CN109225331B - 一种金属卟啉骨架材料敏化的二氧化钛可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种金属卟啉骨架材料敏化的二氧化钛可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
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- B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
- B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine
- B01J31/1815—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种金属卟啉骨架材料敏化的二氧化钛可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法,用于可见光催化降解处理水中有机污染物。通过实验在金属卟啉骨架材料敏化剂存在的条件下原位制备二氧化钛,得到卟啉金属有机框架材料敏化的TiO2复合催化剂,以此提高卟啉敏化TiO2整体催化稳定性,拓宽其光响应范围,减缓空穴‑电子对的结合,增强催化剂的性能。通过考察复合催化剂在可见光条件下对水中典型有机污染物—亚甲基蓝的降解性能,实现高效可见光降解水中有机物的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种基于染料敏化二氧化钛的可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法,用于可见光催化降解处理水中有机污染物。
背景技术
淡水资源匮乏的重要原因之一是印染废水的大量排放,印染废水是典型的水中有机污染 之一。每年有大量商业染料排放,排放量大。这些有机染料化学性质稳定,难以降解,对生 态环境有潜在危害。它们最大的问题之一是通过吸收和反射进入水中的阳光,影响水生细菌 的污染物降解能力。除此之外,有机染料一旦释放到水生生态系统中会引起各种环境问题, 如堵塞污水处理厂,影响水生生物的生长,增加生化氧气等。
因此,需要开发一种有效、经济的技术以降低有机污染物的浓度,减缓其排放至水生环境后造成的危害。目前,工业上可用的废水处理技术如吸附法、凝结法等仅仅将这些污染物从水中浓缩或分离出来,但不能将其完全“消除”或“破坏”为可生物降解、毒性较小的有机化合物,以及无机物CO2,H2O,NO3 -,PO4 3-。其他水处理方法如化学方法、膜技术等通常成本较高,并且往往会产生二次污染物。在众多用处理水中有机污染物的技术中,一种包括芬顿反应,光催化,超声降解,臭氧氧化的高级氧化工艺(AOPs)越来越受到重视,因为其具备高效、操作简单以及重现性好等优势。通常,AOPs涉及原位生成高活性和非选择性的化学氧化剂(H2O2,·OH,·O2 -,O3等),将有毒的有机化合物转化为毒性较小的物质,甚至在合适的条件下,将有机分子完全降解为CO2和H2O。在以AOPs为机理的催化剂中,TiO2,ZnO, Fe2O3,CdS,GaP等半导体催化剂被证实可有效降解各种有机污染物。同时,这些半导体催化剂作为非均相催化剂,具有完全矿化、不产生二次污染及低成本的优势。这些半导体中, TiO2以其耐用性,低成本,低毒性,超亲水性和显着的化学和光化学稳定性,成为最受欢迎的研究对象。
但TiO2的禁带宽度较宽,块状TiO2的带隙能量位于紫外区域(金红石相为3.0eV,锐钛矿相为3.2eV),这部分紫外光只占太阳能的一小部分(<10%),这极大得抑制了TiO2在光催化领域的应用。因此,拓宽TiO2在可见光区域的吸收范围将是提高其光催化性能的有效途径之一。
拓宽TiO2可见光响应范围的方式主要有三种:一、掺杂其他金属元素以缩小TiO2纳米材料禁带宽度;二、利用无机或有机化合物对TiO2进行敏化,提高其在可见光区域的光学活性;三、耦合金属-TiO2纳米材料颗粒表面及内部导带中的电子的集体振荡。其中,染料敏化法已经成为行之有效的方法之一。被用作纳米TiO2敏化剂的有机染料其通常是具有低激发态的过渡金属络合物,例如聚吡啶络合物,酞菁和金属卟啉。金属离子通常为Ru(II),Zn(II), Mg(II),Fe(II)和Al(III),而配体是具有离域π轨道或芳环系统的氮杂环。但是单纯的酞菁或卟啉敏化二氧化钛存在着敏化效率低,敏化剂易聚集失活或者敏化剂本身被光降解,从而导致染料敏化方法的使用受到限制。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对污水中有机污染物难处理的问题,提供一种基于染料敏化二氧化钛的可见光响应的光降解催化剂的制备方法,完成水中有机污染物在可见光下高效降解,实现含有机物污水的高效、低成本的处理。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用的方法是:针对TiO2光响应范围窄,不能利用太阳光中的可见光,致使其光利用效率低等问题。本申请充分利用卟啉MOFs材料优异的光、热和化学稳定性以及在可见光区有强吸收等特性,将卟啉MOFs金属有机骨架材料和纳米TiO2复合,发挥复合催化剂降低电荷与空穴结合速率的作用,提高复合催化剂的光催化性能。
本发明技术方案为:
通过合成一种卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的TiO2复合催化剂,以此提高卟啉敏化TiO2整体催化稳定性,拓宽其光响应范围,减缓空穴-电子对的结合,增强催化剂的用性能。通过考察复合催化剂在可见光条件下对水中典型有机污染物—亚甲基蓝的降解性能,实现高效可见光降解水中有机物的目的。
一种金属卟啉骨架材料敏化的二氧化钛可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征为:
