RU2394158C1 - Procedure for open pit development of mineral deposits - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining.

SUBSTANCE: procedure consists in establishing stages and sub-stages, in constructing deep pit under differentiated angles of border slopes in accordance with deteriorating natural and anthropogenic dislocation of massif rock with depth and in implementation of traditional transport. Overburden thickness of rock and ore body is divided along vertical into zones. In the zones there are constructed sloped, steeped and vertical sections of borders which are timbered in deep zones at open pit completion. Development of pay thickness of rock is begun with preparation and with running trenches for conveyor lines increasing their incline in deep zones. Also conveyor systems are applied in form of tubular ones divided into sections with retaining stops against weight of lumps and with cloth enveloping the said sections. Notably, on one side this cloth is equipped with fasteners of rectangular shape, while on the other side it is equipped with hooks entering the fasteners (loops), as a tubular shape of cloth is formed by means of a frame with rollers at initial, steep and vertical sections of the route. When the conveyor emerges to surface, hooks are disengaged by means of a facility in form of an inclined capstan coupled with the frame of the conveyor, pressing cloth with hooks down and disengaging the hooks. Further, rock (ore) is unloaded in a common mode of a running-off belt of the conveyor. Temporary (intermediate), regular and additional dumps are made on deposit sides in its hanging layer to provide optimal transport communication between stripping faces and places of storage of rock capping. Rock is transported along descents directed to contours of the pit of the II and III orders of development, first with transport facilities of cyclic operation (motor transport), and further with continuous transport. Also trenches with conveyors are directed to elongate conveyor elevators or to create a cascade system, when ore body thickness or angle of its pitch changes. When facilities of cyclic operation (motor transport) reach an ultimate run of transporting and the system does not function optimally, the conveyor elevators are immediately constructed in the zone of ore development. The route for conveyor elevators is laid to facilitate their elongation or operation in complex with the vertical elevators transporting ore to surface to a reloading point. Additionally, the last elevator in deep zones is constructed in such way, as to ensure run of transporting of assembled transport within limits of optimal functioning of the system. At a final stage of pit operation project angles of borders are corrected; the last layers (III stage of development) are worked out and borders are corrected to ultimate, differentiated by stability, final angles in a deep and super-deep pit.

EFFECT: raised efficiency of operations for excavation of capping and ore, reduced current coefficients of capping, reduced volume of capping in borders at their sloping under stable steep angles and construction of object for economic and military needs.

1 ex, 15 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in open pit mining of deposits in the form of inclined and steeply falling complex structural ore bodies, during overburden and ore excavation in deep quarries and in the construction of deep economic facilities and for military purposes.

There is a method of developing mineral deposits, including mining of ore deposits by dividing into horizontal layers and excavation sequentially overburden horizons by moving ledges, and then ore [1].

The disadvantage of this method is that the angle of the working side is often 11-17 ° and rarely reaches 20-25 °, as a result of which the current stripping ratio approaches the maximum values, and the performance of the quarry overburden can increase 3-4 times, which requires the use of a large the amount of equipment and overburden extraction costs.

There is a method of developing steeply falling and inclined ore bodies using combined means of transport - automobile and conveyor systems of transport, including conveyors with a clamping belt [2].

The disadvantage of this method is that the conveyor with the clamping tape is common for rocks of density (gypsum, limestone) and less for ores due to the weak design.

Closest to the proposed technical essence and the achieved result is a method of developing mineral deposits, involving the use of steeply inclined conveyor systems in deep quarries [3] (RF patent No. 2310754 C2).

The disadvantage of the development method with a conveyor system is that it uses conveyors with a clamping belt, less reliable for delivering ores to a high height and significant crushing of the rock mass in crushers, which reduces the efficiency of mining.

