CN109475121A - 苏比替罗衍生物 - Google Patents
苏比替罗衍生物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109475121A CN109475121A CN201780043724.6A CN201780043724A CN109475121A CN 109475121 A CN109475121 A CN 109475121A CN 201780043724 A CN201780043724 A CN 201780043724A CN 109475121 A CN109475121 A CN 109475121A
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Abstract
公开了相对于苏比替罗具有改善的药理学特性的苏比替罗的卤素取代的衍生化合物,包含那些化合物的药物组合物和使用那些药物组合物治疗诸如神经退化性病症的疾病的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2016年5月18日提交的美国临时专利申请62/338,178的优先权,该申请全文以引用的方式并入本文。
关于对在联邦政府资助的研究和开发下进行的发明的权利的声明
本发明是在国立卫生研究院授予的授权号DK-52798的政府支持下完成的。政府对本发明享有某些权利。
背景技术
甲状腺激素(TH)是发育期间少突胶质细胞分化和髓鞘形成的关键信号,并且还刺激多发性硬化症(MS)的成人模型中的髓鞘再生(CalzàL等人,Brain Res Revs 48,339-346(2005);以引用的方式并入本文中。)然而,TH并不是可接受的长期疗法,因为实际上没有可以实现髓鞘再生,同时又避免与慢性甲状旁腺机能亢进相关的心脏毒性和骨脱矿质的治疗窗。一些甲状腺激素类似物可以通过利用甲状腺激素受体的分子和生理特征来激活甲状腺激素反应基因,同时避免TH的相关缺点(Malm J等人,Mini Rev Med Chem 7,79-86(2007);以引用的方式并入本文中)。这些受体以两种主要形式表达,具有异质组织分布和重叠但不同的靶基因组(Yen PM,Physiol Rev 81,1097-1142(2001);以引用的方式并入本文)。TRα在心脏、脑和骨骼中富集,而TRβ在肝脏中富集(O’Shea PJ等人,Nucl Recept Signal 4,e011(2006);以引用的方式并入本文)。由于甲状腺激素受体亚型的高序列同源性,开发选择性拟甲状腺素具有挑战性-配体结合域腔内表面上只有一个氨基酸残基在α1形式和β1形式之间变化。GC-1是首批在体外(Chiellini G等人,Chem Biol 5,299-306(1998)和Yoshihara HAI等人,J Med Chem 46,3152-3161(2003);两个文献都以引用的方式并入本文)和体内(Trost SU等人,Endocrinology 141,3057-3064(2000);Grover GJ等人,Endocrinology 145,1656-1661(2004);和Baxter JD等人,Trends Endocrinol Metab15,154-157(2004);所有这些都以引用的方式并入本文)显示出显著TRβ选择性的有效类似物之一。
发明内容
本文公开了根据式I的化合物:
或其任何药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1和R2独立地选自氟、氯、溴和碘,且
R3独立地选自-OH和-NR3aR3b,
R3a独立地选自氢和C1-6烷基,且
R3b是C1-6烷基。
还公开了包含有效量的公开的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体的药物组合物。在一些实施例中,该药物组合物用于治疗神经退化性病症,包括归类为脱髓鞘疾病的神经退化性病症,诸如X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良或多发性硬化症。
还公开了治疗受试者的神经退化性病症的方法,这些方法包括将公开的药物组合物施用到受试者,从而治疗神经退化性病症。在一些方面,神经退化性病症可以归类为脱髓鞘疾病,诸如X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良或多发性硬化症。
附图说明
图1A是来自TRE驱动的双荧光素酶反式激活测定的数据的曲线图,其具有针对瞬时转染的HEK293细胞中的hTRα1计算的S形剂量-反应曲线。曲线图显示三次重复的方法,误差条标准化为T3反应。
图1B是来自TRE驱动的双荧光素酶反式激活测定的数据的曲线图,其具有针对瞬时转染的HEK293细胞中的hTRβ1计算的S形剂量-反应曲线。曲线图显示三次重复的方法,误差条标准化为T3反应。
图2是一组三个条形图,其显示在脑和血清中通过LC-MS/MS测量的在体内全身施用(ip)GC-1、JD-20和JD-21 9.14μmol/kg剂量后1小时在C57/B小鼠组织中GC-1、JD-20和JD-21的体内浓度。
图3是显示在全身施用(ip)饱和剂量的T3(0.305μmol/kg)或GC-1(9.14μmol/kg)加递增剂量的JD-20和JD-21(0.914μmol/kg和9.14μmol/kg)后2小时在C57/B小鼠脑(3只小鼠/剂量)中通过qPCR测量的标准化为甘油醛3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)mRNA的TR调节的基因无毛(Hr)mRNA的表达的条形图。
图4是在全身施用(ip)GC-1、JD-20和JD-21后2小时在C57/B小鼠脑(3只小鼠/剂量)中通过qPCR测量的标准化为甘油醛3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)mRNA的TR调节的基因无毛(Hr)mRNA的表达的曲线图。
图5A是全身施用后C57Bl/6小鼠脑的药物浓度的曲线图。
图5B是全身施用后C57Bl/6小鼠血清中药物浓度的曲线图。
图5C显示全身施用后C57Bl/6小鼠中药物的脑浓度与血清浓度的比率。
图6A是口服施用后C57Bl/6小鼠脑中药物浓度的曲线图。
图6B是口服施用后C57Bl/6小鼠血清中药物浓度的曲线图。
图6C显示口服施用后C57Bl/6小鼠中药物的脑浓度与血清浓度的比率。
图7A显示在将化合物口服施用到小鼠后24小时时程研究中脑中JD-20浓度的曲线图。
图7B显示在将化合物口服施用到小鼠后24小时时程研究中血清中JD-20浓度的曲线图。
图8显示在将化合物口服施用到小鼠后通过JD-20、MA-JD20、JD-21和MA-JD21对Hr基因表达的诱导。
图9显示MA-JD20和MA-JD21是脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)的底物。
具体实施方式
I.定义
除非另外特别定义,否则本文所用的技术术语具有本领域所理解的其正常含义。提供以下术语和方法的解释以更好地描述本发明化合物、组合物和方法,并指导本领域普通技术人员实施本发明。还将理解,本发明所使用的术语仅是用于描述特定实施方案和实施例的目的,并且并非旨在进行限制。
如本文所用,单数术语“一”、“一个”和“所述”包括复数指示物,除非上下文另外明确指出。类似地,单词“或”旨在包括“和”,除非上下文另外明确指出。此外,如本文所用,术语“包含”意指“包括”。因此,“包含A或B”意指包括A、B或A和B。
整个发明中使用的诸如R的变量,包括其所有子变量(诸如R1、R2等),与先前定义的变量相同,除非陈述相反情况。
如本文所用,本身或作为另一取代基的一部分的术语“烷基”是指具有指示的碳原子数的直链或支链饱和、脂族基团。烷基包含包括任何数量的碳,诸如C1-2、C1-3、C1-4、C1-5、C1-6、C1-7、C1-8、C1-9、C1-10、C2-3、C2-4、C2-5、C2-6、C3-4、C3-5、C3-6、C4-5、C4-6和C5-6。例如,C1-6烷基包括但不限于甲基、乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、戊基、异戊基、己基等。烷基也可以指具有最多20个碳原子的烷基基团,诸如但不限于庚基、辛基、壬基、癸基等。
如本文所用,术语“急性播散性脑脊髓炎”和“ADEM”是指中枢神经系统的免疫介导的脱髓鞘疾病。ADEM通常在病毒感染后发生,但也可能在接种疫苗后或在细菌或寄生虫感染后出现。在某些情况下,ADEM会自发发展。该疾病涉及自体免疫性脱髓鞘,类似于多发性硬化症,因此被认为是多发性硬化症边缘疾病。ADEM在脑和脊髓中,特别是在白质中产生多种炎性病变。病变通常见于大脑半球、小脑、脑干和脊髓的皮质下和中央白质和皮质灰白色交界处,但也可能涉及脑室周围白质和皮质、丘脑和基底神经节的灰质。当患者遭受多于一次脱髓鞘发作时,该疾病被称为复发性播散性脑脊髓炎或多相播散性脑脊髓炎。
如本文所用,术语“急性出血性脑白质炎”、“AHL”和“AHLE”是指超急性且常常致命形式的ADEM。这种疾病也称为急性坏死性脑病(ANE)、急性出血性脑脊髓炎(AHEM)、急性坏死性出血性脑白质炎(ANHLE)、韦斯顿-赫斯特综合征(Weston-Hurst syndrome)或赫斯特氏病(Hurst's disease)。
如本文所用,术语“施用”是指提供化合物、化合物的前药或包含如本文所述的化合物或前药的药物组合物。该化合物或组合物可以由另一个人施用到受试者,或者其可以由受试者自我施用。
如本文所用,术语“成人雷弗素姆病(Refsum disease)”是指常染色体隐性神经疾病,其与细胞和组织中植烷酸的过度积累相关。成人雷弗素姆病分为成人雷弗素姆病1和成人雷弗素姆病2亚型。患有雷弗素姆病的个体存在神经损伤、小脑变性和周围神经病变。尽管出现停滞或缓解期,但发病最常见于儿童/青春期,并伴有进展性进程。症状还包括共济失调、鳞状皮肤(鱼鳞病)、听力困难和包括白内障和夜盲症的眼睛问题。
如本文所用,术语“亚历山大病(Alexander disease)”是指非常罕见的先天性脱髓鞘疾病。该疾病主要影响婴儿和儿童,导致发育迟缓和身体特征的变化。亚历山大病是一种脑白质营养不良。
如本文所用,术语“阿尔茨海默氏病(Alzheimer’s disease)”是指最常见形式的痴呆。阿尔茨海默氏病的症状包括记忆力减退、精神错乱、易怒、攻击性、情绪波动和语言障碍。该疾病的特征在于大脑皮质和某些皮质下区域中神经元和突触的丧失。该丧失导致受影响区域的严重萎缩,包括颞叶以及额叶皮层和扣带回的部分的退化。通过显微镜观察患有该疾病的人的脑中的淀粉样蛋白斑和神经原纤维缠结。阿尔茨海默氏病的病因不明;然而,存在一些假设,包括该疾病是由脑中与年龄相关的髓鞘分解引起。
如本文所用,术语“巴洛同心性硬化症(Balo concentric sclerosis)”是指类似于标准多发性硬化症的脱髓鞘疾病,但具有脱髓鞘组织形成同心层的特定性。患有该疾病的患者可以存活和/或具有自发缓解。通常,临床过程是原发性进展,但已报道了复发缓解过程。
如本文所用,术语“卡纳万病(Canavan disease)”是指常染色体隐性退化性病症,其引起脑中神经细胞的进展性损伤。卡纳万病是一种脑白质营养不良,并且是婴儿期最常见的退化性脑病之一。这种疾病也被称为卡纳万-范博盖尔特-贝特朗病(Canavan-VanBogaert-Bertrand disease)、天冬氨酸酶缺乏症和氨基酰化酶2缺乏症。
