CN109197464B - Cultivation method capable of improving quality and yield of maca - Google Patents
Cultivation method capable of improving quality and yield of maca Download PDFInfo
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- CN109197464B CN109197464B CN201811286692.5A CN201811286692A CN109197464B CN 109197464 B CN109197464 B CN 109197464B CN 201811286692 A CN201811286692 A CN 201811286692A CN 109197464 B CN109197464 B CN 109197464B
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- 240000000759 Lepidium meyenii Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 235000000421 Lepidium meyenii Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 235000012902 lepidium meyenii Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 52
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
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- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims abstract description 14
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- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 241001124076 Aphididae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 37
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
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- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 11
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- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 claims description 8
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- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
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- QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophanate-methyl Chemical group COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC QGHREAKMXXNCOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000017260 vegetative to reproductive phase transition of meristem Effects 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- GEWDNTWNSAZUDX-WQMVXFAESA-N (-)-methyl jasmonate Chemical compound CC\C=C/C[C@@H]1[C@@H](CC(=O)OC)CCC1=O GEWDNTWNSAZUDX-WQMVXFAESA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- GEWDNTWNSAZUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 7-epi-jasmonate Natural products CCC=CCC1C(CC(=O)OC)CCC1=O GEWDNTWNSAZUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
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- 229930192334 Auxin Natural products 0.000 abstract description 2
- 241000256259 Noctuidae Species 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002363 auxin Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 241001600408 Aphis gossypii Species 0.000 description 4
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- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- YVWMHFYOIJMUMN-CYZWUHAYSA-N (6e,8e)-5-oxooctadeca-6,8-dienoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC\C=C\C=C\C(=O)CCCC(O)=O YVWMHFYOIJMUMN-CYZWUHAYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 241000219193 Brassicaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 241000801118 Lepidium Species 0.000 description 1
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- 108700001094 Plant Genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VQXSOUPNOZTNAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrethrin I Natural products CC(=CC1CC1C(=O)OC2CC(=O)C(=C2C)CC=C/C=C)C VQXSOUPNOZTNAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930003268 Vitamin C Natural products 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930013930 alkaloid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003797 alkaloid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].OP(O)([O-])=O LFVGISIMTYGQHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000387 ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- -1 etc.) Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019837 monoammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006012 monoammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000402 monopotassium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019796 monopotassium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001282 polysaccharide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O GNSKLFRGEWLPPA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K potassium phosphate Substances [K+].[K+].[K+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrethrin Natural products CCC(=O)OC1CC(=C)C2CC3OC3(C)C2C2OC(=O)C(=C)C12 HYJYGLGUBUDSLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJFUPGQZSXIULQ-XIGJTORUSA-N pyrethrin II Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@H](/C=C(\C)C(=O)OC)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@@H]1C(C)=C(C\C=C/C=C)C(=O)C1 VJFUPGQZSXIULQ-XIGJTORUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000021749 root development Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036299 sexual function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011691 vitamin B1 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011716 vitamin B2 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011726 vitamin B6 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019154 vitamin C Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
- A01C1/06—Coating or dressing seed
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
- C05F5/00—Fertilisers from distillery wastes, molasses, vinasses, sugar plant or similar wastes or residues, e.g. from waste originating from industrial processing of raw material of agricultural origin or derived products thereof
- C05F5/002—Solid waste from mechanical processing of material, e.g. seed coats, olive pits, almond shells, fruit residue, rice hulls
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca, which comprises the following specific steps: (1) selecting a planting field; (2) raising seedlings of seeds; (3) transplanting and field planting; (4) checking for defects and supplementing seedlings; (5) managing the field; (6) and (5) reserving seeds. According to the invention, through seed coating, insect pests (aphids, cutworms and the like) suffered by maca seeds in the growth process can be prevented and controlled; the application of the bacterial manure improves a microbial system of soil, can reduce soil hardening and solidification, enhances soil fertility, and can provide sufficient nitrogen fertilizer for plant growth, strains in the bacterial manure can secrete auxin (IAA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the IAA promotes the growth and development of maca, the MeJA can induce the chemical defense of plants and reduce plant diseases and insect pests, the quality and the yield of the maca in the invention are greatly improved, the content of maca in bacterial manure cultivation is improved compared with that of macaamide and maca alkene in common cultivation, and the fresh weight of a single plant and the root diameter are also larger than those in common cultivation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of maca planting, in particular to a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca.