The aim of the present invention is to increase the efficiency of mining stripping and ore, reducing current stripping ratios, reducing stripping volumes in the sides when they are ejected at stable steep angles, and creating a deep object for economic and military purposes.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the known method of developing ore and overburden excavation, including dividing the quarry field into overburden and mining horizons, ore mining and overburden excavation by moving ledges, the use of sections of the temporary idle side, the construction of ramps and transport berms, conveyor half-trenches and ore delivery and overburden to the surface, divide the overburden of the rocks in cross section in the hanging and lying sides of the reservoir into inclined layers, and the angle of inclination of sections of temporary intermediate slopes of the sides about the layers being processed in the upper, middle and lower zones are different and its increase is determined depending on the different fractures of the rocks of the massif up to the vertical sections in the deep zones, and the development of the productive stratum of rocks is started by preparing and conducting trenches for conveyor lines with an increase in their slope in deep zones moreover, conveyor systems are used in the form of tubular, divided into compartments with retaining stops for pieces from their weight and a cloth covering them, having on one side fasteners in the form of a rectangle the loop, and on the other hand, the hooks included in these fasteners (loops) as the tubular shape of the web is formed using the frame with rollers on the initial, steeply inclined and vertical sections of the track, when the conveyor comes to the surface, the hooks are disengaged from the mesh a spire associated with the conveyor frame and pressing the web with hooks from above and disengaging them, while the unloading of the rock (ore) is carried out in the usual mode for the runaway branch of the conveyor belt, and providing optical By means of a small transport connection between overburden faces and places of storage of overburden rocks overburden in the hanging side of the pool, temporary (intermediate) dumps are organized, permanent and additional dumps on the wings of the reservoir and rock transportation are carried out by ramps oriented in the direction of open-cast mine contours II and III of mining phases, first by cyclic transport vehicles (motor vehicles), and then stream transport, and the trenches with conveyors are oriented so that it is possible to extend the conveyor lifts or create a cascade system when changing the power of the ore body or its angle of incidence, and in the ore mining zone conveyor lifts are built immediately after cyclic action (motor vehicle) reaches the maximum transport arm, which takes the system out of the region of optimal functioning, and the route of conveyor lifts is chosen in such a way so that they can be lengthened or provide work in conjunction with vertical elevators with the delivery of ore to the surface to the transshipment point, the last ascent a nickel in deep zones is constructed so that the shoulder of transportation of assembly vehicles does not go beyond the optimal functioning of the system, and at the final stage of the quarry, the design angles of the sides are corrected, the last layers are worked out (stage III of development) and the sides are brought to the ultimate end angles differentiated by stability in a deep and superdeep career, ensuring the creation of a large object from the career space of great depth for use, including for military purposes.

The use of a conveyor in the form of a tubular on inclined and steeply inclined sections of the bead allows avoiding the use of an additional (clamping) conveyor system, and by distributing the shear loads with their excess in the compartments (between the stops) and grasping the piece of tape on pieces from all sides, it allows reliable transportation of lumpy mass to the surface , create the necessary traction force due to drums or a lifting machine. The creation of such a conveyor system in the development of deposits by deep and super-deep quarries is economically effective, since the spatial parameters of the quarries are reduced by 3-5 times or more compared with the use of railway transport with small elevation angles, by 2-3 times compared with the use of only vehicles with an angle slope i = 0.06-0.08, which ensures a reduction in the volume of rocks in the sides of the quarries from the spacing by 100-200 million m ³ .

Creating a deep quarry with stable and steep corners of the sides allows us to consider this object as important for national and military purposes.

Figure 1-15 shows a plan and section along a steeply inclined ore body with the allocation of steeply inclined layers of mining and the sequence of input steeply inclined conveyor lifts for ore and overburden.

Figure 1. 1 - the contour of the quarry when using railway transport

2 - field contour of the quarry when using vehicles

3 - quarry contour when using conveyor systems

4 - an intermediate contour of the quarry

5 - ore body

6 - ore crushing unit

7 - crushing unit by breed

8 - inclined conveyor complex for ore

ΔV ₁ and ΔV ₂ - reduced volumes of overburden rocks when using road and rail transport

α ₁ , α ₂ , α ₃ - the angles of inclination of the sides when using railway, vehicles and conveyors

Figure 2. 1 - ore body

a, 6, c, d, e, e - worked out layers

3 - the final contour of the quarry by the proposed method

4 - intermediate circuit

6, 6 ′ - crushing unit for ore and its transfer

7, 7 ′ - crushing unit according to the breed and during its transfer

8, 9 - conveyor systems for ore and rock and their extension

α, α ₁ , α ₂ , α ₃ - slopes of the side along the depth of the quarry

α ₁ ′, α ₁ ″, α ₁ ″ ′ - slopes of the upper part of the board

α ₂ ′, α ₂ ″, α ₂ ″ ′ - slopes of the middle part of the side

α ₃ ′, α ₃ ″, α ₃ ″ ′ - slopes of the lower part of the board

α _1k , α _2k , α _3k - slopes of the final side

Figure 3. The scheme of the conveyor system in general

A, B, C, D, E - system nodes

Node A

Figure 4. Conveyor Belt - Conveyor Belt Section

10 - a cloth (tape) of the conveyor

11 - videos

12 - frame

Node B

Figure 5. Conveyor Belt Bend - Belt Conveyor Section

10 - belt (belt) conveyor using a frame

11 - videos

12 - frame

Node C

6. Bend the conveyor belt in a position close to the limit

10 - a cloth (tape) of the conveyor

11 - videos

12 - frame

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

Node D

7. The clutch of the left and right parts of the web when the tubular conveyor

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

15 - pieces

Fig. 8. Cloth (tape) 10 in the plan

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

16 - emphasis

ℓ ₁ - distance between fasteners (loops)