如本文所用,术语“脑桥中央髓鞘溶解”和“CPM”是指由脑干中,更准确地说是在称为脑桥的区域中神经细胞的髓鞘严重损伤引起的神经系统疾病。最常见的原因是低血钠水平的快速校正(低钠血症)。在这种病症中经常观察到的症状是突然的下肢轻瘫或四肢瘫痪、吞咽困难、构音障碍、复视和意识丧失。患者可能会遇到锁定综合征,其中认知功能完好无损,但除了眨眼之外,所有肌肉都会瘫痪。
如本文所用,术语“脑瘫”是指一组导致身体残疾的永久性非进展性运动障碍。脑瘫是由发育中的大脑的运动控制中心的损伤引起的,并且可以在怀孕期间、分娩期间或出生后直至大约三岁时发生。脑瘫患者表现出对髓鞘的损伤。
如本文所用,术语“脑肌瘤性黄瘤病”是指与在脑和其他组织中沉积一种形式的胆固醇(胆甾烷醇)并且血浆中胆固醇水平升高但具有正常总胆固醇水平相关的遗传性疾病。其特征在于青春期后开始的进展性小脑性共济失调和青少年白内障、青少年或婴儿期慢性腹泻、儿童神经功能缺损和腱或结节性黄瘤。这种病症是黄瘤病的常染色体隐性形式。它属于一组称为脑白质营养不良的遗传性病症。
如本文所用,术语“慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病”和“CIDP”是指外周神经系统的获得性免疫介导的炎性病症。这种病症有时被称为慢性复发性多发性神经病(CRP)或慢性发炎性脱髓鞘性多神经根神经病(因为它涉及神经根)。CIDP与格林-巴利综合征(Guillain-Barrésyndrome)密切相关,并且被认为是该急性疾病的慢性配对病。其症状也与进展性发炎性神经病相似。CIDP的不对称变体被称为路易斯-萨姆纳综合征(Lewis-Sumner syndrome)。该疾病的病理标志是髓鞘丧失。
如本文所用,术语“脱髓鞘疾病”是指神经系统的任何疾病,其中髓鞘受损或丧失,或其中髓鞘的生长或发育受损。脱髓鞘抑制受影响神经中信号的传导,导致感觉、运动、认知或涉及神经的其他功能受损。脱髓鞘疾病有许多不同的原因,并且可以是遗传性的或后天性的。在某些情况下,脱髓鞘疾病是由感染剂、自体免疫反应、毒性剂或创伤性损伤引起的。在其他情况下,脱髓鞘疾病的原因是未知的(“特发性”)或由因素的组合发展。
如本文所用,术语“衍生物”是指衍生自或理论上可衍生自母体化合物的化合物或化合物的一部分。
如本文所用,术语“德维克氏综合征(Devic's syndrome)”是指自体免疫性发炎性病症,其中人的免疫系统攻击视神经和脊髓,这导致视神经发炎(视神经炎)和脊髓发炎(脊髓炎)。脊髓病变导致腿或手臂的不同程度的虚弱或麻痹、感觉丧失和/或膀胱和肠功能障碍。虽然炎症也可能影响大脑,但病变与MS中观察到的不同。德维克氏综合征与MS的类似之处在于身体的免疫系统攻击神经细胞周围的髓鞘。与标准MS不同,攻击不被认为是由免疫系统的T细胞介导,而是由称为NMO-IgG的抗体介导。这些抗体靶向星形胶质细胞的细胞膜中称为水通道蛋白4的蛋白质,该蛋白质充当运输水穿过细胞膜的通道。德维克氏综合征也称为德维克氏综合征或视神经脊髓炎(NMO)。
如本文所用,术语“弥漫性脱髓鞘性硬化症”是指临床上呈现为假性脱髓鞘病变的罕见神经退化性疾病。它通常始于童年,影响5至14岁的儿童;然而,成年人的病例是可能的。这种疾病被认为是MS的临界形式之一,有时也被称为谢耳德氏病(Schilder'sdisease)。
如本文所用,术语“有效量”是指足以在用该药剂治疗的受试者中实现所需效果的特定药剂的量。理想地,有效量的药剂是足以抑制或治疗疾病而不会在受试者中引起实质性毒性的量。药剂的有效量取决于所治疗的受试者、痛苦的严重程度和药物组合物的施用方式。本领域技术人员根据本公开内容将理解确定足以在受试者中实现所需效果的公开的化合物的有效量的方法。
如本文所用,术语“脑脊髓炎”是指脑和脊髓的炎症。
如本文所用,术语“实验性自体免疫性脑脊髓炎”和“EAE”是指MS的动物模型(例如,参见Gold等人,Brain129,1953-1971(2006)。EAE动物表现出遍及中枢神经系统的组织损伤的特征性斑块。斑块显示由淋巴细胞、浆细胞和巨噬细胞对神经组织的浸润,其导致围绕脑和脊髓中的神经细胞轴突的髓鞘破坏。在一些情况下,EAE通过用髓磷脂或髓磷脂的各种组分免疫易感动物如小鼠、大鼠、豚鼠或非人灵长类动物来诱导。例如,EAE可以通过用髓鞘的组分如髓鞘碱性蛋白、蛋白脂质蛋白或髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)免疫诱导。EAE是一种用于研究自体免疫性CNS组织损伤以及测试MS的潜在疗法的有用且广泛接受的模型。EAE还包括“被动EAE”,其在供体动物中以相同的方式诱导,但涉及将从供体动物淋巴结收获的活化T细胞转移至幼稚受体动物。
如本文所用,术语“格林-巴利综合征”是指急性多发性神经病,这是影响外周神经系统的病症。上升的瘫痪,从脚和手开始虚弱且向躯干迁移,是最典型的症状,并且一些亚型引起感觉或疼痛的改变以及自主神经系统的功能障碍。它可能引起危及生命的并发症,特别是如果呼吸肌受到影响或涉及自主神经系统。该疾病通常由感染触发。急性发炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病(AIDP)是该疾病的最常见亚型。格林-巴利综合征的其他亚型包括米勒费雪综合征(Miller Fischer syndrome)、急性运动轴索性神经病(中国麻痹综合征)、急性运动感觉轴索性神经病、急性泛植物神经神经病(acute panautonomic neuropathy)和比克斯塔夫氏脑干脑炎(Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis)。
如本文所用,术语“出血”是指血液从血管中渗出或逸出。
如本文所用,术语“缺氧”是指低于正常水平的身体组织的氧供应缺乏。
如本文所用,术语“特发性发炎性脱髓鞘疾病”和“IIDD”是指广泛的中枢神经系统病症,其通常可以基于临床、成像、实验室和病理学发现来区分。特发性发炎性脱髓鞘疾病有时被称为多发性硬化症的临界形式。IIDD通常是指多种硬化变异疾病的集合,包括但不限于视神经-脊髓MS、德维克氏病、ADEM、急性出血性脑白质炎、巴洛同心性硬化症、希尔德病、马尔堡多发性硬化症、肿瘤性多发性硬化症和孤立性硬化症。
如本文所用,术语“婴儿雷弗素姆病”是指与非常长链脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸(诸如植烷酸)和缩醛磷脂生物合成的分解代谢缺陷相关的过氧化物酶体生物发生障碍。婴雷弗素姆病是一种罕见的常染色体隐性先天性病症,也是属于过氧化物酶体生物发生障碍的泽尔韦格谱的三种过氧化物酶体生物发生障碍之一。
如本文所用,术语“损伤”是指对细胞、组织或身体的任何类型的实体损伤。在某些情况下,神经系统(例如,CNS或PNS)损伤导致脱髓鞘和/或脱髓鞘疾病。
如本文所用,术语“局部缺血”是指如下血管现象,其中例如身体器官、组织或部分的血液供应因一个或多个血管的收缩或阻塞引起的减少。缺血有时是由血管收缩、血栓形成或栓塞引起的。缺血可以导致直接缺血性损伤、由于氧供应降低引起的细胞死亡导致的组织损伤。在某些情况下,缺血可以导致脱髓鞘。
如本文所用,术语“克拉伯病”是指罕见的,通常致命的退化性病症,其影响神经系统的髓鞘。它是神经脂质病的一种形式,因为它涉及鞘脂的代谢障碍。这种病况以常染色体隐性模式遗传。克拉伯病也称为球形细胞脑白质营养不良或半乳糖神经酰胺脂质沉着症。
如本文所用,术语“莱伯遗传性视神经病变”是指视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)及其轴突的线粒体遗传(从母体传递至后代)变性,其导致中心视力的急性或亚急性丧失;这主要影响年轻的成年男性。
如本文所用,术语“脑白质营养不良”是指影响髓鞘生长或发育的一组疾病。
如本文所用,术语“脑白质病变”是指影响脑白质的一组疾病中的任何一种;可以具体地指几种疾病,包括例如“白质消失的脑白质病变”和“有毒的脑白质病变”。脑白质病变是类脑白质营养不良的疾病。
如本文所用,术语“马尔堡多发性硬化症”是指中枢神经系统具有多种脱髓鞘病变的病况,其具有标准多发性硬化症的非典型特征。该疾病是多发性硬化症的临界形式,并且也称为肿瘤性多发性硬化症或暴发性多发性硬化症。它被称为肿瘤性的,因为这些病变是“肿瘤样的”,并且它们在临床上、放射学上和有时在病理上模拟肿瘤。
如本文所用,术语“马-毕二氏病(Marchiafava-Bignami disease)”是指以胼胝体脱髓鞘和坏死以及随后的萎缩为特征的进展性神经疾病。它通常与慢性酗酒相关。
如本文所用,术语“异染性脑白质营养不良”和“MLD”是指溶酶体贮积病,其通常列于脑白质营养不良家族中,并且因为其影响鞘脂的代谢而列于神经脂质病中。MLD是由芳基硫酸酯酶A缺乏直接引起的。
如本文所用,术语“多灶性运动神经病”和“MMN”是指四肢肌肉逐渐减弱的累进恶化病况。该病症,一种运动神经病变综合征,有时被误认为肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS),这是因为临床表现相似,特别是如果存在肌束震颤。MMN通常是不对称的,并且据信是自体免疫性的。
如本文所用,术语“多发性硬化症”和“MS”是指缓慢进展的CNS疾病,其特征在于脑和脊髓中散布的脱髓鞘斑块,导致多发且变化的神经症状和体征,通常伴有缓解和恶化。MS的病因尚不清楚,但怀疑存在免疫异常。家庭发病率增加提示遗传易感性,并且女性比男性在一定程度上更容易受到影响。MS的症状包括虚弱、缺乏协调、感觉异常、语言障碍和视力障碍,最常见的是复视。更具体的体征和症状取决于病变的位置以及炎症和硬化过程的严重性和破坏性。复发缓解型多发性硬化症(RRMS)是MS的临床过程,其特征在于明确定义的急性发作,其具有完全或部分恢复并且在发作之间没有疾病进展。继发性进展性多发性硬化症(SPMS)是MS的临床过程,其最初是复发缓解,然后以可变速率变为进展性的,可能偶尔有复发和轻微缓解。原发性进展性多发性硬化症(PPMS)最初以进展性形式呈现。临床孤立综合征是第一次神经系统发作,其由CNS中一个或多个部位的炎症/脱髓鞘引起。进展性复发性多发性硬化症(PRMS)是一种罕见的MS形式(约5%),其特征是发病时疾病状态稳定恶化,其中有急性复发但无缓解。
如本文所用,术语“髓磷脂”是指在某些神经纤维的轴突周围形成鞘(称为髓鞘)的脂质物质。髓磷脂是一种电绝缘体,其用于加速神经纤维中神经脉冲的传导。“髓鞘形成(Myelination)”(也称为“髓鞘形成(myelinization)”)是指在神经纤维周围产生或形成髓鞘。类似地,“髓鞘再生(remyelination)”(也称为“髓鞘再生(remyelinization)”)是指例如在损伤、暴露于毒性剂或炎症反应之后或在脱髓鞘疾病的过程中髓鞘的修复或再形成。
如本文所用,术语“神经退化性疾病”是指任何类型的疾病,其特征在于神经系统的进行性恶化。
如本文所用,术语“神经病”是指外周神经系统中的功能性紊乱或病理改变。轴突神经病是指破坏轴突正常功能的病症。
如本文所用,术语“副蛋白血症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病”是指一种外周神经病,其特征在于针对髓鞘相关糖蛋白(MAG)的自身抗体。抗MAG抗体抑制髓鞘的产生,从而导致神经病变。
