CN109154049A - 经冷轧和退火的钢板、其制造方法以及这样的钢用以制造车辆部件的用途 - Google Patents

经冷轧和退火的钢板、其制造方法以及这样的钢用以制造车辆部件的用途 Download PDF

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CN109154049A
CN109154049A CN201780030200.3A CN201780030200A CN109154049A CN 109154049 A CN109154049 A CN 109154049A CN 201780030200 A CN201780030200 A CN 201780030200A CN 109154049 A CN109154049 A CN 109154049A
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steel plate
annealing
steel
temperature
cold rolling
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CN109154049B (zh
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米歇尔·索莱尔
伊恩·阿尔贝托·苏亚索罗德里格斯
艾琳·德迭戈卡尔德龙
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ArcelorMittal SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及经冷轧和退火的钢板，所述钢板按重量计包含：0.6％<C<1.3％，15.0％≤Mn<35％，6.0％≤AK15％，Si≤2.40％，S≤0.015％，P≤0.1％，N≤0.1％，可能的单个元素量最高至3％的选自Ni、Cr和Cu中的一种或更多种任选的元素，以及可能的累积量最高至2.0％的选自B、Ta、Zr、Nb、V、Ti、Mo和W中的一种或更多种元素，组成的剩余部分由铁和由加工产生的不可避免的杂质构成；所述板的显微组织包含至少0.1％的晶内卡帕碳化物(其中至少80％的这样的卡帕碳化物的平均尺寸低于30nm)、任选地最高至10％的粒状铁素体，剩余部分由奥氏体形成，奥氏体的平均粒度和平均纵横比分别为低于6μm和为1.5至6，以及当存在时，铁素体的平均粒度和平均纵横比分别为低于5pm和为低于3.0。本发明还涉及制造方法和这样的钢种用于制造车辆部件的用途。