Background
Lepidium meyenii Walpers (Lepidium meyenii Walpers), which is a herb of Lepidium genus of Cruciferae family, mainly utilizes a root which is rich in various nutritional ingredients, such as protein, amino acid, polysaccharide, mineral nutritional elements (potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, etc.), vitamin C, and vitamin B1Vitamin B2Vitamin B6Etc.; in addition, the root also contains active substances such as unique active ingredients of macamide, macaene, macaimidazole alkaloid and the like. Modern medical science proves that maca is rich in nutrition, can be eaten and used as a medicine, and has the effects of relieving fatigue, improving sexual function, resisting oxidation, enhancing immunity and the like.
At present, maca is planted in a certain standard, the special environment and climate are needed, the elevation is generally required to be more than 3000 m, the climate is severe, the soil is fertile, the temperature difference between day and night reaches more than 30 ℃, and the places are rare all over the world; meanwhile, after the maca is planted in one land for one time, the land needs to be kept for more than seven years to restore fertility, otherwise, the land cannot be tilled or the yield is sharply reduced, so that the maca planting technology has great significance in improving the yield per mu. For example, the maca planting method provided by patent number CN103650886A ensures the yield and quality of maca by turning over a plough to expose a planting field to sunlight, then planting the planting field in a longitudinal parallel and staggered planting mode and matching with seedling reduction, seedling supplement, manual weeding, additional fertilization and other modes.
Along with the demand of the market on maca products, the planting demand of maca crops is increased, so that the significance of improving the maca planting yield is great, and meanwhile, the planting mode of the maca crops can not be met, so that the yield and the quality need to be improved by researching and developing a new planting mode.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca, so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy loam or loam with elevation of 2500-3200m, average annual temperature of 10-18 ℃, non-planting of cruciferous plants in the previous crop, loose soil, and good permeability and water retention;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, crushing, and adding 10% of perlite to prepare nutrient soil;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 25-30 ℃ for 24 hours, airing and then coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: the uniformly mixed nutrient soil is placed in a tray and is watered thoroughly in the early 4 months, seeds are sown on the nutrient tray by adopting an automatic seeder, each tray contains 1400 sand seeds, then the tray surface is covered with a layer of nutrient soil, the thickness is proper for just covering the seeds, and a proper amount of water is sprayed;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature of the culture solution at 18-25 ℃, and keeping the seedling period at 50-60 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: ploughing soil, finely crushing, leveling and fertilizing the planting land at the beginning of 6 months and when 5-7 true leaves of the seedling are planted, leveling to form a bed and covering a black reflective insect-proof mulching film; adopting manual transplanting, planting 1 seedling in each hole, planting the seedling with the row spacing of 25 multiplied by 25cm and the planting depth of 3-5cm, and irrigating root fixing and seedling reviving water in time after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 3-5 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 6-8 times in the growth period of maca, and applying bacterial manure once a month;
c. and (3) pest control: controlling water and removing disease residual plants when appropriate, and preparing 6000 times of liquid spraying on the water by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder when the disease is serious;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shape, smooth and clean appearance, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to seed reserving lands with the altitude of 2200 plus 2500m at the beginning of 2 months, wherein the row spacing of the plants is 25 multiplied by 30cm, compacting soil during planting, watering root fixing water after planting, paying attention to aphid prevention and control in flowering period, timely pulling out the plants when yellow and black fruits appear in the last 7 months, placing the plants in a large dustpan, shaking off the seeds after slight drying, sealing and storing the seeds in a cool and dry place after drying.
As a further scheme of the invention: the seed coating agent in the step (2) is formed by mixing 2.5-5% of pyrethrin and a micro-fertilizer according to the volume ratio of 1: 1.
As a further scheme of the invention: the micro-fertilizer in the step (2) is prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate (101mg/L), ammonium nitrate (16mg/L), magnesium sulfate (98.6mg/L), monopotassium phosphate (27.2mg/L), monoammonium phosphate (23mg/L) and urea (60mg/L) in water.
As a further scheme of the invention: and (3) controlling the pH value of the humus soil to be 6.5 during preparation of the nutrient soil in the step (2).
As a further scheme of the invention: and (3) after the humus soil and the sheep manure prepared from the nutrient soil in the step (2) are mixed and fermented, adopting 1000 times of solution sprayed with thiophanate methyl to sterilize.