如本文所用,术语“佩利措伊斯-梅茨巴赫病(Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease)”和“PMD”是指罕见的中枢神经系统病症,其中协调、运动能力和智力功能被延迟到可变程度。该疾病是一组统称为脑白质营养不良的遗传性病症中的一种。
如本文所用,术语“腓骨肌萎缩”和“PMA”是指外周神经系统遗传性病症的遗传性且临床上异质组,其特征在于身体各部位的肌肉组织和触觉的进展性丧失。该疾病也被称为腓骨肌萎缩症(Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease,CMT)、遗传性运动感觉性神经病(Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy)和遗传性运动和感觉神经病(HMSN)。
如本文所用,术语“药物组合物”是指含有一种或多种本文所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的组合物,其用还可以包含其他添加剂的药学上可接受的载体配制,并在政府监管机构的批准下作为治疗哺乳动物疾病的治疗方案的一部分制造或出售。药物组合物可以配制成例如以单位剂量形式口服施用(例如,片剂、胶囊、囊片、胶囊锭或糖浆);局部施用(例如,作为霜剂、凝胶、乳液或软膏);静脉内施用(例如,作为无颗粒栓子的无菌溶液和适合静脉内使用的溶剂体系);或本文所述的任何其他制剂。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的载体”是指除所公开的化合物之外的任何成分,或其药学上可接受的盐(例如,能够悬浮或溶解活性化合物的载体),并且其在患者体内具有无毒且无发炎性的特性。赋形剂可以包括,例如:抗粘附剂、抗氧化剂、粘结剂、包衣剂、压缩助剂、崩解剂、染料(着色剂)、润肤剂、乳化剂、填充剂(稀释剂)、成膜剂或包衣剂、调味剂、香料、助流剂(流动增强剂)、润滑剂、防腐剂、印刷油墨、吸附剂、悬浮剂或分散剂、甜味剂或水合水。示例性赋形剂包括但不限于:丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT)、碳酸钙、磷酸钙(二元)、硬脂酸钙、交联羧甲基纤维素、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、柠檬酸、交聚维酮、半胱氨酸、乙基纤维素、明胶、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、乳糖、硬脂酸镁、麦芽糖醇、甘露醇、蛋氨酸、甲基纤维素、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、微晶纤维素、聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚维酮、预胶化淀粉、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯、棕榈酸视黄酯、虫胶、二氧化硅、羧甲基纤维素钠、柠檬酸钠、淀粉乙醇酸钠、山梨糖醇、淀粉(玉米)、硬脂酸、硬脂酸、蔗糖、滑石粉、二氧化钛、维生素A、维生素E、维生素C和木糖醇。
如本文所用,术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指通过常规方法制备的盐。这些包括无机酸和有机酸的碱性盐,这些酸例如但不限于盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、磷酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苹果酸、乙酸、草酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、富马酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、水杨酸、苯甲酸、苯乙酸和扁桃酸。本发明公开的化合物的“药学上可接受的盐”还包括由阳离子和碱形成的那些,这些阳离子例如但不限于钠、钾、铝、钙、锂、镁、锌,这些碱例如为氨、乙二胺、N-甲基-谷氨酰胺、赖氨酸、精氨酸、鸟氨酸、胆碱、N,N'-二苄基乙二胺、氯普鲁卡因、二乙醇胺、普鲁卡因、N-苄基苯乙胺、二乙胺、哌嗪、三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷和氢氧化四甲基铵。这些盐可以通过标准方法,例如通过游离酸与合适的有机或无机碱反应制备。本说明书中列举的任何化合物供选地可以作为其药学上可接受的盐施用。药学上可接受的盐也包括游离酸、碱和两性离子形式的所公开化合物。示例性药学上可接受的盐的描述可见于Stahl和Wermuth编的药学盐;特性、选择和使用的手册(Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts;Properties,Selection and Use),Wiley VCH(2008)。当本文公开的化合物包括酸性基团如羧基基团时,用于羧基基团的合适药学上可接受的阳离子对本领域的技术人员是公知的,且包括而不限于碱金属、碱土金属、铵和季铵阳离子。这些盐是本领域的技术人员已知的。类似地,当本文公开的化合物包括碱性基团如氨基基团时,碱性基团的合适药学上可接受的阴离子对类似地是公知的,并且包括卤化物、氢氧化物、过碘酸盐、岩盐、次卤酸盐、硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐、磷酸盐、亚磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和本领域技术人员已知的其他物质。对于药理学上可接受的盐的其他实例,参见Berge等人,J.Pharm.Sci.66,1(1977)。
如本文所用,术语“进展性多灶性脑白质病”和“PML”是指罕见且通常致命的病毒性疾病,其特征在于多个位置的脑白质的进展性损伤或炎症。PML几乎排他地发生在患有严重免疫缺陷的人群中。PML的原因是一种称为JC病毒的多瘤病毒。这种病毒很普遍,其中86%的普通人群都有抗体,但它通常是潜在性的,只有在免疫系统被严重减弱时才会引发疾病。PML是一种脱髓鞘疾病,其中覆盖神经细胞的轴突的髓鞘逐渐被破坏,从而损害神经脉冲的传递。该疾病可能发生在具有严重免疫缺陷的受试者(例如,人类)中,诸如使用免疫抑制药物的移植患者或接受某些类型的药物的患者中。例如,PML与利妥昔单抗的施用相关(用于治疗多发性硬化症的标签外用途)。它影响白质,该白质主要由来自大脑最外层(皮层)的轴突组成。症状包括虚弱或瘫痪、视力丧失、言语受损和认知恶化。
如本文所用,术语“苏比替罗(sobetirome)”是指合成的二芳基甲烷衍生物,其在临床上被研究作为高胆固醇血症的潜在治疗剂(参见美国专利5,883,294,其以引用的方式并入本文)。在文献和监管文件中见到的苏比替罗的其他名称包括QRX-431和GC-1。苏比替罗在本文中也称为化合物1。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”是指动物(例如,哺乳动物,诸如人类)。根据本文描述的方法治疗的受试者可以是已被诊断患有神经退化性疾病的受试者,所述神经退化性疾病涉及脱髓鞘、髓鞘形成不足或髓鞘发育不足,例如被诊断患有多发性硬化症或脑瘫的受试者,或有发展该病况的风险的受试者。诊断可以通过本领域已知的任何方法或技术执行。本领域技术人员将理解,将根据本公开内容治疗的受试者可能已经过标准测试或者可能已被鉴定(在没有检查的情况下)为由于存在与疾病或病况相关的一种或多种风险因素而处于风险之中。
如本文所用,术语“横贯性脊髓炎”是指由脊髓的灰质和白质的发炎性过程引起的神经病症,其导致轴突脱髓鞘。脱髓鞘在感染或接种疫苗后或由于多发性硬化症而特发性地出现。症状包括四肢无力和麻木以及运动、感觉和括约肌缺陷。在疾病发作期间,一些患者可能发生严重的背痛。
如本文所用,术语“治疗”是指减轻疾病或病理状况的体征或症状的干预。如本文所用,关于疾病、病理状况或症状的术语“治疗”也指治疗的任何可观察的有益效果。例如,可以通过在易感受试者中疾病的临床症状的延迟发作、疾病的一些或所有临床症状的严重性降低、疾病的进展缓慢、疾病的复发次数减少、受试者整体健康或幸福的改善或对特定疾病特异的本领域公知的其他参数来证明有益效果。预防性治疗是出于降低发生病理学的风险而对没有表现出疾病体征或仅表现出早期体征的受试者施用的治疗。治疗性治疗是在疾病的体征和症状发展后对受试者施用的治疗。
如本文所用,术语“热带痉挛性下肢轻瘫”和“TSP”是指人T-嗜淋巴细胞病毒感染脊髓,导致下肢轻瘫、腿部无力。TSP也称为HTLV相关的脊髓病或慢性进展性脊髓病。顾名思义,该疾病在包括加勒比海和非洲的热带地区最为常见。
如本文所用,术语“范德纳克氏病”是指遗传性CNS脱髓鞘疾病的一种形式。该疾病是一种脑白质营养不良,并且也被称为伴有皮质下囊肿(MLC)的巨脑性白质脑病(megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy)。
如本文所用,术语“X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良”、“X-ALD”、“ALD”和“X-连锁的ALD”是指罕见的遗传性代谢病症,其导致进展性脑损伤、精神恶化、肾上腺衰竭、肌肉痉挛、失明、最终死亡。ALD是一组称为脑白质营养不良的遗传性病症中的一种疾病。肾上腺脑白质营养不良逐渐损害髓鞘。X-连锁的ALD男性患者可以分为7种表型:儿童大脑(导致植物人状态的进展性神经退化性衰退)、青少年(类似于儿童期大脑形态但进展缓慢)、肾上腺髓质病(进展性神经病变、瘫痪,可能进展到大脑受累)、成人大脑(痴呆,与儿童大脑形态类似的进展)、橄榄体-脑桥-小脑(小脑和脑干受累)、艾迪生病(肾上腺皮质功能不全)、无症状(无临床表现、亚临床肾上腺皮质功能不全或AMN表型)。X-连锁的ALD女性患者可以分为5种表型:无症状(无神经或肾上腺受累)、轻度脊髓病、中度至重度脊髓病(类似于男性AMN表型)、大脑(进展性痴呆和衰退)和肾上腺(原发性肾上腺功能不全)。X-连锁的ALD患者可能在其一生中从一种表型进展到另一种表型。ALD也称为艾迪生-希尔德病(Addison-Schilder disease)或西默林-库兹菲德病(Siemerling-Creutzfeldt disease)。
如本文所用,术语“泽尔韦格综合征”是指罕见的先天性病症,其特征在于个体细胞中功能性过氧化物酶体的减少或缺失。该疾病被归类为脑白质营养不良,并且是属于过氧化物酶体生物发生障碍的泽尔韦格谱的三种过氧化物酶体生物发生障碍之一。
II.苏比替罗衍生物
在第一方面,本发明提供根据式I的化合物:
或其任何药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1和R2独立地选自氟、氯、溴和碘,且
R3独立地选自-OH和-NR3aR3b,
R3a独立地选自氢和C1-6烷基,且
R3b是C1-6烷基。
在一些实施方案中,R1是氟且R2选自氯、溴和碘;或者R1是氯和R2选自氟、溴和碘;或者R1是溴且R2选自氟、氯和碘;或者R1是碘且R2选自氟、氯和溴。
