CN109470839B - Physical test device and method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst - Google Patents
Physical test device and method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a physical test device for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst, wherein the bottoms of two side plates are fixed on a fixed boundary and are in close contact with a top plate and a bottom plate; the bottom surface of the water tank is fixed on the fixed boundary, and two ends of the water tank are rigidly connected with the two side plates; two ends of the top plate are tightly contacted with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the top plate in a penetrating way; two ends of the bottom plate are closely contacted with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the bottom plate in a penetrating manner; the oil cylinder A and the oil cylinder B are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the top plate; the bottom surface of the bottom plate is connected with the top surface of the water tank through a rigid spring, symmetrical screw holes are formed in the front edge and the rear edge of the two side plates, and the organic glass is fixedly connected with the side plates through screws; a simulation test method is also disclosed. The device has novel structural design, convenient assembly, simple operation in the simulation test process and high visualization degree, and can complete various visual simulation test processes at one time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground coal mining physical simulation tests, in particular to a physical test device and method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst.
Background
Along with the development of mine exploitation in China to deep, dynamic disasters caused by deep fault activation are more and more frequent, and 80% of water inrush accidents of the bottom plate are related to faults. However, geological conditions of underground mining of coal mines have complexity, and are limited by current scientific research technology, so that the mechanism of fault activation water inrush is difficult to study under field conditions. Therefore, in order to reveal the deep fault activation water inrush mechanism, it is important to develop an indoor physical test device which is practical and can simulate deep fault activation water inrush for making reference to the prediction, forecast and evaluation of fault activation water inrush in the actual exploitation of coal seam.
At present, many indoor physical simulation devices related to water burst of a base plate exist, but fewer simulation devices related to water burst of fault activation exist.
In order to research the fault activation water bursting mechanism, the current simulation test of fault activation is mostly realized by manual staggered layer paving, which is different from the actual situation. Firstly, the mechanical mechanism of actual fault formation is violated, the fault formation is interlayer dislocation under the action of ground stress, is a dynamic process under the action of force, and is not a static state of staggered layer laying of similar materials; secondly, the physical simulation of the current fault fall and the inclination angle is realized by laying a certain height difference and an inclination angle by artificial staggered layers, which also does not accord with the mechanical mechanism formed by the actual fault fall and the inclination angle; finally, fault activation water burst is a process that a fault is unstable and slides under the influence of mining, so that an aquifer is conducted, a physical simulation test can simultaneously meet the requirements of the combined action of water pressure and mine pressure, a dynamic simulation process of fault activation can be realized, site fault activation is difficult to observe, and simulation test equipment has monitoring visualization and data for revealing the fault activation process.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention discloses a physical test device and a physical test method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a physical test device for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst, comprising:
the bottoms of the two side plates are fixed on the fixed boundary and are in close contact with the top plate and the bottom plate;
the bottom surface of the water tank is fixed on the fixed boundary, and two ends of the water tank are rigidly connected with the two side plates;
the top plate is of a combined plate type structure, two ends of the top plate are in tight contact with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the top plate in a penetrating manner;
the bottom plate is of a combined plate type structure, two ends of the bottom plate are in tight contact with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the bottom plate in a penetrating manner;
the oil cylinder A and the oil cylinder B are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the top plate, and can stretch out and draw back;
and symmetrical screw holes are formed in the front edge and the rear edge of the two side plates, and the organic glass is fixedly connected with the side plates through screws.
Further, the number of the rectangular connecting holes and the cutting slits arranged on the bottom plate is larger than that of the rectangular connecting holes and the cutting slits arranged on the top plate.
Further, rectangular steel bars can be inserted into the rectangular connecting holes.
Further, the two adjacent combined plates on the bottom plate are connected in a combined mode through rectangular steel bars, and rigid springs are arranged on the bottom surface of each combined plate.
Further, a plurality of water outlet screw holes which can be closed and opened are also formed in the top surface of the water tank, and the bottoms of the rigid springs in the rows are fixedly connected with the top surface of the water tank.
Further, the bottom plate is provided with water outlet holes, and water in the water tank can flow into the paved rock stratum through the water outlet holes.
Further, the upper surface of the bottom plate is also provided with a water pressure sensor for monitoring the water pressure of the aquifer.