As a further scheme of the invention: the thickness of the covering nutrient soil after sowing in the step (2) is 1-2 mm.
As a further scheme of the invention: in the step (3), the width of each row of ridges is 1.8m, the distance between two adjacent rows of ridges is 30cm, and the depth of the ditch is 25 cm.
As a further scheme of the invention: and (3) fertilizing in the step of applying 4 tons of farmyard manure per mu, turning the farmyard manure into a soil layer of 20-30cm, and uniformly stirring the farmyard manure in a mechanical or manual mode.
As a further scheme of the invention: the bacterial fertilizer in the step (5) is prepared by mixing bacillus subtilis, azospirillum brasilense and rice bran according to a certain proportion, and the following conditions are required to be met:
a. wherein the bacillus subtilis and the azospirillum brazilian grow respectively in a fermentation tank until 0D is 0.8;
b. b, bacillus subtilis liquid: azospirillum brasiliensis bacterial liquid: the rice bran is mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:1: 8;
c. 20-60g of bacterial manure is applied to each maca.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) according to the invention, through seed coating, insect pests (aphids, cutworms and the like) suffered by maca seeds in the growth process can be prevented and controlled;
(2) in the biological organic fertilizer, the bacillus subtilis is used for improving a microbial system of soil, so that soil hardening can be reduced, and solidification can be realized; the azospirillum brasilense has strong ammonium secretion capacity, can provide sufficient nitrogen fertilizer for plant growth, and the two strains can secrete auxin (IAA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the IAA can directly promote the root development of plants so as to promote the growth of the plants, and the MeJA can stimulate the expression of defense plant genes, induce the chemical defense of the plants, resist diseases and insect pests, so that the use of pesticides is reduced;
(3) the quality and the yield of the maca cultivated by the bacterial manure are greatly improved, the content of macamide and macaene in the maca cultivated by bacterial manure is improved compared with that in the maca cultivated by the common cultivation, and the fresh weight of a single plant and the diameter of the root of the maca are also larger than those in the common cultivation.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
In the embodiment of the invention, a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy loam or loam with elevation of 2500m, annual average temperature of 10 ℃, loose soil, good permeability and water retention and no cruciferous plants planted in previous crops;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil (pH6.5) and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, spraying 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution, sterilizing (selecting), pulverizing, and adding 10% of perlite to obtain nutrient soil;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds for 24 hours in warm water at 25 ℃, airing and then coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: at the beginning of 4 months, dishing the uniformly mixed nutrient soil and watering thoroughly, sowing seeds on the nutrient disk by adopting an automatic sowing machine, wherein each disk contains 1400 seeds, then covering the disk surface with a layer of nutrient soil with the thickness of 1mm which is proper for covering the seeds, and spraying a proper amount of water;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature at about 18-25 ℃, and keeping the seedling period for 50 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: at the beginning of 6 months, when 5 true leaves of the seedlings are planted, the soil is ploughed, finely crushed and leveled, 4 tons of farmyard manure is applied to each mu, the farmyard manure is turned into a soil layer of 20cm and is uniformly stirred in a mechanical or manual mode, the farmyard manure is leveled and made into furrows, black reflective insect-proof mulching films are covered on the furrows, the furrow width is 1.8m, the distance between the furrows is 30cm, the furrow depth is 25cm, and the plant row spacing is 25 multiplied by 25 cm. Adopting manual transplanting, planting 1 seedling in each hole with a planting depth of 3-5cm, and timely irrigating root-fixing and seedling-reviving water after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 3 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 6 times in the growth period of maca, and applying bacterial manure once a month;
the bacterial fertilizer is prepared by mixing bacillus subtilis, azospirillum brasilense and rice bran according to a certain proportion, and the requirements of the bacterial fertilizer meet the following conditions:
respectively growing bacillus subtilis and azospirillum brazilian in a fermentation tank until 0D is 0.8;
b, bacillus subtilis liquid: azospirillum brasiliensis bacterial liquid: the rice bran is mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:1: 8;
bacterial manure 20g is applied to each maca;
c. and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage is cotton aphid, the seed coating in the steps is adopted, meanwhile, the prevention and treatment measures such as timely water control, disease residual plant removal and the like are taken, and when the disease is serious, 6000 times of liquid is prepared by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder to water for spray prevention and treatment;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shapes, smooth and clean surfaces, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to a seed reserving land with the altitude of 2200m in the beginning of 2 months, keeping the row spacing of the plants at 25 multiplied by 30cm, compacting soil during planting, watering enough root fixing water after planting, paying attention to aphid prevention and control in flowering season, putting the plants in the last ten days of 7 months, when the siliques appear yellow and black, shaking off the seeds after slight drying, sealing and storing in a cool and dry place after drying.
