted and extracted, and then keeping the water layer till the ear is extracted; after heading, alternately irrigating in a dry and wet mode, cultivating roots and preserving leaves, and cutting off water 1 week before harvesting; the whole growth period is mainly wet irrigation and does not need to be sunned again. Dry-wet alternative sense, i.e. intermittent watering method, i.e. once-irrigation of sufficient water, and after the water naturally falls dry, re-irrigation, repeating the above steps, so that it is more helpful to keep the soil open
6.3, controlling diseases, pests and weeds: 1) and (3) controlling weeds: adopting a front sealing and rear killing and chemical removing technology, namely respectively carrying out soil sealing weeding before mechanical seedling transplanting and 10 d-12 d after seedling transplanting after field preparation, uniformly spraying 53 percent bensulfuron methyl and mefenacet 50-60 g mixed with fine soil 20kg per mu, keeping a water layer for 3 d-5 d, naturally drying, and then carrying out stem and leaf treatment weeding or manual removal; 2) and (3) pest control: when spraying the pesticide, the high-temperature period at noon is avoided, the wind speed is less than 4m/s, the atomization is good, the ultra-low spraying is ensured, the application amount is uniform, the dosage is accurate, the pesticide is sprayed according to the field distribution, and the pesticide residue is reduced.
The beneficial effects of the invention and the prior art are as follows:
the invention solves the problems of poor cultivated land quality, short stubble period, slow seedling growing, seedling floating and seedling stiffness, low fertilizer utilization rate, labor force shortage and the like on the basis of the steps of soil preparation (rotary tillage and stubble breaking, dry rotary leveling, paddy soaking, closed weeding), mechanical transplanting synchronous side deep application of slow controlled fertilizer release, field management, mechanical harvesting and the like. By changing the rice planting land preparation mode and the chemical fertilizer application mode, the method improves the cultivated land quality, improves the seedling growing speed, improves the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, reduces environmental pollution, improves the planting economic and ecological benefits, achieves the purposes of green, cost-saving, efficiency-increasing, light and simple cultivation of rice, and realizes the improvement of the production quality benefits of rice and the sustainable development of the ecological environment. Meanwhile, the labor intensity can be reduced, the labor force transfer is promoted, and the seasonal tension contradiction of the labor force is relieved. The method can promote the reform of rice production mode, promote the development of simple rice cultivation, and improve the competitiveness of the industry; the method promotes the healthy development of rice production in a simple and easy and large scale, enlarges the effect through demonstration, promotes the stable yield, saves cost and improves the efficiency of grains, and provides support for modern agriculture and ecological environment construction.
The method of the invention is to carry out secondary fine leveling and compression roller compaction after rotary tillage of the wheat stubble field for one time, ditching on two sides by using a tractor provided with a paving-assisting straight-going system, then watering and spraying herbicide to seal soil, transplanting seedlings and synchronously fertilizing on the next day, and the method can save water, labor and fertilizer, and is a green, efficient, light and simple cultivation technology; the technology is demonstrated and applied, and can promote the mechanized high-quality and high-efficiency development of the whole rice production process.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and effects of the present invention more clear, the present invention is further described in detail by the following examples. It should be noted that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Step one, seedling preparation:
1.1 variety selection: the selected variety has good plant type and population permeability, strong disease resistance and good palatability, and passes the approval, the south japonica 9108 of late-maturing mid-season japonica rice is suitable to be selected in Thai region, and the seed quality is in accordance with the regulation of the 1 st part of cereal of GB4404.1 grain crop seeds.
1.2, sowing time: and (4) determining a proper sowing time according to the variety growth period and the safe ear aligning period, and sowing in the last 5 th of month generally.
1.3 seed treatment: and (4) performing seed treatment after sunning the seeds for 1-2 days before sowing. The 20% phenamacril/cartap wettable powder is used for soaking seeds in 600-800 times of liquid or 17% cartap/ethylicin wettable powder in 300-400 times of liquid for 48 hours, washing is not needed after soaking, and direct seeding is carried out after germination acceleration.
Step two, preparation of a seedling bed and a substrate:
preparing a seedling bed: selecting a field block which is convenient for drainage, irrigation and seedling transportation as a seedling raising seedbed, and according to the seedling field: the field proportion is 1: 80 preparing feet.