在一些实施方案中,R2是氟且R1选自氯、溴和碘;或者R2是氯且R1选自氟、溴和碘;或者R2是溴且R1选自氟、氯和碘;或者R2是碘且R1选自氟、氯和溴。
在一些实施方案中,R3是-OH,R1是氟,且R2选自氯、溴和碘;或者R3是-OH,R1是氯且R2选自氟、溴和碘;或者R3是-OH,R1是溴,且R2选自氟、氯和碘;或者R3是-OH,R1是碘,且R2选自氟、氯和溴。
在一些实施方案中,R3是-OH,R2是氟,且R1选自氯、溴和碘;或者R3是-OH,R2是氯,且R1选自氟、溴和碘;或者R3是-OH,R2是溴,且R1选自氟、氯和碘;或者R3是-OH,R2是碘,且R1选自氟、氯和溴。
在一些实施方案中,R3是-NHR3b,R1是氟,且R2选自氯、溴和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R1是氯,且R2选自氟、溴和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R1是溴,且R2选自氟、氯和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R1是碘,且R2选自氟、氯和溴。在一些这样的实施方案中,R3b是C1-6烷基。R3b可以是例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、支链戊基、正己基或支链己基。在一些实施方案中,R3b是甲基。
在一些实施方案中,R3是-NHR3b,R2是氟,且R1选自氯、溴和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R2是氯,且R1选自氟、溴和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R2是溴,且R1选自氟、氯和碘;或者R3是-NHR3b,R2是碘,且R1选自氟、氯和溴。在一些这样的实施方案中,R3b是C1-6烷基。R3b可以是例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、支链戊基、正己基或支链己基。在一些实施方案中,R3b是甲基。
在一些实施方案中,R1和R2独立地选自氯和溴。
在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为溴。在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为溴,且R3是-OH。
在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为溴,R3是-NHR3b,且R3b是C1-6烷基。R3b可以是例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、支链戊基、正己基或支链己基。在一些实施方案中,R3b是甲基。
在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为氯。在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为氯,且R3是-OH。
在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为氯,R3为-NHR3b,且R3b为C1-6烷基。R3b可以是例如甲基、乙基、正丙基、异丙基、正丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正戊基、支链戊基、正己基或支链己基。在一些实施方案中,R3b是甲基。
在一些实施方案中,本发明提供以下结构的化合物:
或其任何药学上可接受的盐,其中R1和R2都是卤素(包括氟、溴、氯或碘)。在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为溴。在一些实施方案中,R1和R2都为氯。在一些实施方案中,R1是溴且R2是氯。在一些实施方案中,R1是氯且R2是溴。
虽然GC-1被设计为通过激活肝脏中的TRβ来实现高胆固醇血症的心脏保护治疗,但最近的研究已经证明其在多发性硬化症(Baxi EG等人,Glia62,1513-1529(2014);以引用的方式并入本文)至X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良(Hartley,M.D.等人,Endocrinology 158,1328-1338(2017);Genin EC等人,J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol116,37-43(2009);两者均以引用的方式并入本文)的脱髓鞘疾病中具有潜力。尽管有这些有希望的结果,GC-1治疗脱髓鞘的有效性可能受到与甲状腺激素T3(即,碘甲状腺原氨酸;(2S)-2-氨基-3-[4-(4-羟基-3-碘-苯氧基)-3,5-二碘-苯基]丙酸)相比的低脑摄入(Trost等人,200前述)和降低的受体激活限制。虽然GC-1的许多结构特征对其结合亲和力和受体选择性至关重要,但Yoshihara等人,2003前述)3,5-二甲基成分不是最佳的。存在大量的结构-活性关系和定量结构-活性关系数据,证明与具有内环卤素取代的结构相似的类似物相比,具有内环甲基取代的拟甲状腺素具有显著降低的活性。
无碘类似物3′-异丙基-3,5-二溴-L-甲状腺素(DIBIT)在大鼠心率升高和抗甲状腺肿大测定中的效力比L-T4高2-7倍(Taylor RE等人,Endocrinology80,1143-1147(1967);以引用的方式并入本文),而无卤素类似物3′-异丙基-3,5-二甲基-DL-甲状腺原氨酸(DIMIT)在相同的测定中几乎没有可测量的活性(Jorgensen EC和Wright J,J Med Chem13,745-747(1970);以引用的方式并入本文)。对于TRα-选择性化合物CO22和CO24,用溴置换内环甲基基团使结合亲和力改善了15倍(Ocasio CA和Scanlan TS,ACS Chem Biol 1,585-593(2006)以及Ocasio CA和Scanlan TS,Bioorg Med Chem 16,762-770(2008);两者均以引用的方式并入本文)。
方案1.TR激动剂的化学结构
甲状腺激素类似物的QSSR研究表明这些发现的机制-内环卤素可以与TR配体结合域中的主链羰基形成偶极-偶极相互作用,这影响结合亲和力和选择性(Valadares NF等人,J Chem Inf Model 49,2606-2616(2009);以引用的方式并入本文)。这些数据提出GC-1可以通过合成用卤素置换内环甲基基团的新类似物来改善。
用卤素置换GC-1的内环甲基基团需要新的合成方法。Dabrowski M等人,Tetrahedron Letters 46,4175-4178(2005)(以引用的方式并入本文)中描述的工作提供一种用于通过用氨基化锂试剂使甲硅烷基保护的3,5-二卤代苯酚的4-位选择性去质子化来生成必需的4-羟基-2,6-二卤代苯甲醛中间体的模板。该方法通过用更具空间体积的三乙基甲硅烷基醚保护基团置换Dabrowski使用的甲基醚和三甲基甲硅烷基醚保护基团来改善,这显著改善了去质子化的选择性。这些中间体用于Placzek AT和Scanlan TS,Tetrahedron 71,5946-5951(2015)中报道的略微改变的GC-1合成形式;该文献以引用的方式并入本文。4-羟基-2,6-二卤代苯甲醛中间体不能使用标准碳酸铯/DMF条件用氯乙酸叔丁酯烷基化,这归因于卤素取代降低了苯酚的亲核性。然而,在通过原位芬克斯坦反应(Finklestein reaction)使烷基氯转化成烷基碘后,反应完成且收率良好。
方案2.JD-20(9a)和JD-21(9b)的合成:
试剂和条件:(a)三乙基甲硅烷基氯、咪唑、DCM,0℃,95%;(b)(i)nBuLi、DIA/TMP、THF,-78℃,(ii)DMF,56-67%;(c)叔氯乙酸酯、NaI、Cs2CO3、丙酮,60-65℃,84-88%;(d)NaI、NaOH、NaOCl、MeOH、H2O,87%;(e)MOMCl、TBAI、NaOH、DCM、H2O,81%;(f)(i)iPMgCl、THF,0℃至室温,(ii)4,-78℃,54-79%;(g)TFA、三乙基硅烷、DCM,0℃至室温,58-69%。
在形成氧乙酸叔丁酯中间体之后,碳-碳键形成以与GC-1相同的方式通过用7攻击苯甲醛以形成甲醇中间体形成芳基镁而进行。芳基镁亲核试剂在低温下不可能与芳基氯化物或溴化物交换,并且与叔丁基酯保护基团相容。使甲醇还原和使叔丁基酯和甲氧基甲基醚保护基团脱保护用TFA和三乙基硅烷在二氯甲烷中同时进行。合成二溴类似物JD-20,总收率为27%,并且合成二氯类似物JD-21,收率为17%,二者均以5个步骤。
III.药物组合物
本文公开的化合物可以包含在药物组合物(包括治疗和预防制剂)中,通常与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体(已知等同地作为媒剂)和任选的其他治疗成分组合在一起。
这类药物组合物可以配制成通过各种粘膜施用模式施用到受试者,这些施用模式包括口服、直肠、鼻内、肺内、玻璃体内或透皮递送,或通过局部递送到包括眼睛的其他表面。任选地,组合物可以通过非-粘膜途径施用,这些途径包括肌肉内、皮下、静脉、动脉-内、关节-内、腹膜内、鞘内、脑室内或肠外途径施用。在其他实施例中,化合物可以通过直接暴露于源自受试者的细胞、组织或器官离体施用。
为了配制药物组合物,可以将该化合物与各种药学上可接受的添加剂组合。所需添加剂包括但不限于pH控制剂,诸如精氨酸、氢氧化钠、甘氨酸、盐酸、柠檬酸等等。此外,可以包含局部麻醉剂(例如,苯甲醇)、等渗剂(例如,氯化钠、甘露醇、山梨糖醇)、吸附抑制剂(例如,)、溶解度增强剂(例如,环糊精及其衍生物)、稳定剂(例如,血清白蛋白)和还原剂(例如,谷胱甘肽)。
当组合物是液体时,如参考通过将0.9%(w/v)生理盐水溶液的张力取为1单位所测量,通常将制剂的张力调节至在施用位点不会诱导实质性不可逆的组织损伤的值。通常,将溶液的张力调节至约0.3至约3.0,诸如约0.5至约2.0,或约0.8至约1.7的值。该化合物可以分散在任何药学上可接受的载体中,该载体可以包括具有分散化合物的能力的亲水化合物和任何所需添加剂。载体可以选自多种合适的化合物,其包括但不限于多元羧酸或其盐、羧酸酐(例如,马来酸酐)与其他单体(例如,(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸等等)的共聚物,亲水性乙烯基聚合物,诸如聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,纤维素衍生物,诸如羟甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素等等,和天然聚合物,诸如壳聚糖、胶原、海藻酸钠、明胶、透明质酸及其无毒金属盐。通常,选择可生物降解的聚合物作为载体,例如聚乳酸、聚(乳酸-乙醇酸)共聚物、聚羟基丁酸、聚(羟基丁酸乙醇酸)共聚物及其混合物。
或者或另外,合成脂肪酸酯如聚甘油脂肪酸酯、蔗糖脂肪酸酯等可以用作载体。亲水性聚合物和其他载体可以单独使用或组合使用,并且可以通过部分结晶、离子键合、交-联等等将增强的结构完整性赋予媒剂。载体可以以多种形式提供,包括流体或粘性溶液、凝胶、糊剂、粉末、微球和膜,以便直接施用于粘膜表面。