Example 2
In the embodiment of the invention, a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy soil or loam with the altitude of 2850m, the average annual temperature of 14 ℃, the previous stubble of which does not grow cruciferous plants and has loose soil quality, good permeability and good water retention;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil (pH6.5) and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, spraying 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution, sterilizing (selecting), pulverizing, and adding 10% of perlite to obtain nutrient soil;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 27.5 ℃ for 24 hours, airing and then coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: at the beginning of 4 months, dishing the uniformly mixed nutrient soil and watering thoroughly, sowing seeds on the nutrient disk by adopting an automatic sowing machine, wherein 1500 seeds are placed on each disk, then covering a layer of nutrient soil on the disk surface, the thickness is proper for just covering the seeds, generally 1.5mm, and spraying proper amount of water;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature at about 21.5 ℃, and keeping the seedling period at 55 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: at the beginning of 6 months, when 5-7 true leaves of seedlings are planted, soil is ploughed, fine crushing and leveling are carried out, 4 tons of farmyard manure is applied to each mu, the farmyard manure is turned into a soil layer of 25cm and is uniformly stirred in a mechanical or manual mode, the leveling and the ridging are carried out, black reflective insect-proof mulching films are covered on the farmyard, the width of the ridging is 1.8m, the distance between the ridging and the ridging is 30cm, the depth of a ditch is 25cm, and the plant row spacing is 25 multiplied by 25 cm. Adopting manual transplanting, fixedly planting 1 seedling in each hole, wherein the fixed planting depth is 4cm, and timely irrigating root fixing and seedling reviving water after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 4 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 7 times in the growth period of maca, and applying bacterial manure once a month;
the bacterial fertilizer is prepared by mixing bacillus subtilis, azospirillum brasilense and rice bran according to a certain proportion, and the requirements of the bacterial fertilizer meet the following conditions:
respectively growing bacillus subtilis and azospirillum brazilian in a fermentation tank until 0D is 0.8;
b, bacillus subtilis liquid: azospirillum brasiliensis bacterial liquid: the rice bran is mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:1: 8;
applying 40g of bacterial manure to each maca;
c. and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage is cotton aphid, the seed coating in the steps is adopted, meanwhile, the prevention and treatment measures such as timely water control, disease residual plant removal and the like are taken, and when the disease is serious, 6000 times of liquid is prepared by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder to water for spray prevention and treatment;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shapes, smooth and clean surfaces, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to a reserved land with an elevation of 2350m in the beginning of 2 months, keeping the row spacing of the plants at 25 multiplied by 30cm, compacting soil during planting, watering enough root fixing water after planting, paying attention to aphid prevention and control in flowering season, timely pulling out the plants in the last ten days of 7 months, placing the plants in a large dustpan, shaking off the seeds after slight drying, sealing and storing the plants in a cool and dry place after drying.