The simulation test method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst adopts the test device, and the simulation process comprises the following steps:
(1) Laying rock strata
Sequentially paving a plurality of rock strata on a bottom plate of the simulation test bed, inserting rectangular steel bars into connecting holes of the bottom plate and a top plate, arranging stress sensors among the paved rock strata, and transversely and vertically routing on the surface of the rock strata; in addition, before the rock stratum is paved, a water outlet screw hole on a water tank is opened in advance, a plastic net is paved on the upper surface of a bottom plate, gravels with a certain thickness are paved on the plastic net, after the paving is finished, organic glass is installed at the front and the rear of a test bed, and the rock stratum paving process is finished;
(2) Simulated application of initial ground stress
After the stratum is paved, applying ground stress to the paved stratum, synchronously loading in the vertical direction through a displacement control or pressure control oil cylinder A and an oil cylinder B, and enabling a rigid spring to be in a compression state so as to realize the application of initial ground stress;
(3) Simulating faults with different fall and different inclination angles
After the initial ground stress is applied, respectively pulling out one rectangular steel bar in the connecting holes of the top plate and the bottom plate according to the requirement of the simulation scheme on the fault inclination angle, wherein the bottom plate and the top plate are divided into a left part and a right part; the oil cylinder A, B is controlled to carry out asynchronous loading, and the paved rock stratum can form faults along the connecting lines of the connecting holes of the top plate and the bottom plate, so that the simulation of different fall fault forming processes is realized;
the simulation of fault formation processes with different dip angles is realized by pulling out rectangular steel bars in the connecting holes of different opposite positions of the top plate and the bottom plate;
(4) Simulating water pressure in aquifer
After the fault is formed, the state of the oil cylinder A, B is kept unchanged, and sealant is smeared at the junction of the organic glass corresponding to the bottom plate rock stratum and the water-bearing layer to prevent water from seeping out from the junction of the organic glass; then, applying water pressure in the water tank through the control system, and enabling the water body to sequentially pass through a water outlet screw hole of the water tank, the rigid spring and a water outlet hole on the bottom plate, enter a crushed stone layer paved at the bottommost part of the rock stratum, and form a fluid-solid coupled aquifer together with the crushed stone body; controlling the water pressure loaded in the water tank to ensure that the water pressure displayed by the water pressure sensor is equal to the water pressure of the aquifer, and finishing the water pressure application simulation process of the aquifer;
(5) Simulated mining water burst
After water pressure of the aquifer is applied, opening organic glass corresponding to the upper coal seam or the lower coal seam to excavate the coal seam successively, and installing the organic glass in time after the excavation is completed once, so that the organic glass is in a three-dimensional closed state for observation; and repeating the process to excavate the coal seam.
Further, in the process of applying initial ground stress in the step (2), no water is added in the water tank.
Further, in the coal seam excavation process of the step (5), the water pressure in the water tank is controlled, and the value of the pressure sensor on the upper surface of the bottom plate is ensured to be consistent with the water pressure value of the water-bearing layer.
The invention has the advantages that the device has novel design, convenient operation and high visualization degree, and can complete the following various visual simulation tests at one time:
(1) Visual simulation of the whole process of actual fault formation can be realized;
(2) The visual simulation of the whole process of fault formation with different fall and different inclination angles can be realized;
(3) The simulation test of initial ground stress under different depth conditions can be realized;
(4) Visual simulation of the whole fault activation process can be realized;
(5) Visual simulation of the whole process of activating water inrush of mining fault can be realized;
(6) The visual simulation of the water burst (containing fault or not containing fault) of the bottom plate under different water pressure conditions of the aquifer can be realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a top plate structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a rectangular steel bar structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a water tank according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a base plate structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the formation lay-out completion architecture of the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an initially applied ground stress structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a fault formation structure of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a schematic view of the hydraulic structure of the applied aquifer of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a coal seam excavation completion architecture in accordance with the present invention;
wherein, 1-side plate; 2-top plate; 3-a bottom plate; 4-a water tank; 5-fixed boundary; 6-a rigid spring; 7-connecting holes; 8-screws; 9-organic glass; 10-an oil cylinder A; 11-an oil cylinder B; 12-rectangular steel bars; 13-cutting the seam; 14-a water outlet screw hole; 15-water outlet holes; 16-water pressure sensor; 17-roof strata; 18-mining the coal seam; 19-floor strata; 20-an aquifer; 21-upper coal seam; 22-lower coal seam.