可以根据多种方法将化合物与载体组合,并且化合物的释放可以通过扩散、载体的崩解或相关水通道形成进行。在某些情况下,将化合物分散在由例如2-氰基丙烯酸5-异丁基酯的合适聚合物制备的微胶囊(微球)或纳米粒子中(参见,例如,Michael等人,J.Pharmacy Pharmacol.43,1-5,(1991),并分散在生物相容的分散介质中,其在延长的时间内产生持续的递送和生物活性。
用于施用该化合物的药物组合物也可以配制成溶液、微乳液或适用于高浓度活性成分的其他有序结构。媒剂可以是含有例如水、乙醇、多元醇(例如,甘油、丙二醇以及液体聚乙二醇等)以及其合适的混合物的溶剂或分散介质。可以例如通过使用包衣料如卵磷脂、在可分散制剂的情况下通过维持所需粒度以及通过使用表面活性剂来维持溶液的适当流动性。在许多情况下,将期望在组合物中包含等渗剂如糖,多元醇如甘露醇和山梨糖醇,或氯化钠。化合物的延长吸收可以通过在组合物中包含延迟吸收的药剂如单硬脂酸盐和明胶实现。
在某些实施方案中,化合物可以以定时释放制剂的形式,例如在包含缓释聚合物的组合物中。这些组合物可以用防止快速释放的媒剂,例如控制释放媒剂如聚合物、微囊化递送系统或生物粘附凝胶制备。可以通过在组合物中包含延缓吸收的试剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶而在本公开的各种组合物中实现延长递送。当需要控释制剂时,适合根据本公开使用的控释粘结剂包括对活性剂呈惰性并且能够并入化合物和/或其他生物活性剂的任何生物相容性控释材料。许多这样的材料在本领域中是已知的。有用的控制-释放粘结剂是在其递送(例如,在粘膜表面或在体液存在下)后在生理条件下缓慢代谢的材料。适当的粘结剂包括但不限于本领域熟知的用于持续释放制剂的生物相容性聚合物和共聚物。这种生物相容性化合物是无-毒的且对周围组织具有惰性,并且不会触发显著的不良副作用,诸如鼻刺激、免疫反应、炎症等等。它们被代谢成代谢产物,这些产物也具有生物相容性并且易于从体内排出。
用于本公开的示例性聚合物材料包括但不限于衍生自具有可水解酯键的共聚和均聚聚酯的聚合物基质。本领域已知许多聚合物基质是可生物降解的并且产生不具有毒性或毒性低的降解产物。示例性聚合物包括聚乙醇酸和聚乳酸、聚(DL-乳酸-乙醇酸)、聚(D-乳酸-共聚-乙醇酸)和聚(L-乳酸-共聚乙醇酸)。其他有用的可生物降解或生物可蚀性的聚合物包括但不限于如下聚合物,聚(ε-己内酯)、聚(ε-己内酯-CO-乳酸)、聚(ε-己内酯-共聚-乙醇酸)、聚(β-羟基丁酸)、聚(烷基-2-氰基丙烯酸酯),水凝胶,如聚(甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯),聚酰胺,聚(氨基酸)(例如,L-亮氨酸、谷氨酸、L-天冬氨酸等等)、聚(酯脲)、聚(2-羟乙基DL-天冬氨酰胺)、聚缩醛聚合物、聚原酸酯、聚碳酸酯、聚马来酰胺、多糖及其共聚物。制备此类制剂的许多方法是本领域技术人员公知的(参见,例如,《持续和控制释放药物输送系统》(Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems),J.R.Robinson编,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1978)。其他有用的制剂包括控制-释放微胶囊(美国专利4,652,441和4,917,893)、可用于制备微胶囊和其他制剂的乳酸-乙醇酸共聚物(美国专利4,677,191和4,728,721)和用于水-溶性肽的持续-释放组合物(美国专利4,675,189)。
本公开的药物组合物在制造、储存和使用条件下是无菌且稳定的。可以通过将所需量的化合物与按需要上文所列成分中的一种或其组合一起并入适当溶剂中,随后过滤灭菌来制备无菌溶液。通常,通过将化合物和/或其他生物学活性剂并入含有基础分散介质和来自本文所列的那些的其他所需成分的无菌媒剂中来制备分散液。在无菌粉末的情况下,制备方法包括真空干燥和冷冻-干燥,得到化合物加上来自其先前无菌-过滤的溶液的任何另外所需成分的粉末。抑制微生物作用可以通过各种抗菌剂和抗真菌剂如对羟基苯甲酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸、硫柳汞(thimerosal)等等来实现。
IV.治疗神经退化性病症的方法
本文公开了通过施用一种或多种所公开的化合物治疗患有神经退化性病症的受试者的方法。这些化合物可以通过包括口服、肠胃外或局部的任何适当的途径施用。在特定的实施例中,口服施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。在某些实施例中,肠胃外施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。在一些实施方案中,口腔、舌下、唇下或通过吸入施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。在其他实施方案中,舌下施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。在其他实施方案中,肠胃外施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。在具体的实施方案中,动脉内、静脉内、心室内、肌肉内、皮下、脊柱内、眼内、颅内或鞘内施用苏比替罗或其药学上可接受的盐。
包含所公开的化合物的药物组合物的施用可以用于预防或治疗目的。出于预防和治疗目的,可以通过连续递送(例如,连续透皮、粘膜或静脉内递送)在延长的时间段内或在重复的施用方案中(例如,按小时、每日或每周,重复施用方案)以单次推注递送向受试者施用进行治疗。用于病毒感染的治疗的治疗有效剂量可以在延长的预防或治疗方案中作为重复剂量提供,其将产生临床上显著的结果以减轻与神经退化性病症相关的一种或多种症状或可检测的病况。
所公开化合物的有效量或浓度可以是任何量的组合物,其单独或与一种或多种另外的治疗剂一起足以在受试者中实现所需效果。药剂的有效量将取决于若干因素,包括但不限于所治疗的受试者和治疗组合物的施用方式。在一个实施例中,治疗有效量或浓度是足以预防疾病的进展、延迟进展或引起消退或者能够减轻由包括神经退化性病症的任何疾病引起的症状的量或浓度。
在一个实施例中,所需效果是减少或抑制与神经退化性病症相关的一种或多种症状。为了使组合物有效,不必完全消除这一种或多种症状。例如,与在没有组合物的情况下体征或症状如何进展或与目前可用的治疗相比较,组合物可以将体征或症状减少所需量,例如减少至少20%、至少50%、至少80%、至少90%、至少95%、至少98%或甚至至少100%。
实际有效量将根据诸如要保护/治疗的神经病症的类型和受试者的特定状态(例如,受试者的年龄、体型、健康、症状程度、易感因素等等)、施用时间和路径、同时施用的其他药物或治疗以及病毒感染治疗的特定药理学的因素变化,用于在受试者中引发所需的活性或生物反应。可以调整剂量方案以提供最佳预防或治疗反应。
有效量也是其中临床上在治疗有益效果方面超过化合物和/或其他生物活性剂的任何毒性或有害副作用的量。在本公开的方法和制剂内对于病毒感染而言治疗有效量的非限制性范围是每剂量约0.000 1μg/kg体重至约10mg/kg体重,诸如每剂量约0.0001μg/kg体重至约0.001μg/kg体重、每剂量约0.001μg/kg体重至约0.01μg/kg体重,每剂量约0.01μg/kg体重至约0.1μg/kg体重、每剂量约0.1μg/kg体重至约10μg/kg体重、每剂量约1μg/kg体重至约100μg/kg体重、约100μg/kg体重至约500μg/kg体重、每剂量约500μg/kg体重至约1000μg/kg体重,或每剂量约1.0mg/kg体重至约10mg/kg体重。
有效量的确定通常基于动物模型研究,然后是人类临床试验进行,并且通过显著降低受试者中靶向疾病症状或病况的发生或严重性的施用方案来指导。在这方面,合适的模型包括例如鼠、大鼠、猪、猫、非人灵长类动物和本领域已知的其他可接受的动物模型受试者,包括多发性硬化症的EAE模型。使用这样的模型,仅需要普通的计算和调整来确定适当的浓度和剂量以施用治疗有效量的病毒感染治疗(例如,有效减轻神经退化性病症的一种或多种症状的量)。
V.实施例
以下实施例仅用于说明。鉴于本公开内容,本领域技术人员将认识到,这些实施例的变化和所公开发明的其他实施例是可能的,而无需过多的实验。
实施例1.材料和方法
反式激活测定。人体上皮肾细胞(HEK 293)在含有10%胎牛血清、50单位/毫升青霉素和50μg/mL链霉素的杜氏改良伊格氏(Dubelcco’s modified Eagles)4.5g/L葡萄糖培养基(高葡萄糖DMEM)中生长至80%汇合度。用0.25%胰蛋白酶对细胞进行胰蛋白酶消化,然后用高葡萄糖DMEM稀释至5×105细胞/毫升。将细胞以5×104细胞/孔添加到Costar3917 96孔板中,然后在37℃下温育24小时。1.5μg TR表达载体(全长TRα-CMV或TRβ-CMV)、1.5μg含有在与萤火虫荧光素酶编码序列连接的最小胸苷激酶启动子上游克隆由4个核苷酸(AGGTCAcaggAGGTCA)间隔的DR4甲状腺激素反应元件(TRE)直接重复序列的报告质粒和0.75μg的pRL-SV40组成型海肾荧光素酶报告质粒稀释到540μl的OptiMEM中。将27μL脂质转染剂稀释到540μL OptiMEM中。合并质粒和脂质转染剂稀释液,然后在室温下温育10分钟。然后将混合物稀释到4.29mL的OptiMEM中。用100μL的pH 7.2的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)洗涤平板,每孔不含氯化镁或氯化钙。每孔以50μL添加转染混合物,然后在37℃下温育4小时。每孔以50μL添加不含酚红的改良的DME/F-12Ham's培养基,该培养基含15mM HEPES和碳酸氢盐、5mM L-谷氨酰胺、炭处理的FBS、50单位/毫升青霉素和50μg/mL链霉素,然后将平板在37℃下温育20小时。在DMSO中以10mM制备药物储备液,然后在DME/F-12Ham's中连续稀释至1X浓度。每孔用100μL PBS(pH 7.2)洗涤平板。将100μL的每种药物储备液一式三份添加到孔中,然后将平板在37℃下温育24小时。
使用Promega DualGlo试剂盒测定细胞的荧光素酶活性。每孔添加50μl的荧光素酶试剂,将平板在室温下摇动15分钟,然后读板以获得萤火虫荧光素酶活性。每孔添加50μl体积的Stop&Glo试剂,然后读板海肾荧光素酶活性。标准化为海肾内部对照的数据使用S形剂量反应模型用GraphPad Prism v.4a分析以产生EC50值±SEM。
动物研究。实验方案符合美国卫生研究院实验室动物的护理和使用的健康指南(National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of LaboratoryAnimals),并由俄勒冈健康与科学大学机构动物护理和使用委员会(Oregon Health&Science University Institutional Animal Care&Use Committee)批准。将8-10周龄的野生型雄性C57BL/6J小鼠饲养在气候控制室中,其具有12小时明-暗循环,小鼠随意获取食物和水。