Example 3
In the embodiment of the invention, a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy soil or loam with the altitude of 3200m, the average annual temperature of 18 ℃ and the previous stubble without planting cruciferous plants, loose soil quality, and good permeability and water retention;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil (pH6.5) and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, spraying 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution, sterilizing (selecting), pulverizing, and adding 10% of perlite to obtain nutrient soil;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds for 24 hours in warm water at 30 ℃, airing and then coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing a bactericide, an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: at the beginning of 4 months, dishing the uniformly mixed nutrient soil and watering thoroughly, sowing seeds on the nutrient disk by adopting an automatic sowing machine, wherein each disk contains 1600 grains, then covering a layer of nutrient soil on the disk surface, the thickness is proper for just covering the seeds, generally 2mm, and spraying proper amount of water;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature at about 25 ℃, and keeping the seedling period at 60 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: at the beginning of 6 months, when 7 true leaves of seedlings are planted, soil is ploughed, fine crushing and leveling are carried out, 4 tons of farmyard manure is applied to each mu, the farmyard manure is turned into a soil layer of 30cm and is uniformly stirred in a mechanical or manual mode, the leveling and ridging are carried out, a black light-reflecting insect-preventing mulching film is covered on the farmyard, the width of the ridging is 1.8m, the distance between the ridging and the ridging is 30cm, the depth of a ditch is 25cm, and the plant row spacing is 25 multiplied by 25 cm. Adopting manual transplanting, fixedly planting 1 seedling in each hole, wherein the fixed planting depth is 5cm, and timely irrigating root fixing and seedling reviving water after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 5 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 8 times in the growth period of maca, and applying bacterial manure once a month;
the bacterial fertilizer is prepared by mixing bacillus subtilis, azospirillum brasilense and rice bran according to a certain proportion, and the requirements of the bacterial fertilizer meet the following conditions:
respectively growing bacillus subtilis and azospirillum brazilian in a fermentation tank until 0D is 0.8;
b, bacillus subtilis liquid: azospirillum brasiliensis bacterial liquid: the rice bran is mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:1: 8;
60g of bacterial manure is applied to each maca;
c. and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage is cotton aphid, the seed coating in the steps is adopted, meanwhile, the prevention and treatment measures such as timely water control, disease residual plant removal and the like are taken, and when the disease is serious, 6000 times of liquid is prepared by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder to water for spray prevention and treatment;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shapes, smooth and clean surfaces, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to the seed reserving land with the elevation of 2500m in the beginning of 2 months, keeping the row spacing of the plants at 25 multiplied by 30cm, compacting soil during planting, watering enough root fixing water after planting, paying attention to aphid prevention and control in flowering season, putting the plants in the last ten days of 7 months, when the siliques appear yellow and black, shaking off the seeds after slight drying in the sun, and sealing and storing the seeds in the shade and dry place after drying in the sun.
Comparative example:
the existing common cultivation method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
a cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca comprises the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy soil or loam with the altitude of 3200m, the average annual temperature of 18 ℃ and the previous stubble without planting cruciferous plants, loose soil quality, and good permeability and water retention;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil (pH6.5) and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, spraying 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution, sterilizing, pulverizing, and adding 10% of perlite to obtain nutrient soil;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds for 24 hours in warm water at 30 ℃, airing and then coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: at the beginning of 4 months, dishing the uniformly mixed nutrient soil and watering thoroughly, sowing seeds on the nutrient disk by adopting an automatic sowing machine, wherein each disk contains 1600 grains, then covering a layer of nutrient soil on the disk surface, the thickness is proper for just covering the seeds, generally 2mm, and spraying proper amount of water;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature at about 25 ℃, and keeping the seedling period at 60 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: at the beginning of 6 months, when 7 true leaves of seedlings are planted, soil is ploughed, fine crushing and leveling are carried out, 4 tons of farmyard manure is applied to each mu, the farmyard manure is turned into a soil layer of 30cm and is uniformly stirred in a mechanical or manual mode, the leveling and ridging are carried out, a black light-reflecting insect-preventing mulching film is covered on the farmyard, the width of the ridging is 1.8m, the distance between the ridging and the ridging is 30cm, the depth of a ditch is 25cm, and the plant row spacing is 25 multiplied by 25 cm. Adopting manual transplanting, fixedly planting 1 seedling in each hole, wherein the fixed planting depth is 5cm, and timely irrigating root fixing and seedling reviving water after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 5 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 8 times in the growth period of maca;
c. and (3) pest control: the main pest and disease damage is cotton aphid, the seed coating in the steps is adopted, meanwhile, the prevention and treatment measures such as timely water control, disease residual plant removal and the like are taken, and when the disease is serious, 6000 times of liquid is prepared by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder to water for spray prevention and treatment;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shapes, smooth and clean surfaces, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to the seed reserving land with the elevation of 2500m in the beginning of 2 months, keeping the row spacing of the plants at 25 multiplied by 30cm, compacting soil during planting, watering enough root fixing water after planting, paying attention to aphid prevention and control in flowering season, putting the plants in the last ten days of 7 months, when the siliques appear yellow and black, shaking off the seeds after slight drying in the sun, and sealing and storing the seeds in the shade and dry place after drying in the sun.