Detailed Description
The following description of the embodiments of the present invention will be made clearly and completely with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which it is apparent that the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be made by those skilled in the art based on the embodiments of the invention without making any inventive effort, are intended to be within the scope of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, a physical test device for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst, comprising:
the bottoms of the two side plates 1 are fixed on a fixed boundary 5 and are in close contact with the top plate 2 and the bottom plate 3;
the bottom surface of the water tank 4 is fixed on the fixed boundary 5, two ends of the water tank 4 are rigidly connected with the two side plates 1, and water pressure is applied to the inside of the water tank 4;
the top plate 2 is of a combined plate type structure, as shown in fig. 2 and 3, two ends of the top plate 2 are tightly contacted with the side plates 1, five rectangular connecting holes 7 and cutting slits 13 are formed in the top plate 2 in a penetrating manner, and the integral connection and partial disconnection of the top plate 2 are realized, so that the telescopic control of the top plate 2 matched with the oil cylinders A10 and the oil cylinders B11 can be realized, and the vertical loading of a paved rock stratum, such as integral synchronous loading under displacement or pressure control or single loading of a left part and a right part, can be realized;
the bottom plate 3 is a combined plate type structure, as shown in fig. 3 and 5, two ends of the bottom plate are tightly contacted with the side plates 1, and seven rectangular connecting holes 7 and cutting slits 13 are formed on the bottom plate 3 in a penetrating way;
the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the top plate 2, the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 can stretch out and draw back, the stretching of the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 can realize integral synchronous loading and single loading through a control system in the prior art, and the control mode comprises displacement control and pressure control;
the organic glass 9 is provided with symmetrical screw holes on the front and rear edges of the two side plates 1, the organic glass 9 is fixedly connected with the side plates 1 through screws 8, the sealing in the front and rear directions of the simulation experiment is realized, the three-dimensional stress condition is created, and the visualization in the whole simulation experiment process can be realized due to the adoption of the transparent organic glass 9.
In particular, the number of rectangular connecting holes 7 and cutting slits 13 provided on the bottom plate 3 is greater than the number of rectangular connecting holes 7 and cutting slits 13 provided on the top plate 2, and can be used to simulate the formation process of faults with different inclinations.
In particular, rectangular steel bars 12 can be inserted into the rectangular connecting holes 7, so that the combined connection of the bottom plate 3 and the top plate 2 is realized.
In particular, two adjacent combined boards on the bottom plate 3 are connected in a combined manner through rectangular steel bars 12, and rigid springs 6 are arranged on the bottom surface of each combined board, so that the parts connected or disconnected by the rectangular steel bars 12 can move up and down wholly or partially along with compression and relaxation of the rigid springs 6.
In particular, the top surface of the water tank 4 is also provided with a plurality of water outlet screw holes 14 which can be closed and opened, and the bottoms of the rigid springs 6 in rows are fixedly connected with the top surface of the water tank 4.
In particular, the bottom plate 3 is provided with water outlet holes 15, and water in the water tank 4 can flow into the paved rock layer through the water outlet holes 15, as shown in fig. 5.
In particular, the upper surface of the floor 3 is also provided with a water pressure sensor 16 for monitoring the water pressure of the aquifer 20, as shown in figure 5.
A simulation test method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst comprises the following steps:
(1) Laying rock strata
Before the test, a plurality of rock formations are sequentially paved on the bottom plate 3 of the simulation test bed, wherein the rock formations comprise an aquifer 20, a bottom plate rock formation 19, a mined coal bed 18 and a roof rock formation 17; rectangular steel bars 12 are inserted into connecting holes 7 of the bottom plate 3 and the top plate 2, stress sensors are distributed among paved rock strata, stress change rules in the fault formation, activation and water bursting processes are monitored, lines are transversely and vertically formed on the surface of the rock strata, and displacement changes at different positions in the loading process are observed through a total station; in addition, before the stratum is paved, a water outlet screw hole 14 on the water tank 4 is opened in advance, a plastic net is paved on the upper surface of the bottom plate 3 to prevent stratum materials from entering the spring and the water tank 4 through a water outlet hole 15 of the bottom plate 3, crushed stones with a certain thickness are paved on the plastic net, and the crushed stones are used for simulating the water-bearing layer 20 after being added with water; after the pavement is completed, organic glass 9 is installed at the front and rear of the test bed, displacement constraint, fault formation, activation and water burst visualization effects of the front and rear of the model are achieved, and a stratum pavement process is completed, as shown in fig. 6.