分布研究。对小鼠腹膜内(ip)注射一次9.14μmol/kg的GC-1和0.914μmol/kg、9.14μmol/kg和30.5μmol/kg的类似物。在1小时时每剂量对三只小鼠执行安乐死,并收获组织和血液。立即冷冻组织并将血液保持在冰上至少30分钟,然后在7,500×G下旋转15分钟。收集血清(100μL)并在-80℃下与组织一起储存直至处理样品。
血清处理。将血清样品温热至室温并向其中添加10uL 2.99μM内部标准物(D6-GC-1)。添加乙腈(500μL)并将样品涡旋20秒。然后将样品在4℃下以10,000×G离心15分钟。接下来,将90%的上清液转移到玻璃试管中并使用真空浓缩机(speedvac)在45℃下浓缩1.5小时。然后将干燥的样品溶解在400μL的50:50ACN:H2O中并涡旋20秒。将得到的混合物转移到Eppendorf管中,并以10,000×G离心15分钟。用0.22μM离心过滤器过滤上清液,并进行LCMS/MS分析。用100μL来自未注射T3、GC-1或类似物的8-10周龄小鼠的血清制备标准曲线。除了过滤后将样品分到6个小瓶之外,进行完全相同的处理。将GC-1、JD-20和JD-21添加到6个样品瓶中的5个中,使每种化合物在基质中的最终浓度为(0.1pg/μL、1pg/μL、10pg/μL、100pg/μL和1000pg/μL)。
脑处理。将脑样品加热至室温并转移至具有5个GoldSpec1/8铬钢球(AppliedIndustrial Technologies)的均化器管中。称量所得管,然后添加1mL H2O,接着添加10μL为2.99μM内部标准物(D6-苏比替罗)。将管用Bead Bug匀化30秒,然后转移到含有3mL ACN的管中。使用1ml体积的ACN洗涤均化器管。然后将溶液转移回管中。然后使用与上述血清处理相同的方法处理样品,不同的是将样品在玻璃管中使用真空浓缩机在45℃下浓缩4小时。
基因激活。对小鼠腹膜内(ip)注射媒剂(1:1盐水/DMSO),0.305μmol/kg的T3,9.14μmol/kg的GC-1,0.914μmol/kg、9.14μmol/kg和30.5μmol/kg的类似物一次。在2小时时对三只小鼠/剂量进行安乐死,并收获组织。收集用于qPCR分析的脑组织根据用于RNA提取的方案使用Trizol试剂和PureLink RNA迷你试剂盒,在任选的DNA酶处理步骤期间使用QiagenRNase-free DNase试剂盒进行处理。使用Qiagen QuantiTect逆转录试剂盒,通过逆转录(RT)反应,使用1μg提取的RNA合成cDNA。通过在不添加RT酶的情况下复制一个样品来控制DNA污染。无毛(Hr)基因的表达使用来自Qiagen的QuantiTect SYBR green PCR试剂盒通过QPCR测量。无毛的引物序列(Fwd:CCAAGTCTGGGCCAAGTTTG;Rev:TGTCCTTGGTCCGATTGGAA)先前由Barca-Mayo19描述。将模板cDNA稀释2倍以使RT试剂在qPCR反应中的干扰最小化。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)是用于样本之间标准化的管家基因。使用比较CT方法进行单剂量实验的数据分析以观察Hr基因表达的相对差异。使用具有S形剂量反应模型的GraphPadPrism v.4a进行剂量-反应实验的数据分析以产生EC50值±SEM。
化学通用方法。1H NMR在Bruker 400上取得。将所有1H NMR校准至NMR溶剂参比峰(D6-丙酮,CDCl3)。自Seca溶剂体系获得无水四氢呋喃(THF)和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。使用的所有其他溶剂均购自Sigma-Aldrich或Fisher。通过HPLC测定最终化合物的纯度分析>95%。HPLC分析在Varian ProStar HPLC上用Agilent Eclipse Plus C185μM柱(4.6×250mm)用10%至95%乙腈(0.1%TFA)梯度进行15分钟。
实施例2. (3,5-二溴苯氧基)三乙基硅烷(2a)的制备
将1a(5.04g,20mmol)和咪唑(4.09g,60mmol)溶解在80mL的DCM中。将溶液冷却至0℃,然后添加三乙基甲硅烷基氯(5.03mL,30mmol),然后将反应物在0℃下搅拌30分钟。将反应物用160mL Et2O稀释,用50mL H2O洗涤2次,随后用50mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并浓缩,以定量收率得到2a,其不经纯化而使用。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3):δ7.37(t,1H),7.10(d,2H),1.02(t,9H),0.82(q,6H)。
实施例3. 4-羟基-2,6-二溴苯甲醛(3a)的制备
向烧瓶中装载分子筛,然后在真空下火焰干燥。在氩气下冷却后,装载2a(5.49g,15mmol),然后将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加30mL的无水THF并脱气,然后将溶液冷却至-78℃。向第二个烧瓶中装载分子筛,然后在真空下火焰干燥。在氩气下冷却后,添加二异丙胺(4.6mL,33mmol),然后添加60mL的无水THF,然后将溶液脱气并冷却至-78℃。添加2.5M正丁基锂的己烷溶液(12mL,30mmol),然后将溶液在-78℃下搅拌1小时。通过套管将二异丙基氨基锂溶液逐滴转移至2a溶液中,然后在-78℃下将去质子化搅拌1小时。添加5.8mL的无水DMF(75mmol),然后在-78℃下将反应物搅拌1小时。将反应物倾析入50mL 1N HCl水溶液中。将水层用90mL Et2O提取3次。合并有机部分,用50mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,将其在-78℃下从己烷中沉淀,得到2.8g的3a(收率67%)。1HNMR(400MHz,d6-丙酮)δ10.16(s,1H),7.27(s,2H)。
实施例4.
2-(3,5-二溴-4-甲酰基苯氧基)乙酸叔丁酯(4a)的制备
将3a(2.8g,10mmol)碘化钠(3g,20mmol)和碳酸铯(3.24g,10mol)溶解在40mL丙酮中。添加2.86mL氯乙酸叔丁酯(20mmol),然后将反应混合物在65℃下回流2小时。将反应物用80mL的Et2O稀释,用30mL水洗涤2次,并用30mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩。使产物从己烷中沉淀,并通过过滤收集,然后在真空下干燥,得到3.49g的4a(收率88%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ10.23(s,1H),7.19(s,2H),4.59(s,2H),1.52(s,9H)。
实施例5.
(3,5-二氯苯氧基)三乙基硅烷(2b)的制备
将1b(6.54g,40mmol)和咪唑(8.18g,120mmol)溶解在160mL的DCM中。将溶液冷却至0℃,然后添加三乙基甲硅烷基氯(10mL,60mmol),然后将反应物在0℃下搅拌30分钟。将反应物用320mL的Et2O稀释,用100mL的H2O洗涤2次,且用75mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并浓缩,得到2b,其不经纯化即可使用,在干燥后称重为10.58g(收率95%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ6.98(t,1H),6.76(d,2H),1.02(t,9H),0.77(q,6H)。
实施例6.
4-羟基-2,6-二氯苯甲醛(3b)的制备
向烧瓶中装载分子筛,然后在真空下火焰干燥。在氩气下冷却后,装载2b(3.6g,13mmol),然后将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加13mL无水THF并脱气,然后将溶液冷却至-78℃。向第二个烧瓶中装载分子筛,然后在真空下火焰干燥。在氩气下冷却后,添加2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶(1.84g,13mmol),然后添加13mL的无水THF,然后将溶液脱气并冷却至-78℃。添加2.5M正丁基锂己烷溶液(5.2mL,13mmol),然后将溶液在0℃下搅拌20分钟。通过套管将锂TMP溶液逐滴转移至2b溶液,然后在-78℃下将去质子化搅拌30分钟。添加5mL的无水DMF(65mmol),然后在-78℃下搅拌反应物30分钟。将反应物倾析到15mL 1N HCl水溶液中。将水层用15mL EtOAc提取3次。合并有机部分,用15mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,将其在-20℃下从己烷中重结晶,得到1.39g的3b(收率56%)。1H NMR(400MHz,d6-丙酮)δ10.37(s,1H),7.01(s,2H)。
实施例7.
2-(3,5-二氯-4-甲酰基苯氧基)乙酸叔丁酯(4b)的制备
将3b(1.15g,6mmol)、碘化钠(1.8g,12mmol)和碳酸铯(1.94g,6mmol)溶解在24mL丙酮中。添加1.72mL氯乙酸叔丁酯(12mmol),然后将反应物在60℃下回流24小时。将反应物用30mL Et2O稀释,用10mL水洗涤2次,并用10mL盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩。将粗油再溶解在最少量的Et2O中,然后在-78℃下滴加到100mL的剧烈搅拌的己烷中。过滤收集沉淀物并真空干燥,得到1.545g的4b(收率84%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ10.43(s,1H),6.92(s,2H),4.59(s,2H),1.52(s,9H)。
实施例8.
4-碘-2-异丙基苯酚(6)的制备
将5(6.8g,50mmol)和NaI(7.5g,50mmol)溶解在70mL MeOH中。添加10M NaOH水溶液(5mL,50mmol),然后将溶液冷却至0℃。在0℃下经24小时滴加6.25%w/v NaOCl水溶液(62.5mL,50mmol)。用12N HCl水溶液将反应物酸化至pH 7,然后用10mL的饱和Na2S2O3水溶液淬灭。将水层用Et2O提取3次。合并有机部分,用盐水洗涤2次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,经快速色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯,1-20%)纯化,得到11.35g作为红色油的6(收率87%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.47(d,1H),7.36(dd,1H),6.54(d,1H),3.16(m,1H),1.25(d,6H)。
实施例9.