Specification of seedling plate: the net width of the ridge surface is 1.4-1.5 m, the furrow width is 0.3-0.4 m, the furrow depth is 0.15m, the peripheral furrow width is 0.3m, the depth is 0.25m, the length is determined according to the needs and the field size, and the waist furrow needs to be opened when the length exceeds 25 m.
Preparing a substrate: selecting a farming field with fertile soil and no impurities or pollution, preparing fine soil according to 120kg per mu of field, wherein 100kg is used as bed soil, sieving, coating, stacking, curing, and covering seed soil by 20 kg.
Step three: seedling raising and seedling bed management
Seedling raising: each seedling tray has 100-120 g of dry seeds and 140-150 g of sprouted grain; the thickness of the seed covering soil is 3 mm-5 mm, and the rice is preferably not seen. The two trays are arranged in parallel, no gap is formed between the trays, and the bottoms of the trays are tightly attached to the seedling plate. The non-woven fabrics are covered around the seedling raising plate, and then the seedling raising plate is irrigated with once flat furrow water, so that all the seedling raising plates are moistened and drained, and the temperature control, the moisture preservation and the seedling leveling are facilitated. And the water shortage is well leveled, so that the seedling plate is prevented from being submerged in water and the root rot and bud rot are prevented.
Managing a seedling bed: managing the water content of the rice seedling bed; and after seedling aligning, uncovering the non-woven fabric in the evening of fine day or at 8: 00-9: 00 am of cloudy day, and irrigating once with ditch-leveling water to cause sufficient water seeping. After the cloth is uncovered, the surface of the dish is kept moist and not whitened, and water is not supplied; building flat ditch water before the leaf stage 2, keeping the disc surface moist and not whitish, and irrigating horse race water for 2-3 leaves at daily, wherein the water does not flow in the front part and the water does not flow in the back part; and 3 d-4 d before transplanting, filling the semi-ditch squat seedlings to facilitate packing.
Fertilizing management of a rice seedling bed: the seedling bed using the nutrient soil has unobvious yellow leaf color and no additional fertilizer. A shallow water layer is built in the evening according to 2g of urea per plate with obvious yellow leaf color, and the shallow water layer is evenly spread by mixing with a proper amount of fine soil.
Controlling diseases and pests of a seedling bed: the plant diseases and insect pests in the seedling bed stage mainly comprise plant hoppers, rice thrips, borers, rice blast and the like, the plant diseases and insect pests are applied according to symptoms and are timely prevented and treated according to the occurrence condition of the plant diseases and insect pests, the plant diseases and insect pests are mainly well applied 2d to 3d before transplantation, the occurrence base number of the plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, and the safe growth of seedlings is ensured.
Step four, preparing the land in the field
Crushing stubble: after the wheat is harvested, the stubble is smashed for the first time through rotary tillage. A tractor with 60-90 horsepower can be selected in a conditional place, and a stubble burying land leveler with smooth cutter teeth and farming width matched with the horsepower of the tractor is matched.
Dry spinning compaction and ditching: after rotary tillage and stubble breaking, secondary turning, fine turning and leveling are carried out, the soil preparation depth is consistent, and the soil preparation depth is 16-18 cm. The middle of the ditch is compacted by a tractor provided with a paving-assisting straight-running system and a press roller, and ditches are dug at two sides, and the row spacing of the ditches is 4 meters and is uniform.
The ditch is matched with: and (3) mechanically ditching, wherein 1 vertical ditch is excavated every 4m, the depth of the ditch is 20-30 cm, the distance between the ditch and the transverse ridges at the two ends of the field is 2-3 m, 1 transverse ditch is excavated, the depth of the ditch is 30-40 cm, the length of a field block exceeds 100m, a waist ditch is excavated, and the transverse and vertical ditches are matched and communicated.
Sealing the field by soaking: leveling and compacting the field blocks, digging transverse and vertical ditches, soaking the field blocks in water, spraying herbal medicines to seal the soil, and enabling the water to submerge the plough layer by 3-5 cm.
Step five, transplanting
Transplanting time: transplanting the seedlings the next day after water supply and sealing. The suitable seedling age is determined according to the variety and the seedling raising mode. The rice seedlings are generally transplanted in 18 d-21 d in the middle and last 6 months.