将金属盐和支撑剂(占金属盐物质的量的1%-15%)加入到装有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水乙醇的混合液(体积比为2:1)的反应器中,超声30min,然后加入羧基苯基卟啉,(羧基苯基卟啉和金属盐的物质的量比例为1:5~100),超声30min后将反应器进行溶剂热反应。过滤得到固体,使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺洗涤并离心分离三次,使用无水乙醇浸泡并离心分离两次。60℃真空干燥4h,得到金属有机骨架敏化剂。
用浓硝酸调节去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂(体积比为4:1)的pH为1,将含有钛酸四丁酯的无水乙醇溶液逐滴加入混合溶剂中,搅拌1h。然后将分散于去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的金属有机骨架敏化剂(金属有机骨架敏化剂与钛酸四丁酯的物质的量比为1:10~300) 缓慢加入,继续搅拌2h,静置8h,之后加热至70℃保持3h。用20mL去离子水洗涤两次, 20mL无水乙醇洗涤三次,转移至真空干燥箱,60℃真空干燥4h,得到光降解催化剂。
所用的金属盐为硝酸盐或乙酸盐,金属盐的阳离子为钴、镍、铁、铜、锌中的一种或多种。溶剂热反应温度为80℃~120℃,反应时间为8h~40h,程序降温过程为2℃/h~10℃/h。
所用支撑剂为吡啶、吡嗪、联吡啶、吡唑、嘧啶中的一种或两种混合物。
基于染料敏化二氧化钛的可见光响应的光催化剂的实验室评价方法:
以光催化降解水中经典有机污染物亚甲基蓝为探针反应研究经敏化的锐钛型TiO2在可见光下的光催化性能。亚甲基蓝是一种典型的偶氮染料,广泛地应用于光催化反应。该物质溶于水稀释后呈蓝色。光催化降解实验在光催化反应器中进行,反应温度为25℃,LED光源功率为150W,颜色为正白色,光源与液面相距35cm处的光强度为60W/m2。
光催化性能评价方法如下:向光催化反应器中加入浓度为2×10-5mol/L的亚甲基蓝溶液。通过紫外-可见吸收光谱测量亚甲基蓝溶液在664nm处的吸光度即为污染物初始吸光度。随后,向反应器中加入光催化剂80mg,避光条件下超声10分钟。超声结束后,将反应器避光放置搅拌至吸附平衡。然后打开光源并开启磁力搅拌器,调整转速为500r/min。每隔半小时取一次样,每次取反应液10mL于离心管中,离心5min,取上清液于比色皿中,通过紫外-可见吸收光谱测量亚甲基蓝溶液的吸光度,计算脱除率。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和对比例对本发明进行详细说明:
实施例1:
将硝酸钴和支撑剂联吡啶(占金属盐物质的量的5%)加入到装有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水乙醇的混合液(体积比为2:1)的反应器中,超声30min,然后加入羧基苯基卟啉,(羧基苯基卟啉和金属盐的物质的量比例为1:20),超声30min后将反应器进行溶剂热反应。过滤得到固体,使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺洗涤并离心分离三次,使用无水乙醇浸泡并离心分离两次。60℃真空干燥4h,得到金属有机骨架敏化剂。
用浓硝酸调节去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂(体积比为4:1)的pH为1,将含有钛酸四丁酯的无水乙醇溶液逐滴加入混合溶剂中,搅拌1h。然后将分散于去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的金属有机骨架敏化剂(金属有机骨架敏化剂与钛酸四丁酯的物质的量比为1:50)缓慢加入,继续搅拌2h,静置8h,之后加热至70℃保持3h。用20mL去离子水洗涤两次,20mL 无水乙醇洗涤三次,转移至真空干燥箱,60℃真空干燥4h,得到光降解催化剂。
溶剂热反应温度为100℃,反应时间为20h,程序降温过程为5℃/h。
按照上述光催化剂评价方法对制备的卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的光降解催化剂进行光催化性能的评价,结果见表1。
实施例2:
将硝酸锌和支撑剂吡嗪(占金属盐物质的量的8%)加入到装有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水乙醇的混合液(体积比为2:1)的反应器中,超声30min,然后加入羧基苯基卟啉,(羧基苯基卟啉和金属盐的物质的量比例为1:15),超声30min后将反应器进行溶剂热反应。过滤得到固体,使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺洗涤并离心分离三次,使用无水乙醇浸泡并离心分离两次。 60℃真空干燥4h,得到金属有机骨架敏化剂。
用浓硝酸调节去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂(体积比为4:1)的pH为1,将含有钛酸四丁酯的无水乙醇溶液逐滴加入混合溶剂中,搅拌1h。然后将分散于去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的金属有机骨架敏化剂(金属有机骨架敏化剂与钛酸四丁酯的物质的量比为1:25)缓慢加入,继续搅拌2h,静置8h,之后加热至70℃保持3h。用20mL去离子水洗涤两次,20mL 无水乙醇洗涤三次,转移至真空干燥箱,60℃真空干燥4h,得到光降解催化剂。
溶剂热反应温度为110℃,反应时间为36h,程序降温过程为4℃/h。
按照上述光催化剂评价方法对制备的卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的光降解催化剂进行光催化性能的评价,结果见表1。
对比例1:
为了证明卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的光降解催化剂中的卟啉金属有机骨架材料对TiO2的优异敏化性能,将没有敏化剂的纯TiO2用于对比,采用同样的光催化剂评价方法评价纯TiO2的可见光催化性能,结果见表1.