(2) Simulated application of initial ground stress
After the stratum is paved, the ground stress is applied to the paved stratum, the displacement control or pressure control oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 synchronously load in the vertical direction, the rigid spring 6 is in a compression state, the application of the initial ground stress is realized, water is not added into the water tank 4 during the application period, and the initial ground stress simulation process under different depth conditions can be realized by controlling the loaded load, as shown in fig. 7.
(3) Simulating faults with different fall and different inclination angles
After the initial ground stress is applied, performing simulation tests on the formation of faults with different dip angles and fall heights to form faults which are more consistent with a field mechanical mechanism; respectively pulling out one rectangular steel bar 12 in the connecting holes 7 in the top plate 2 and the bottom plate 3 according to the requirement of the simulation scheme on the fault inclination angle, firstly, unloading the organic glass 9 corresponding to the connecting holes 7 from which the rectangular steel bar 12 is to be pulled out, and then installing the organic glass after pulling out, wherein the bottom plate 3 and the top plate 2 are divided into a left part and a right part; the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 are controlled to carry out asynchronous loading, the laid rock stratum can open the connecting line of the connecting holes 7 along the top plate 2 and the bottom plate 3 to form faults, during the period, the extension amounts of the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 are different, the compression amounts of springs below the left part and the right part of the bottom plate 3 separated by the connecting holes 7 are also different, the fall of the faults is formed, and the simulation of the fault forming process with different fall can be realized by controlling the loading difference (load, displacement and loading rate) of the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11.
The fault formed by the process is formed under the mechanical loading condition, and is not formed by artificial staggered layer paving, and the formed fault has a certain mechanical environment.
In addition, by pulling out the rectangular steel bars 12 in the connecting holes 7 of different relative positions of the top plate 2 and the bottom plate 3, the simulation of fault formation processes with different inclination angles is further realized, as shown in fig. 8.
(4) Simulating water pressure in aquifer
After the fault is formed, the states of the oil cylinder A10 and the oil cylinder B11 are kept unchanged, water burst is activated for simulating the mining fault, and water pressure of the water-bearing layer 20 is required to be applied before coal seam excavation, so that the water-bearing layer 20 meets the initial state before excavation; firstly, coating sealant at the junction of the organic glass 9 corresponding to the rock stratum of the bottom plate 3 and the water-bearing layer 20 to prevent water from seeping out from the junction of the organic glass 9; then, water pressure is applied to the inside of the water tank 4 through the control system, and the water body sequentially passes through the water outlet screw hole 14 of the water tank 4, the rigid spring and the water outlet hole 15 on the bottom plate 3, enters the crushed stone layer paved at the bottommost part of the rock stratum, and forms a fluid-solid coupled aquifer 20 together with the crushed stone body; finally, in order to meet the requirement of the simulation test on the water pressure of the water-bearing layer 20, whether the water pressure displayed by the water pressure sensor 16 arranged on the upper surface of the bottom plate 3 is equal to the water pressure of the water-bearing layer 20 is judged, so that the water pressure loaded in the water tank 4 is controlled, the water pressure displayed by the water pressure sensor 16 is equal to the water pressure of the water-bearing layer 20, and the water pressure application simulation process of the water-bearing layer 20 is completed, as shown in fig. 9.
(5) Simulated mining water burst
After the water pressure of the water-bearing layer 20 is applied, opening the organic glass 9 corresponding to the upper coal seam 21 or the lower coal seam 22 according to the requirements of a simulation test scheme to excavate the coal seam successively, and installing the organic glass 9 in time after the excavation is completed once so as to observe in a three-dimensional closed state; repeating the steps according to the designed excavation scheme to excavate the coal seam; in the process of coal seam excavation, whether the value of the pressure sensor on the upper surface of the bottom plate 3 is consistent with the water pressure value of the water-bearing layer 20 or not is observed at any time, and if the value is inconsistent with the water pressure value, the water pressure in the water tank 4 is controlled in time so as to keep consistent, as shown in fig. 10.