Transplanting density: and (5) reasonably close planting. Transplanting specification is 30cm multiplied by 13cm, and planting is carried out at 25.5 ten thousand holes/hm24 seedlings per hole, 102 ten thousand seedlings/hm of basic seedlings at group starting point2。
Planting and inserting mode: mechanized transplanting is carried out, the depth of the water layer on the surface of the field is 1 cm-2 cm, and the depth of the water layer is 1.5 cm-2.0 cm in general.
Timely seedling supplementing: after the machine is inserted, the artificial seedling is timely supplemented to the broken and hole-lacking place.
Step six: the field management is 4.1 fertilizer application, and the fertilizer application meets the regulation of the general rule of the NY/T496-2002 fertilizer reasonable application rule.
Determining the total fertilization amount: the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer is conventional 270kg/hm by using commercial slow-controlled release fertilizer special for rice2The reduction was 15% on a pure N basis. The special slow controlled release fertilizer requires nitrogen release characteristics basically synchronous with the nitrogen requirement rule of local high-yield and high-quality rice, and has the appearance requirements of regular grain shape, no powder, proper strength, less moisture absorption, floating prevention and suitability for mechanical side deep fertilization. And (3) applying spike fertilizer once in later period, wherein the spike fertilizer is commercial special spike fertilizer or urea and accounts for 15% of the total nitrogen.
Water content management: and (4) performing shallow water service irrigation after transplanting, wherein the irrigation is preferably performed by using a water layer with the water depth of 2-3 cm, the field is exposed for 2-3 times, and fresh water is added after the water layer naturally falls to the dry state. When the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the number of effective spikes, the seedlings begin to be exposed, the seedlings are placed for a plurality of times by insisting on lightly placing the seedlings, and the seedlings are placed in the field until the soil in the field is settled and does not sink to feet, and the leaf color is faded. The water layer was recovered by pouring out both leaves, and thereafter the water layer was maintained until heading. After ear emergence, the stems are dry, wet and wet, the roots are cultivated and the leaves are preserved, and water is cut off 1 week before harvesting, but the water is not cut off too early. The whole growth period is mainly wet irrigation and does not need to be sunned again.
Controlling diseases, pests and weeds: the prevention principle is mainly prevention and comprehensive prevention. Agricultural control measures are preferably adopted, pesticides are used as little as possible, natural enemies are carefully protected and utilized, and the occurrence of various diseases, pests and weeds is reduced. When pesticides must be used, the dosage, frequency of application and safety interval of the medicament are strictly controlled.
The control method comprises the following steps: 1) and (3) controlling weeds: the method adopts a chemical removal technology of 'front sealing and rear killing', namely, soil sealing weeding is respectively carried out before mechanical seedling transplanting and 10 d-12 d after seedling transplanting after field preparation, 50-60 g of 53% bensulfuron methyl and mefenacet are used per mu, 20kg of fine soil is mixed and applied, a water layer is kept for 3 d-5 d, the mixture naturally falls dry, and then stem and leaf treatment weeding or manual removal is carried out according to the condition of field grass.
And (3) pest control: the diseases and insect pests in the field mainly comprise banded sclerotial blight, rice blast, false smut, rice planthopper, rice leaf roller, stem borer and the like, high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides and biological pesticides are selected according to the occurrence condition of diseases and insects in the field or the disease and insect information of local agricultural plant protection departments, are alternately used, and the method of treating diseases and insects simultaneously and treating more than one pesticide is adopted to timely carry out the overall control of the diseases and insects of the rice. The motor-driven sprayer is used for spraying fertilizer (medicine), avoids the high-temperature period at noon, has the wind speed of less than 4m/s, has good atomization, ensures ultralow spraying, has uniform application amount and accurate dosage, is sprayed according to field distribution, and reduces medicine residue.