4-碘-2-异丙基-1-(甲氧基甲氧基)苯(7)的制备
将6(2.62g,10mmol)和四丁基碘化铵(369mg,1mmol)溶解在100mL的DCM中。添加10mL的10M NaOH水溶液,然后添加5mL的在MeOAc中的6M氯甲基甲基醚。将反应物在室温下搅拌30分钟,然后用200mL的Et2O稀释。将有机层用100mL的H2O洗涤2次,且用100mL盐水洗涤两次,然后用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,经快速色谱(硅胶,己烷/乙酸乙酯,1-20%)纯化,得到2.48g的7(收率81%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.47(d,1H),7.42(dd,1H),6.83(d,1H),5.18(s,2H),3.47(s,3H),3.27(m,1H),1.20(d,6H)。
实施例10. 2-(3,5-二溴-4-(羟基(3-异丙基-4-(甲氧基甲氧基)苯基)甲基)苯氧
基)乙酸叔丁酯(8a)的制备
向烧瓶中装载分子筛并在真空下火焰干燥。装载7(1.47g,4.8mmol)并将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加24mL的无水THF并脱气,然后将溶液冷却至0℃。添加异丙基氯化镁(2M THF,5.5mL,7.2mmol),然后将反应物在室温下搅拌2小时。向第二个烧瓶中装载分子筛并在真空下火焰干燥。装载4a(946mg,2.4mmol)并将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加12mL的无水THF并脱气。将芳基镁溶液冷却至-78℃,然后通过套管滴加4a溶液,并将反应物在-78℃下搅拌1小时。用10mL 1N HCl水溶液淬灭反应。将水层用10mL EtOAc提取3次。合并有机部分,并用10mL盐水洗涤2次。将有机层用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,将其通过快速色谱(硅胶,己烷/EtOAc 4-40%)纯化,得到1.089g的8a(收率79%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.24(d,1H),7.17(s,2H),7.00(d,1H),6.90(dd,1H),6.51(d,1H),5.21(s,2H),4.53(s,2H),3.49(s,3H),3.34(m,3H),1.52(s,9H),1.21(t,6H)。
实施例11. 2-(3,5-二溴-4-((3-异丙基-4-羟基苯基)甲基)-苯氧基)乙酸(9a)的
制备
将8a(1.089g,1.9mmol)溶解在具有1.21mL的三乙基硅烷(7.58mmol)的19mL的DCM中。将溶液冷却至0℃,然后添加4.35mL的三氟乙酸(56.9mmol)并将反应物在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在室温下搅拌2小时。在真空下除去溶剂,然后通过添加己烷使产物沉淀并通过过滤收集。将固体在真空下干燥,得到505mg的JD-20(9a)(收率58%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.19(s,2H),7.10(d,1H),6.82(dd,1H),6.64(d,1H),4.68(s,2H),4.28(s,2H),3.18(m,1H),1.24(d,6H)。
实施例12. 2-(3,5-二氯-4-(羟基(3-异丙基-4-(甲氧基甲氧基)苯基)甲基)苯氧
基)乙酸叔丁酯(8b)的制备
向烧瓶中装载分子筛并在真空下火焰干燥。装载7(459mg,1.5mmol)并将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加6mL的无水THF并脱气,然后将溶液冷却至0℃。添加异丙基氯化镁(2M THF,1.125mL,2.25mmol),然后将反应物在室温下搅拌2小时。向第二个烧瓶中添加分子筛并在真空下火焰干燥。装载4b(305mg,1mmol)并将烧瓶密封,抽空,并用氩气冲洗。添加4mL的无水THF并脱气。将芳基镁溶液冷却至-78℃,然后通过套管滴加4b溶液,并将反应物在-78℃下搅拌1小时。用5mL的1N HCl水溶液淬灭反应。将水层用5mL EtOAc提取3次。合并有机部分,并用5mL的盐水洗涤2次。将有机层用MgSO4干燥,过滤并浓缩,得到粗产物,将其通过快速色谱法(硅胶,己烷/EtOAc 2-20%)纯化,得到260mg的8b(收率54%)。1H NMR(400MHZ,CDCl3)δ7.26(d,1H),6.99(dd,1H),6.94(d,1H),6.93(s,2H),6.50(d,1H),5.21(s,2H),4.53(s,2H),3.50(s,3H),3.33(m,1H),3.23(d,1H),1.52(s,9H),1.21(t,6H)。
实施例13. 2-(3,5-二氯-4-((3-异丙基-4-羟基苯基)甲基)-苯氧基)乙酸(9b)的
制备
将8b(260mg,0.54mmol)溶解于含有0.345mL三乙基硅烷(2.16mmol)的5.4mL DCM中。将溶液冷却至0℃,然后添加1.24mL三氟乙酸(16.2mmol)并将反应物在0℃下搅拌30分钟,然后在室温下搅拌2小时。在真空下除去溶剂,然后通过添加己烷使产物沉淀并通过过滤收集。将固体在真空下干燥,得到137mg的JD-21(9b)(收率69%)。1H NMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δ7.12(d,1H),6.95(s,2H),6.86(dd,1H),6.64(d,1H),4.68(s,2H),4.18(s,2H),3.17(m,1H),1.24(d,6H)。
实施例14.卤化化合物的生物活性。
基于细胞的体外反式激活测定显示JD-20和JD-21与其亲本GC-1相比具有改善的效力(图1)。虽然TRα效力的增加是适度的,但在TRβ上观察到更大程度的改善,几乎与T3的EC50相匹配(表1)。
表1.从来自TRE驱动的双荧光素酶的EC50值测量的亚型选择性反式激活测定.
化合物 | EC<sub>50</sub>TRα(nM) | EC<sub>50</sub>TRβ(nM) | TRβ/TRα |
T3 | 1.01±0.4 | 1.49±1.57 | 0.678 |
GC-1 | 74.7±28.9 | 2.82±1.81 | 26.5 |
JD-20 | 7.96±6.95 | 0.88±1.12 | 9.04 |
JD-21 | 7.82±3.61 | 1.24±1.30 | 6.31 |
在C57BL/6J小鼠中进行分布研究以确定全身(ip)施用后脑和血清中的浓度。对小鼠单次给予9.14μmol/kg剂量的GC-1、JD-20或JD-21。注射后1小时收集组织和血液,并通过LC-MS/MS分析确定药物浓度(图2)。与GC-1相比,JD-21显示出大致相当的脑摄取,而JD-20则略低。JD-20和JD-21的血清水平均显著低于GC-1,结合使JD-21具有比GC-1高的脑:血清比率,而JD-20具有与GC-1相当的脑:血清比率。
脑内无毛(Hr)TR靶基因mRNA表达的诱导通过qPCR确定,并标准化为甘油醛3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)mRNA(图3)。使用媒剂(1:1盐水/DMSO)作为阴性对照,并将饱和剂量的T3(0.305μmol/kg)和GC-1(9.14μmol/kg)用作阳性对照。与以9.14μmol/kg的GC-1(1.6倍)相比较,以9.14μmol/kg的Jd-21(2.4倍)具有显著(p<0.05)更高的Hr表达诱导。JD-20和JD-21在以0.914μmol/kg时与相同剂量的GC-1具有相当的Hr诱导,表明效力比GC-1高约10倍。
标准化为由GC-1、JD-20和JD-21实现的GAPDH mRNA表达的脑中Hr mRNA诱导的EC50值(图4)使用相同的实验方案测定。GC-1的EC50为8.20±12.65μmol/kg,JD-20的EC50为1.49±1.08μmol/kg,且JD-21的EC50为1.21±1.75μmol/kg,使得卤代类似物在诱导脑中的Hr mRNA表达方面的效力为GC-1的约6倍。
虽然GC-1已成为该领域的标准TRβ选择性拟甲状腺素之一,但该研究表明用卤素置换内环甲基基团产生显著改善的化合物,其保持母体的关键特性。在JD-20和JD-21中保留了GC-1的TRβ-选择性和CNS渗透,表明它们将在CNS适应症中有效。
JD-20和JD-21的效力改善与许多拟甲状腺SAR研究一致,这些研究发现,与在这些位置具有甲基基团的类似的类似物相比较,3,5-位具有卤素的类似物具有更优异的活性。在这种情况下令人惊讶的是,通过大多数措施,JD-20和JD-21似乎具有非常类似的特性。在先前的拟甲状腺SAR研究中,改变卤素通常会产生效力和选择性两者的显著变化。在这个支架上,唯一的主要区别在于脑摄取,其中JD-20与GC-1和JD-21相比具有降低的摄取。
实施例15. 2-(3,5-二溴-4-(4-羟基-3-异丙基苄基)苯氧基)-N-甲基乙酰胺(MA-
JD20;10a)的制备。
将2-(3,5-二溴-4-(4-羟基-3-异丙基苄基)苯氧基)乙酸(100mg,0.22mmol)溶解在密封管中的甲醇(4mL)中,并向其中滴加一滴浓硫酸。将密封的反应混合物加热至65℃,搅拌1小时。然后将其冷却至室温,并且TLC(乙酸乙酯:己烷1:1)显示完全转化为相应的甲酯。然后向该溶液中添加40%甲胺水溶液(285μl,3.3mmol,15当量)并在密封条件下再次加热至65℃,持续1小时。将其冷却并通过TLC观察到完全转化为产物。向其中添加氢氧化钠(0.5N,10ml),并用二氯甲烷(3×50ml)提取产物。合并有机层,将其在无水Mg2SO4上干燥,过滤并浓缩。通过快速色谱法(在乙酸乙酯中的50%己烷)纯化粗产物。从己烷和二氯甲烷的混合物中重结晶,得到最终化合物(70mg,0.15mmol,68%)。1HNMR(400MHz,MeOH-d4):δ=7.35(s,2H),6.98(d,1H,J=2.3Hz),6.74(dd,1H,J=8.3Hz,2.3Hz),6.62(d,1H,J=8.2Hz),4.55(s,2H),4.26(s,2H),3.24(七重峰,1H,J=6.9Hz),2.84(s,3H),1.17(d,6H,J=6.98Hz)。对于C19H21Br2NO3计算的HRMS精确质量[M+H]+:m/z 471.99416,实验值m/z471.99446。
实施例16. 2-(3,5-二氯-4-(4-羟基-3-异丙基苄基)苯氧基)-N-甲基乙酰胺(MA-
JD21;10b)的制备
将2-(3,5-二氯-4-(4-羟基-3-异丙基苄基)苯氧基)乙酸(100mg,0.27mmol,1当量)溶解在密封管中的甲醇(5mL)中。向其中添加硫酸(1滴)并将反应密封并在搅拌下加热至65℃,持续1小时。将其冷却至室温,且TLC分析(乙酸乙酯:己烷1:1)显示完全转化为中间体甲酯。然后向其中添加40%甲胺水溶液(320μl,4mmol,15当量)。将反应重新密封并加热至65℃,持续1小时。将反应烧瓶冷却至室温并向其中添加氢氧化钠(0.5N,10mL)。用二氯甲烷(3×50mL)提取反应产物。合并有机层,将其在无水Mg2SO4上干燥,过滤并浓缩。通过快速色谱法(50%己烷/乙酸乙酯)纯化,得到为白色固体的产物(65mg,0.17mmol,63%)。1H NMR(400MHz,MeOH-d4):δ=7.12(s,2H),7.01(d,1H,J=1.98Hz),6.77(dd,1H,J=8.21Hz,2.26Hz),6.62(d,1H,J=8.21Hz),4.56(s,2H),4.15(s,2H),3.23(七重峰,1H,J=7.14Hz),2.85(s,3H),1.17(d,6H,J=6.93Hz)。对于C19H21Cl2NO3计算的HRMS精确质量[M+H]+:m/z384.09455,实验值m/z 384.09473。
实施例17.卤代酰胺的生物活性。
动物研究。将8-10周龄的野生型雄性C57Bl/6小鼠饲养在气候控制室中,其具有12小时明-暗循环,小鼠随意获取食物和水。为了比较JD-20与由酰胺MA-JD20产生的JD-20和JD-21与由酰胺MA-JD-21产生的JD-21的单时间点药物分布,通过腹膜内和口服施用一剂量的3.05μmol/kg(三只小时/剂量)的JD-20、JD-21、MA-JD20和MA-JD21在小鼠的脑和血清中分析母体药物的浓度。将化合物溶解于50:50DMSO和0.9%氯化钠抑菌溶液的混合物中。使用连接到500μl胰岛素注射器(Covidien LLC MA,USA)的塑料饲管(20ga×38mm,InstechLaboratories Inc.,PA,USA)进行口服管饲。在两个实验中,在给药后1小时对小鼠实施安乐死。
作为单一时间点研究的随访,通过口服管饲进行的24小时时程研究对酰胺MA-JD20和MA-JD21进行,并测量小鼠的脑和血液中的相应JD-20或JD-21浓度。从这些分析产生药代动力学时程曲线,并获得脑和血液的曲线下面积(AUC)值。