It should be understood that the above description is not intended to limit the invention to the particular embodiments disclosed, but to limit the invention to the particular embodiments disclosed, and that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but is intended to cover modifications, adaptations, additions and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. Physical test device of simulation deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst, characterized in that includes:
the bottoms of the two side plates are fixed on the fixed boundary and are in close contact with the top plate and the bottom plate;
the bottom surface of the water tank is fixed on the fixed boundary, and two ends of the water tank are rigidly connected with the two side plates;
the top plate is of a combined plate type structure, two ends of the top plate are in tight contact with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the top plate in a penetrating manner;
the bottom plate is of a combined plate type structure, two ends of the bottom plate are in tight contact with the side plates, and a plurality of rectangular connecting holes and cutting slits are formed in the bottom plate in a penetrating manner;
the oil cylinder A and the oil cylinder B are respectively arranged at the left end and the right end of the top plate, and can stretch out and draw back;
the front edges and the rear edges of the two side plates are provided with symmetrical screw holes, and the organic glass is fixedly connected with the side plates through screws;
the number of the rectangular connecting holes and the cutting slits arranged on the bottom plate is greater than that of the rectangular connecting holes and the cutting slits arranged on the top plate;
two adjacent combined plates on the bottom plate are connected in a combined way through rectangular steel bars, and rigid springs are arranged on the bottom surface of each combined plate;
the top surface of the water tank is also provided with a plurality of water outlet screw holes which can be closed and opened, and the bottoms of the rows of rigid springs are fixedly connected with the top surface of the water tank;
the bottom plate is provided with water outlet holes, and water in the water tank can flow into the paved rock stratum through the water outlet holes;
the upper surface of bottom plate still is equipped with the water pressure sensor of monitoring aquifer water pressure.
2. The physical test device for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water inrush of claim 1, wherein rectangular steel bars are inserted into the rectangular connecting holes.
3. A simulation test method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst, adopting the test device according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein the simulation process comprises:
(1) Laying rock strata
Sequentially paving a plurality of rock strata on a bottom plate of the simulation test bed, inserting rectangular steel bars into connecting holes of the bottom plate and a top plate, arranging stress sensors among the paved rock strata, and transversely and vertically routing on the surface of the rock strata; in addition, before the rock stratum is paved, a water outlet screw hole on a water tank is opened in advance, a plastic net is paved on the upper surface of a bottom plate, gravels with a certain thickness are paved on the plastic net, after the paving is finished, organic glass is installed at the front and the rear of a test bed, and the rock stratum paving process is finished;
(2) Simulated application of initial ground stress
After the stratum is paved, applying ground stress to the paved stratum, synchronously loading in the vertical direction through a displacement control or pressure control oil cylinder A and an oil cylinder B, and enabling a rigid spring to be in a compression state so as to realize the application of initial ground stress;
(3) Simulating faults with different fall and different inclination angles
After the initial ground stress is applied, respectively pulling out one rectangular steel bar in the connecting holes of the top plate and the bottom plate according to the requirement of the simulation scheme on the fault inclination angle, wherein the bottom plate and the top plate are divided into a left part and a right part; the oil cylinder A, B is controlled to carry out asynchronous loading, and the paved rock stratum can form faults along the connecting lines of the connecting holes of the top plate and the bottom plate, so that the simulation of different fall fault forming processes is realized;
the rectangular steel bars in the connecting holes of different opposite positions of the top plate and the bottom plate are pulled out, so that simulation of fault formation processes with different dip angles is realized;
(4) Simulating water pressure in aquifer
After the fault is formed, the state of the oil cylinder A, B is kept unchanged, and sealant is smeared at the junction of the organic glass corresponding to the bottom plate rock stratum and the water-bearing layer to prevent water from seeping out from the junction of the organic glass; then, applying water pressure in the water tank through the control system, and enabling the water body to sequentially pass through a water outlet screw hole of the water tank, the rigid spring and a water outlet hole on the bottom plate, enter a crushed stone layer paved at the bottommost part of the rock stratum, and form a fluid-solid coupled aquifer together with the crushed stone body; controlling the water pressure loaded in the water tank to ensure that the water pressure displayed by the water pressure sensor is equal to the water pressure of the aquifer, and finishing the water pressure application simulation process of the aquifer;
(5) Simulated mining water burst
After water pressure of the aquifer is applied, opening organic glass corresponding to the upper coal seam or the lower coal seam to excavate the coal seam successively, and installing the organic glass in time after the excavation is completed once, so that the organic glass is in a three-dimensional closed state for observation; and repeating the process to excavate the coal seam.
4. The simulated test method for deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water inrush of claim 3, wherein no water is added to the tank during the initial ground stress applied in step (2).
5. The simulation test method for simulating deep fault formation, fault activation and fault water burst according to claim 4, wherein in the step (5), the water pressure in the water tank is controlled in the coal seam excavation process, and the value of the pressure sensor on the upper surface of the bottom plate is ensured to be consistent with the water pressure value of the aquifer.
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