Step seven, mechanical harvesting
Harvesting after more than 85% of the rice grains are yellow and ripe, and crushing and throwing the harvested rice stubbles to uniformly return to the field. A semi-feeding or full-feeding harvester with a stalk chopping and throwing device is selected for mechanical harvesting, so that the loss is reduced, and the comprehensive loss rate is controlled to be below 3 percent and the impurity content is below 2 percent.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications should also be construed as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine transplanting method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: seedling preparation: firstly, selecting varieties of seedlings, determining a sowing period according to the varieties of the seedlings, and treating seeds of the seedlings;
step two: preparing a seedling bed and a substrate: selecting a field block which is convenient for drainage, irrigation and seedling transportation as a seedling raising seedbed, and according to the seedling field: the proportion of the field is 1: 80, preparing according to the proportion, and selecting a fertile field without impurities and pollution;
step three: seedling raising and seedling bed management; wherein, the seedling bed management is mainly divided into three parts of seedling bed water management, seedling bed fertilization management and seedling bed pest control;
step four: soil preparation; the process of soil preparation is completed through a series of operations of stubble crushing, dry spinning compaction ditching, ditch system matching and field soaking sealing;
step five: transplanting; transplanting by adopting a mechanical transplanting mode and selecting corresponding transplanting time and transplanting density; after mechanized planting, manually replanting the broken row and hole-lacking places in time;
step six: managing the field; selecting corresponding fertilizer for fertilization, performing water management in the field, and preventing and treating diseases, pests and weeds,
step seven: and (5) mechanically harvesting.
2. The rice transplanting method of the wheat stubble rice dry land preparation machine according to claim 1, wherein the first step is specifically as follows:
1.1, determining the seeding date in the last ten days of 5 months according to the variety growth period and the safe spike-aligning period of the seedlings;
1.2, seed treatment of seedlings: performing seed treatment after sunning for 1 d-2 d before sowing; the 20% phenamacril/cartap wettable powder is used for soaking seeds in 600-800 times of liquid or 17% cartap/ethylicin wettable powder in 300-400 times of liquid for 48 hours, washing is not needed after soaking, and direct seeding is carried out after germination acceleration.
3. The wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine transplanting method according to claim 1, wherein the second step is specifically as follows:
2.1, preparing a rice seedling bed: the specification of the seedling plate of the seedling bed is that the clear width of the bed surface is 1.4 m-1.5 m, the width of the furrow is 0.3 m-0.4 m, the depth of the furrow is 0.15m, the width of the peripheral furrow is 0.3m, the depth is 0.25m, the length is determined according to the requirement and the size of the field block, and the added waist furrow is more than 25 m;
2.2, preparing a substrate: preparing fine soil according to 120kg per mu of field, wherein 100kg is used as bed soil, sieving, coating, piling, stuffiness curing, and taking other 20kg as seed covering soil.
4. The rice transplanting method of the wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine according to claim 1, wherein the third step is specifically:
3.1, seedling raising: each seedling tray has 100-120 g of dry seeds and 140-150 g of sprouted grains; the thickness of the seed covering soil is 3 mm-5 mm, and the rice can not be seen; two seedling trays are arranged in parallel, no gap is reserved between the two seedling trays, and the bottoms of the seedling trays are tightly attached to the seedling plates;
filling the non-woven fabric around the seedling raising plate with water for one time, wetting all the seedling raising plates and draining water to control temperature, preserve moisture and promote seedling alignment;
and open the water shortage, prevent the water flooding from submerging the seedling board, the rotten root is rotten to sprout;
3.2, seedling bed water management: after seedling aligning, uncovering the non-woven fabric in the evening of fine day or at 8: 00-9: 00 am of cloudy day, and irrigating once with ditch water to cause sufficient water seepage; after the cloth is uncovered, the surface of the dish is kept moist and not whitened, and water is not supplied; before the two-leaf stage, flat ditch water is established, the surface of the tray is kept wet and is not whitened, when the two-leaf stage to the three-leaf stage, the seedling plate is kept in a wet state, and water does not enter after the water does not dry; 3 d-4 d before transplanting, filling semi-ditch squat seedlings to facilitate packing;
3.3, fertilizing and managing the rice seedling bed: the seedling bed using the nutrient soil does not need topdressing, and the leaf color does not fall yellow; establishing a shallow water layer in the evening according to 2g of urea per plate with obvious yellow leaf color, and uniformly spreading the shallow water layer in the evening after mixing with fine soil;
3.4, controlling diseases and insect pests of the seedling bed; and before transplanting, spraying or soaking seedlings by adding water 30kg into 100g of 20% tricyclazole and 20g of 25% pymetrozine per mu for 2 d-3 d, so as to reduce the base number of diseases and pests and ensure the safe growth of the seedlings.