ℓ ₂ - the distance between the stops

Node E

Fig.9. Gearing elements

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

Figure 10. Hook position

10 - a cloth (tape) of the conveyor

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

11. The scheme of the conveyor belt (belt) in general

Fig. 12. The position of the pieces d _to the tape in relation to the height of the stop h

d _to - maximum piece size

Node K

Fig.13, Fig.14. Disengaging the left and right parts of the web

10 - a cloth (tape) of the conveyor

13 - clasp (loop)

14 - hook hook tape

17 - inclined pressure spire

h _n - the height of the pressure spike, a large height of the hook h

Fig.15. The general scheme of action of shear F _sd and holding F _sop forces in the system and in compartments F _ssp >> F _sd .

Execution example

The method of developing ore and overburden with a deep quarry when separating inclined layers and stages and detuning the sides on the final contour with different slope angles of the sides of the bead in accordance with the decreasing natural and technogenic disturbance of the rocks of the massifs with a depth up to the detuning of the vertical sides of the bead in deep zones is illustrated by the diagrams placed on figure 1-15, and is as follows. At the deep Kovdorsky iron ore quarry and the complex-structured Koashvinsky deposit of Apatita OJSC with varying ore content and useful component content with depth and horizons, it is important to develop the ore zone to a greater depth than with traditional methods, therefore, it is necessary to separate the overburden in cross section in a hanging and the lying sides of the reservoir 1-5 on inclined layers, and the angle of inclination of the sections of the temporary intermediate slopes of the sides 4 of the worked out layers in the upper, middle and lower zones is different and velichenie it is determined depending on various disturbance and fracture rocks arrays.

The slope angles of the upper sections of the intermediate sides during mining of the upper layers 2 can be 40-45 °, medium - 50-55 °, lower 55-65 °, during the mining of subsequent layers and especially in deep areas where the fracturing of the rocks is reduced and anthropogenic impact (explosions) in a quarry) on the stability of slopes has less impact, the slope angles of the sides in the lower zones can be 65-75 °, and double ledges can be formed with angles up to 90 °. Mining of the ore body 5 by the proposed method allows us to clarify the structure of the rocks, their type near the limiting contour, to clarify their strength properties of the rocks and justify the depth-differentiated slope angles of sections of the quarry sides. In addition, the data obtained can be used for the use of steeply inclined and vertical conveyors built on the surface of reinforced slopes of deep zones.

The development of the productive stratum begins with the preparation and conduct of trenches for conveyor lines with an increase in their slope in deep zones, and conveyor systems are used in the form of tubular, divided into compartments with retaining stops for pieces from their weight and a cloth covering them, having fasteners on one side in the form of a rectangular loop, and on the other hand, the hooks included in these fasteners (loops) as the tubular shape of the fabric is formed using a frame with rollers in the initial, steeply inclined and vertical sections of the track, at de conveyor onto the surface conclusion hooks from engagement by the device in the form of an inclined spire associated with the frame of the conveyor, and presses the web with hooks at the top and outputting them from engagement with the discharge rock (ore) is performed in the normal mode for vanishing branch of the belt conveyor. For the formation of a tubular conveyor with a diameter of 300 mm, it is sufficient to have a belt web of a width of up to 1000 mm. The maximum piece size d _{k is} up to 200 mm, the height of the protrusions is up to 15-20 mm, and the distance between them is ℓ = 350-400 mm (on steeply inclined sections) and up to 500-800 mm on inclined sections. The size of the fasteners (loops) 10 × 15 mm (structural steel), the size of the hook is a height of 20 ÷ 30 mm, it is firmly fastened to the canvas, the gap between the tape covers should not exceed 10 mm. The spire is made of structural steel with a cross section of 20 × 60 mm and is installed with an inclination with a vertical projection of up to 30-40 mm, which will allow the hook to be disengaged. Work on the proposed method allows to increase the depth of the quarry, installed on a flat slope of the side with an angle of 39-42 ° according to the project (the bottom of the quarry has a mark of -290 m). It has been shown by calculations that, at average weighted slope angles of 50-55 °, the pit depth can be increased by 150-200 m (marking the bottom -450 ÷ -500 m), and the quarry can develop a geologically-structurally complex deposit with rock interlayers and by changing the content of the component is particularly effective, since the loss and dilution of the ore are reduced.