In conclusion, the content of the nutrient components of the maca product obtained by the method is compared with that of the maca product obtained by common cultivation as follows:
the data of the comparison of the parameters of the maca with the parameters of the plants cultivated in the common method are as follows:
it will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (5)
1. A cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
(1) selecting a planting land: selecting slightly acidic sandy loam or loam with elevation of 2500-3200m, average annual temperature of 10-18 ℃, non-planting of cruciferous plants in the previous crop, loose soil, and good permeability and water retention;
(2) seed seedling culture:
a. preparing nutrient soil: mixing 70% of humus soil and 20% of sheep manure, fermenting, crushing, and adding 10% of perlite to prepare nutrient soil;
the pH value of humus soil is controlled to be 6.5 when the nutrient soil is prepared;
b. seed treatment: selecting plump and glossy seeds before sowing, soaking the seeds in warm water at 25-30 ℃ for 24 hours, airing and coating the seeds with a film-forming agent containing a bactericide, an insecticide and a micro-fertilizer;
c. the sowing method comprises the following steps: loading the uniformly mixed nutrient soil into a tray and watering thoroughly in the beginning of 4 months, sowing seeds on the nutrient tray by adopting an automatic sowing machine, wherein each tray contains 1400-1600 seeds, then covering the tray surface with a layer of nutrient soil with a thickness suitable for just covering the seeds, and spraying a proper amount of water;
d. seedbed management: placing the sowed seedling tray floating culture solution into a greenhouse, keeping the water temperature of the culture solution at 18-25 ℃, and keeping the seedling period at 50-60 days;
(3) transplanting and field planting: ploughing soil, finely crushing, leveling and fertilizing the planting land at the beginning of 6 months and when 5-7 true leaves of the seedling are planted, leveling to form a bed and covering a black reflective insect-proof mulching film; adopting manual transplanting, planting 1 seedling in each hole, planting the seedling with the row spacing of 25 multiplied by 25cm and the planting depth of 3-5cm, and irrigating root fixing and seedling reviving water in time after transplanting;
(4) and (3) gap finding and seedling filling: checking the survival condition of the plantlets 7 days after field planting, timely removing dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets if dead plantlets, diseased plantlets and weak plantlets are found, and performing additional planting in a cloudy day or at the evening;
(5) field management:
a. intertillage weeding: removing weeds between rows and plants by adopting an artificial weeding mode, and weeding for 3-5 times according to the field condition in the growth period;
b. irrigation and topdressing: watering 6-8 times in the growth period of maca, and applying bacterial manure once a month;
c. and (3) pest control: controlling water and removing disease residual plants when appropriate, and preparing 6000 times of liquid spraying on the water by using 10 percent imidacloprid wettable powder when the disease is serious;
the bacterial fertilizer is prepared by mixing bacillus subtilis, azospirillum brasilense and rice bran according to a certain proportion, and the following conditions are required to be met:
a. wherein, the bacillus subtilis and the azospirillum brazilian grow in a fermentation tank respectively until OD is 0.8;
b. b, bacillus subtilis liquid: azospirillum brasiliensis bacterial liquid: the rice bran is mixed according to the volume ratio of 1:1: 8;
c. applying 20-60g of bacterial manure to each maca;
(6) reserving seeds: selecting plants with regular shape, smooth appearance, few fibrous roots, short and thick root heads and no diseases as seed reserving plants, transplanting the seed reserving plants to the seed reserving land with the elevation of 2200-,
compacting soil during planting, watering enough root fixing water after planting, preventing and treating aphids in flowering phase, timely pulling out plants in the last 7 th month when the siliques appear yellow and black, placing the plants in a large dustpan, shaking off the seeds after slight drying, and sealing and storing the seeds in a cool and dry place after air drying.
2. The cultivation method capable of improving the quality and the yield of maca according to claim 1, wherein the humus soil and the sheep manure prepared from the nutrient soil in the step (2) are mixed and fermented, and then are disinfected by spraying 1000 times of thiophanate methyl solution.
3. The cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca according to claim 2, wherein the thickness of the covering nutrient soil after seeding in the step (2) is 1-2 mm.
4. The cultivation method capable of improving the quality and yield of maca according to claim 1, wherein in the step (3), each row of furrows is 1.8m wide, the distance between two adjacent rows of furrows is 30cm, and the furrow depth is 25 cm.
5. The cultivation method capable of improving the quality and the yield of maca according to claim 1 or 4, wherein the fertilization manner in the step (3) is to apply 4 tons of farmyard manure per mu, turn the farmyard manure into a soil layer of 20-30cm and stir the farmyard manure evenly in a mechanical or manual manner.
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