5. The rice transplanting method of the wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine according to claim 1, wherein the fourth step is specifically:
4.1, stubble smashing: according to the rice and wheat crop rotation method, after wheat is harvested, rotary tillage is performed for the first time to break stubble;
4.2, dry spinning compaction and ditching: after the first rotary tillage and stubble smashing, carrying out secondary rotary tillage, fine leveling, wherein the depth is consistent when soil preparation is carried out, and the soil preparation depth is 16-18 cm; compacting in the middle, and ditching at two sides simultaneously, wherein the row spacing of ditches is 4m and is uniform;
4.3, groove system matching: mechanical ditching, wherein a vertical ditch is dug every four meters, the depth of the ditch is 20 cm-30 cm, the distance between the vertical ditch and the horizontal ridges at two ends of the field is 2 m-3 m, each horizontal ditch is dug, the depth of the ditch is 30 cm-40 cm, a waist ditch is dug when the length of a field block exceeds 100m, and the horizontal and vertical ditches are matched and communicated;
4.4, sealing the soaked field: leveling and compacting the field blocks, digging transverse and vertical ditches, soaking the field blocks in water, spraying herbal medicines to seal the soil, and enabling the water to submerge the plough layer by 3-5 cm.
6. The rice transplanting method of the wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine according to claim 1, wherein the fifth step is specifically as follows:
5.1, transplanting time: transplanting the rice seedlings the second day after water supply and sealing, determining the seedling age according to the variety and the seedling raising mode, wherein the seedling age of the rice is 18-21 d, and transplanting the rice seedlings in the middle and last ten days of 6 months;
5.2, transplanting density: transplanting specification is 30cm multiplied by 13cm, and planting is carried out at 25.5 ten thousand holes/hm24 seedlings per hole, 102 ten thousand seedlings/hm of basic seedlings at group starting point2；
5.3, planting and inserting mode: mechanized transplanting, the depth of the water layer on the surface of the field is 1 cm-2 cm, and the depth of the water layer is 1.5 cm-2.0 cm;
5.4, timely seedling supplementing: after the machine is inserted, the artificial seedling is timely supplemented to the broken and hole-lacking place.
7. The rice transplanting method of the wheat stubble rice dry rotary soil preparation machine according to claim 1, wherein the sixth step is specifically as follows:
6.1, synchronously applying fertilizer to one side of the rice seedling by a machine transplanting synchronous side deep fertilization method during machine transplanting, using a special slow controlled release fertilizer for rice, wherein the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 270kg/hm conventionally2The pure N is reduced by 15 percent; and (3) applying spike fertilizer once in later period, wherein the spike fertilizer is commercial special spike fertilizer or urea and accounts for 15% of the total nitrogen.
6.2, field moisture management: after transplanting, performing shallow water service irrigation, preferably irrigating for 2-3 times by taking a water layer with the water depth of 2-3 cm, exposing the field for 2-3 times, and adding fresh water after the water layer naturally falls to dry; when the number of seedlings reaches 80% of the effective spike number, the seedlings begin to be exposed, the seedlings are placed for a plurality of times by insisting on lightly placing the seedlings, and the seedlings are placed until the soil in the field is settled without sinking the feet until the leaf color fades; recovering the water layer when the two leaves are inverted and extracted, and then keeping the water layer till the ear is extracted; after heading, alternately irrigating in a dry and wet mode, cultivating roots and preserving leaves, and cutting off water 1 week before harvesting; the whole growth period is mainly wet irrigation and does not need to be sunned again.
6.3, controlling diseases, pests and weeds: 1) and (3) controlling weeds: adopting a front sealing and rear killing and chemical removing technology, namely respectively carrying out soil sealing weeding before mechanical seedling transplanting and 10 d-12 d after seedling transplanting after field preparation, uniformly spraying 53 percent bensulfuron methyl and mefenacet 50-60 g mixed with fine soil 20kg per mu, keeping a water layer for 3 d-5 d, naturally drying, and then carrying out stem and leaf treatment weeding or manual removal; 2) and (3) pest control: when spraying the pesticide, the high-temperature period at noon is avoided, the wind speed is less than 4m/s, the atomization is good, the ultra-low spraying is ensured, the application amount is uniform, the dosage is accurate, the pesticide is sprayed according to the field distribution, and the pesticide residue is reduced.
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