如下处理组织:在具有3个Gold Spec1/8铬钢球(Applied IndustrialTechnologies)的先前称重的均化器管中收集脑并立即冷冻至-80℃。将血液样品在冰上保持30分钟,然后在4℃下以5400XG离心15分钟。从顶部收集血清(100μl)并将其在-80℃下储存,直到处理样品。
血清处理:将血清样品温热至室温。向每个样品中添加乙腈(500μl)和内部标准物d6-苏比替罗(2.99μM,10μl)并涡旋20秒。然后将它们在4℃下以10,000XG离心15分钟。将上清液转移到一组标记的13X100mm硼硅酸盐玻璃管中,并在45℃下在真空浓缩机浓缩器中浓缩2小时。然后将干燥的样品溶解在400μl的乙腈和水的50:50混合物中并涡旋20秒。将得到的混合物转移到Eppendorf管中,并在4℃下以10,000XG离心15分钟。将由此制备的血清样品进行LC-MS/MS分析以定量游离JD-20或JD-21的量。
标准曲线用100μl的从仅接受媒剂(50:50DMSO和0.9%氯化钠抑菌溶液的混合物)注射的8-10周龄C57Bl/6小鼠收集的血清制成。以完全相同的方式处理血清样品,不同的是在最后离心后将样品分成6个小瓶。向这6个小瓶中的5个中添加JD-20和JD-21的混合物,使每种化合物在基质中的浓度为(0.1ρg/μl、1.0ρg/μl、10ρg/μl、100ρg/μl和1000ρg/μl)。
脑处理:将脑样品温热至室温并称重。向每个样品中添加水(1mL)和内部标准物d6-苏比替罗(2.99μM,10μl)并涡旋20秒。将它们在Omni Bead ruptor24中均质化1分钟,然后转移到标记的15ml Falcon管中,每管含有3ml乙腈。使用1ml体积的乙腈洗涤均化器管,并将洗涤液添加到falcon管中。将管涡旋20秒并在4℃下以10,000XG的速度离心。将来自这些管的上清液小心地倒入一组标记的13X100mm硼硅酸盐玻璃管中,并在45℃下在真空浓缩机中浓缩4小时。然后使用血清处理方法处理样品用于LC-MS/MS分析。
结果。与未修饰的JD-20或JD-21相比,自等摩尔全身剂量3.05mol/kg,酰胺MA-JD20和MA-JD21均可向CNS递送更多的母体药物,如图5A所示。
还观察到两种酰胺都减少了相应母体药物的外周暴露,如图5B所示。这种降低的血清浓度也支持这些酰胺显著改善相应母体药物的CNS分布的事实。通过比较酰胺与未修饰化合物的脑与血清比率,观察到酰胺使母体药物在血清中的外周暴露减少超过4倍(图5C)。使用相同剂量,即3.05μmol/kg,口服施用观察到类似的结果(图6)
在单时间点药物分布评估后,为了进一步了解酰胺的药代动力学特性,通过对小鼠施用口服剂量的9.14μmol/kg MA-JD20进行24小时时程研究。分析在脑和血液中产生的JD-20浓度,并获得脑和血清的曲线下面积(AUC)值(图7)。对于酰胺MA-JD-20观察到的AUC脑/AUC血清比率为0.89。C最大和T最大似乎在脑组织中为约2小时,而在血液中C最大和T最大发生在最初的30分钟时间点至45分钟时间点之间。该事实表明,酰胺一旦到达CNS,则其水解速率就会变慢。通过AUC分析证实了从单点药物分布获得的结果。
已经证明酰胺MA-JD20和MA-JD21通过全身和口服施用递送更多的母体药物到CNS,我们接下来评估酰胺上调甲状腺反应无毛(Hr)基因的程度是否大于相应的未修饰化合物。对小鼠口服施用3.05μmol/kg剂量(三只小鼠/剂量)的JD-20、JD-21、MA-JD20和MA-JD21和媒剂(1:1盐水/DMSO)。收集的脑组织根据用于RNA提取的方案使用Trizol试剂和PureLink RNA迷你试剂盒进行处理;使用Qiagen QuantiTect逆转录试剂盒制备cDNA并且无毛(Hr)基因的表达通过qPCR使用来自Qiagen的QuantiTect SYBR green PCR试剂盒如先前所述测量。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)是用于样品之间标准化的管家基因。通过使用比较CT方法进行数据分析以监测Hr基因表达的相对差异。结果示于图8中。该数据与自药物分布研究获得的结果一致。
实施例18.卤代酰胺是脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)的底物,
材料.苏比替罗和d6-苏比替罗如前所述合成。(Placzek和Scanlan,Tetr ahedron2015,71(35),5946-5951)。花生四烯乙醇胺购自Cayman(90050)。花生四烯酸购自Signma(23401)。d11-花生四烯酸购自Avanti(861810E)。溶剂是来自Fisher的HPLC级。pcDNA4骨架中的人FAAH cDNA由Martin Kac zocha教授(Stony Brook)友情提供。通过PCR使用以下引物插入C末端FLAG序列:5'-CGCAAATGGGCGGTAGGCGTG(CMV_正向)和5'-AGACTCGAGTCACTTGTCGTCATCGTCTTTGTAGTCGGATGACTGCTTTTCAGGGGTCAT。将Kpn1/Xho1消化片段重新插入pcDNA4中。通过测序确认得到的pcDNA4-FAAH-FLAG构建体。
LC/MS-MS。通过LC-MS/MS在如前所述的修改下进行化合物定量(Ferr ara和Scanlan等人,Biorg.Med.Chem.2017,25(10)2743-2753)。在装有Betaba sic预柱(Thermo)的Hamiliton PRP-C18柱(5μm,2.1×50mm,)上进行色谱分析。梯度流动相以0.5mL/min的流速递送,并且由两种溶剂组成:A:10mM甲酸铵水溶液和B:10mM甲酸铵的90%乙腈、10%水的溶液。梯度如下:0-0.5分钟,保持10%B;0.5-5.1分钟,10-98%B;5.1-7分钟,保持98%B;7-7.1分钟,98-10%B;7.1-8分钟,保持10%。分析物以负模式鉴定,主要使用母离子m/z进行多反应监测(MRM)并且最强的所得第二转换具有针对转换优化的能量。
细胞匀浆中的FAAH活性。将COS-7细胞(ATCC CRL-1651)在补充有10%FBS、青霉素(100单位/升)和链霉素(100μg/L)的杜氏改良的伊格尔培养基中培养。将细胞(800,000/孔)接种到6孔板(Falcon 353046)中并使其粘附过夜。根据制造商的方案,用Lipofectamine 2000(Invitrogen)用pcDNA4-FAAH-FLAG转染细胞。模拟转染对照用转染试剂且在没有DNA的情况下进行。转染细胞后用冷PBS洗涤4天,并将其刮入TE缓冲液(125mMTris,1mM EDTA,pH9)中并超声处理(10秒,60Sonic Dismembrator,Fisher)。将细胞匀浆储存在-80℃下,并通过BCA(Pierce)测定蛋白质浓度。将细胞匀浆稀释到含有0.1%不含脂肪酸的BSA的TE缓冲液(Alfa Aesar)中。将底物作为DMSO中的50x原液添加到50μL的匀浆等分试样中至终浓度为100μM。使用31.25μg/mL的匀浆蛋白在37℃下进行反应15分钟。用100μL乙腈淬灭反应并涡旋20秒。通过离心(10,000rpm,15分钟,4℃)使样品澄清。将上清液在2:1MeCN:H2O中稀释50倍,其含有300nM d11-花生四烯酸和30nM d6-苏比替罗。再次离心样品(13,200rpm,15分钟,4℃)。通过LC/MS-MS定量产物,标准曲线由模拟样品产生。观察到的速率表示为nmol产物/mg蛋白质匀浆·分钟。
图9显示酰胺MA-JD20和MA-JD21是脂肪酸酰胺水解酶(FAAH)的底物。如上所述,FAAH在COS-7细胞中过表达,并且与经典的内源FAAH底物花生四烯乙醇胺(AEA)相比,使用细胞匀浆来测量观察到的底物裂解速率。所有底物均在100μM下测试。与AEA相比,拟甲状腺素酰胺MA-GC1(9倍)、MA-JD20(31倍)和MA-JD21(20倍)显示降低的速率。然而,这些观察到的降低的速率与其他已知的FAAH内源性底物相当(Boger等人,Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.2000,10(23),2613-2616;Cravatt等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.2001,98(16),9371-6),且卤代衍生物接近苏比替罗酰胺的活性。观察到的速率表示为nmol产物/mg匀浆蛋白·分钟。
尽管本发明已出于清晰和理解的目的通过说明和举例的方式相当详细地加以描述,但本领域技术人员显而易见的是某些变化和修改可在随附权利要求的范围内加以实施。另外,本文所提供的每个参考文献均整体并入达到如同每个参考文献均以引用的方式单独并入一样的程度。
Claims (20)
1.一种根据式I的化合物
或其任何药学上可接受的盐,其中:
R1和R2独立地选自氟、氯、溴和碘,且
R3独立地选自-OH和-NR3aR3b,
R3a独立地选自氢和C1-6烷基,且
R3b是C1-6烷基。
2.根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R1和R2独立地选自氯和溴。
3.根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R1和R2都是溴。
4.根据权利要求3所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3为-OH。
5.根据权利要求3所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3是-NHR3b且R3b是C1-6烷基。
6.根据权利要求5所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3b为甲基。
7.根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R1和R2都是氯。
8.根据权利要求7所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3是-OH。
9.根据权利要求7所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3是-NHR3b且R3b是C1-6烷基。
10.根据权利要求15所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中R3b是甲基。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其用于治疗神经退化性病症。
12.根据权利要求11所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中所述神经退化性病症是脱髓鞘疾病。
13.根据权利要求11所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,其中所述神经退化性病症是X连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良或多发性硬化症
14.一种药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体。
15.根据权利要求14所述的药物组合物,其用于治疗神经退化性病症。
16.根据权利要求15所述的药物组合物,其中所述神经退化性病症是脱髓鞘疾病。
17.根据权利要求14所述的药物组合物,其中所述神经退化性病症是X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良或多发性硬化症。
18.一种治疗神经退化性病症的方法,所述方法包括向有需要的受试者施用有效量的根据权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,从而治疗所述神经退化性病症。
19.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述神经退化性病症是脱髓鞘疾病。
20.根据权利要求18所述的方法,其中所述神经退化性病症包括X-连锁的肾上腺脑白质营养不良或多发性硬化症。
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US11827596B2 (en) | 2018-12-12 | 2023-11-28 | Autobahn Therapeutics, Inc. | Thyromimetics |
WO2020180624A1 (en) | 2019-03-01 | 2020-09-10 | Autobahn Therapeutics, Inc. | Novel thyromimetics |
CN115279359A (zh) * | 2019-11-29 | 2022-11-01 | 速通医疗公司 | 新型拟甲状腺素药 |
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