对比例2:
为了证明卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的光降解催化剂中的卟啉金属有机骨架材料对TiO2的优异敏化性能,在制备卟啉金属有机骨架材料敏化的光降解催化剂的过程中不添加金属盐组分,是卟啉无法形成金属有机骨架材料,其他制备方法不变,得到的光催化剂作为对比例 2。然后采用同样的光催化剂评价方法评价纯TiO2的可见光催化性能,结果见表1.
表1光催化剂降解性能对比
光催化剂 | 降解性能(8h降解率) |
实施例1 | 83% |
实施例2 | 80% |
对比例1 | 42% |
对比例2 | 75% |
按照以上方案将制备的光降解催化剂对水中有机物亚甲基蓝可见光降解性能进行评价,对水中有机具有优异的光催化降解性能,和二氧化钛对比降解性能明显提升。降解完成后,对催化剂进行重复使用,发现催化剂重复使用性能良好,连续多次光催化实验降解性能没有明显下降。
本发明与现有技术对比,由于卟啉衍生物为配体单元,催化剂整体对可见光利用率明显提升,采用含有多孔的金属有机框架材料为敏化剂,所以对污染物降解性能明显好于二氧化钛。而且采用二氧化钛为载体,提高了金属有机框架材料的稳定。此外,由于该复合催化剂采用网状二维金属有机框架材料为复合敏化剂,敏化效果明显,有利于光生电荷的分离和传输,使得材料对有机物具有非常好的光催化降解性能。采用该光催化剂对污水中有机物进行降级处理脱除,具有设备简单,投资低等优点,而且产物为二氧化碳和水,没有二次污染,处理完全。具有广阔的应用前景和重要的环保意义。
Claims (6)
1.一种金属卟啉骨架材料敏化的二氧化钛可见光响应的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征为:将金属盐和支撑剂加入到装有体积比为2:1的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和无水乙醇的混合液的反应器中,超声30min,然后加入羧基苯基卟啉,超声30min后将反应器进行溶剂热反应,过滤得到固体,使用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺洗涤并离心分离三次,使用无水乙醇浸泡并离心分离两次,60℃真空干燥4h,得到金属有机骨架敏化剂,然后用浓硝酸调节体积比为4:1的去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的pH为1,将含有钛酸四丁酯的无水乙醇溶液逐滴加入混合溶剂中,搅拌1h,然后将分散于去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的金属有机骨架敏化剂缓慢加入,继续搅拌2h,静置8h,之后加热至70℃保持3h,用20mL去离子水洗涤两次,20mL无水乙醇洗涤三次,转移至真空干燥箱,60℃真空干燥4h,得到光催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所用的金属盐为硝酸盐或乙酸盐,金属盐的阳离子为钴、镍、铁、铜、锌中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所用支撑剂为吡啶、吡嗪、联吡啶、吡唑、嘧啶中的一种或两种混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,支撑剂的量占金属盐物质的量的1%-15%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,加入羧基苯基卟啉时,羧基苯基卟啉和金属盐的物质的量比例为1:5~100。
6.根据权利要求1所述的光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,将分散于去离子水和无水乙醇混合溶剂的金属有机骨架敏化剂加入混合物中时,加入量由金属有机骨架敏化剂与钛酸四丁酯的物质的量比为1:10~300的比例确定。
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