Conveyor lifts for overburden 7, it is advisable to start creating with otm. +190 m to the mark. -150 ÷ -200 m. It is advisable to create a conveyor lift for ore 6 on the eastern side of the quarry. With the deepening of mining operations, conveyor lifts for ore 9, 10 and overburden 11, 12, 13 are extended, and in deep zones it is advisable to build vertical lifts. To increase the capacity of the central heating system in the overburden up to 35-40 million tons per year, it is advisable to create the next crushing unit equipped with two cone crushers of the type KVKD on the mountains. + 85 ÷ + 90 m. For this, a conveyor with a capacity of 20 million tons of overburden per year of the overlying section is transferred to the underlying one, and a belt conveyor with a capacity of 30–40 million tons of rock per year is installed on the overlying belt (belt speed 3.5–4 m / s and In _l = 3-3.5 m). With the deepening of mining operations, the crushing link with the mark. + 85 ÷ + 90 m is transferred to the mark. -110 m, and then on the mark. -210 m steeply inclined tubular 7 or vertical conveyor. Unloading of the rock from the dump conveyor when dumping the lines is carried out by the unloading mechanism in the form of a small boom equipped, for example, with a plate feeder. In the same sequence, the central heating center for ore is rebuilt and lengthened: first in half trenches at elevation. +200 m, +100 m, +0 m, -100 m (steep incline) and lower to elev. -200 m steeply inclined or vertical lift. Quarry ore productivity is 7-5 million tons per year. The use of OPC on ore on the permanent eastern side of the quarry is more effective than on the southern non-working side with a large number of conveyors with a small slope and a track in the form of a loop or serpentine.

For the Kovdorsky open pit mine with a bottom mark of minus 605 m (side height 880-900 m) at the last stage, when refining the open pit, the crushing link and steeply inclined tubular or vertical conveyor should be installed at minus 350 ÷ -400 m with slope angles of 70- 80 °.

The detuning of the idle side with differentiated and steep sections at deep horizons will allow to reduce the overburden volume in quarries by 200-300 million m ³ and additionally produce about 120-140 million tons of ore by open pit at a lower cost of ore and its lower losses.

Information sources

1. Khokhryakov B.C. Open pit mining. M .: Subsoil. - 1974.- 233 p.

2. Kartavy A.N. Prospects for the use of steeply inclined conveyors with a clamping tape for central heating systems. // Mountain Journal. - 2003. - No. 6. - S. 52-55.

3. RF patent 2310754 C2. The method of open development of mineral deposits and a device for its implementation. Publ. 11/20/2007. - Bull. 32 (prototype).

Claims (1)

A method for open-pit mining of mineral deposits, including the identification of stages and sub-stages and detuning of a deep quarry at different slope angles in accordance with the decreasing natural and technogenic disturbance of the massif rocks with depth, using traditional transport, with the cost of delivering ore and overburden to the surface from deep zones, reaching 60-70% of the cost of developing 1 ton of minerals, characterized in that they divide the overburden of the rocks and the ore body vertically by they build in them inclined, steeply inclined and vertical sections of the sides with their fastening in deep zones during the completion of the quarry, and the development of the productive strata of rocks begins with the preparation and conduct of trenches for conveyor lines with an increase in their slope in deep zones, and conveyor systems are used in the form tubular, divided into compartments with retaining stops for pieces from their weight and a cloth covering them, having fasteners in the form of a rectangular loop on one side and hooks included in these fasteners (loops) on the other as the tubular shape of the web is formed using the carcass with rollers in the initial, steeply inclined and vertical sections of the route, when the conveyor comes to the surface, the hooks are disengaged by the device in the form of an inclined spire connected to the conveyor carcass and pushing the web with hooks on top and leading them out out of engagement, while the unloading of the rock (ore) is carried out as usual for the runaway branch of the conveyor belt, and to ensure optimal transport communication between the overburden faces and places of storage of overburden rocks in the hanging side of the deposit organize temporary (intermediate) dumps, permanent and additional deposits on the wings and transportation of the rock is carried out by ramps oriented in the direction of the open-cast mine contours of the II and III mining phases, first by cyclic transport vehicles (vehicles), and then flow transport, and the trenches with conveyors are oriented in such a way that it is possible to lengthen conveyor lifts or create a cascade system when the ore capacity changes of the body or angle of incidence, and in the mining zone, conveyor lifts are built immediately after cyclic action (motor vehicle) reaches the maximum transport arm, which takes the system out of the region of optimal functioning, and the route of conveyor lifts is chosen so that they can be extended or provided work in conjunction with vertical elevators with the delivery of ore to the surface to the transshipment point, and the last elevator in deep zones is constructed so that the shoulder transportation of assembly vehicles did not go beyond the optimal functioning of the system, and at the final stage of the quarry work, the design angles of the sides are corrected, the last layers are worked out (stage III of development) and the sides are brought to the ultimate stability angles differentiated by stability in a deep and super-deep quarry.

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