Description

经冷轧和退火的钢板、其制造方法以及这样的钢用以制造车 辆部件的用途
本发明涉及低密度钢板，所述低密度钢板呈现出主要包含奥氏体的显微组织。根据本发明的钢板特别适用于制造车辆(例如陆用机动车辆)的安全部件或结构部件。
环境限制迫使汽车制造商不断减少其车辆的CO2排放。为此，汽车制造商有几种选择，其中他们的主要选择是减轻车辆的重量或提高其引擎系统的效率。常常通过这两种方法的组合来实现进步。本发明涉及第一种选择，即减轻机动车辆的重量。在该非常特定的领域中，存在双路线选择(two-track alternative)：
第一路线由降低钢的厚度同时提高其机械强度水平组成。遗憾地，该解决方案具有它的局限，原因是：某些机动车部件的刚度过度降低以及出现对乘客而言产生不舒适条件的声学问题，更不用说与机械强度增加相关的延性的不可避免的损失。
第二路线由通过使钢与其他较轻的金属合金化来降低钢的密度组成。在这些合金中，低密度合金具有引人注目的机械特性和物理特性，这同时使得可以显著减轻重量。
特别地，US2003/0145911公开了具有良好的可成形性和高强度的Fe-Al-Mn-Si轻钢。然而，这样的钢的极限抗拉强度不超过800MPa，这不允许充分利用其低密度用于所有种类的几何形状的部件。
因此，本发明的目的是提供这样的钢板：其呈现出低于7.2的密度、至少1000MPa的极限抗拉强度、以及至少900MPa的屈服强度。
在一个优选的实施方案中，根据本发明的钢板呈现出等于或低于7.1或者等于或低于7.0的密度、至少1100MPa的极限抗拉强度、以及至少1000MPa的屈服强度。
该目的通过提供根据权利要求1所述的钢板来实现。所述钢板还可以包含权利要求2至7的特征。另一目的通过提供根据权利要求8至12的方法来实现。另一个方面通过提供根据权利要求13至15的部件或车辆来实现。
本发明的其他特征和优点将由本发明的以下详细描述变得显而易见。
不希望受任何理论约束，看起来根据本发明的低密度钢板由于该特定的显微组织而允许改善机械特性。
关于钢的化学组成，碳在形成显微组织和达到目标机械特性中起重要作用。其主要作用是使奥氏体(其为钢的显微组织的主相)稳定以及提供强化。碳含量低于0.6％会降低奥氏体的比例，这导致合金的延性和强度均降低。作为晶内卡帕碳化物(kappa carbide)(Fe,Mn)3AlCx的主要构成元素，碳促进这样的碳化物的析出。然而，碳含量高于1.3％可以促进这样的碳化物在晶界上以粗的方式析出，这导致合金的延性降低。
优选地，碳含量为0.80重量％至1.3重量％，更优选为0.8重量％至1.0重量％，以获得足够的强度。
锰是该体系中的重要合金元素，主要是因为以下事实：与非常大量的锰和碳合金化使奥氏体稳定至室温，其然后可以耐受大量的铝而不会不稳定化和转变成铁素体或马氏体。为了使合金能够具有优越的延性，锰含量必须等于或高于15％。然而，当锰含量超过35％时，β-Mn相的析出将使合金的延性劣化。因此，锰含量应控制成等于或大于15.0％，但低于等于35％。在一个优选的实施方案中，锰含量等于或大于15.5％或者甚至大于16.0％。锰的量更优选为18％至30％，并且甚至为18％至25％。
向高锰奥氏体钢中添加铝有效地降低了合金的密度。此外，这显著提高奥氏体的堆垛层错能(SFE)，转而导致合金的应变硬化行为改变。铝也是纳米级卡帕碳化物(Fe,Mn)3AlCx的主要元素之一，并因此其添加显著增强这样的碳化物的形成。应调节现有合金的铝浓度，一方面是为了保证奥氏体稳定性和卡帕碳化物的析出，另一方面是为了控制铁素体的形成。因此，铝含量应控制在等于或大于6.0％，但低于等于15％。在一个优选的实施方案中，铝含量为7％至12％，且优选为8％至10％。
硅是用于高锰铝钢的常见合金元素。其对具有D03组织的有序铁素体的形成具有非常强的影响。此外，硅被证明增强奥氏体中碳的活性并增加碳配分到卡帕碳化物中。此外，硅被描述为可以用于延迟或防止脆β-Mn相析出的有效合金元素。然而，高于2.40％的含量，其降低延伸率并在某些组装过程期间趋于形成不期望的氧化物，并因此必须将其保持在该限度以下。优选地，硅的含量低于2.0％并且有利地低于1.0。
硫和磷是使晶界脆化的杂质。其各自的含量必须不超过0.03％和0.1％以保持足够的热延性。
氮含量必须为0.1％或更少，以防止在凝固期间析出AlN和形成体积缺陷(气泡)。
镍对氢渗入钢中具有积极的影响，并因此其可以用作氢的扩散阻挡物。镍还可以用作有效的合金元素，因为其促进铁素体中有序化合物(例如B2组分)的形成，引起另外的强化。然而，出于成本原因等，期望将镍添加限制成最大含量为4.0％或更少，并且优选0.1％至2.0％或0.1％至1.0％。在另一实施方案中，镍量低于0.1％。
铬可以用作用于通过固溶硬化来提高钢的强度的任选元素。其还增强根据本发明的钢的高温耐腐蚀性。然而，由于铬降低堆垛层错能，因此其含量必须不超过3.0％，且优选为0.1％至2.0％或0.1％至1.0％。在另一实施方案中，铬量低于0.1％。
同样地，任选地，以不超过3.0％的含量添加铜是通过析出富铜析出物使钢硬化的一种手段。但是，高于该含量，铜是在热轧板中出现表面缺陷的原因。优选地，铜的量为0.1％至2.0％或0.1％至1.0％。在另一实施方案中，铬量低于0.1％。
硼具有非常低的固溶度和在晶界处偏析的强倾向，与晶格缺陷强烈地相互作用。因此，硼可以用于限制晶内卡帕碳化物的析出。优选地，硼的量低于0.1％。
由于铌是有效的晶粒细化剂，因此其可以同时提高钢中的强度和韧性。此外，钽、锆、钒、钛、钼和钨也是可以任选地用于通过析出氮化物、碳氮化物或碳化物来实现硬化和强化的元素。然而，当他们的累积量高于2.0％，优选高于1.0％时，存在过度析出可能导致韧性降低的风险，这必须避免。
根据本发明的钢板的显微组织包含至少0.1％的卡帕碳化物，任选地最高至10％的粒状铁素体，剩余部分由奥氏体形成。
奥氏体基体呈现出平均粒度低于6μm，且优选低于4μm，更优选低于3μm，并且平均纵横比为1.5至6，优选为2.0至4.0，且更优选为2.0至3.0。
卡帕碳化物(Fe,Mn)3AlCx存在于根据本发明的钢板的显微组织中，以体积分数计其最小量为0.1％，优选为0.5％，更优选为1.0％，且有利地大于3％。至少80％的这样的K-碳化物的平均尺寸低于30nm，优选低于20nm，更优选低于15nm，有利地低于10nm或甚至低于5nm。其在奥氏体晶粒内析出(所谓的晶内卡帕碳化物)。纳米级卡帕碳化物的均匀和共格析出提高了合金的强度。晶间卡帕碳化物的存在是不允许的，因为这样的晶间粗卡帕碳化物可能导致钢的延性降低。
铁素体也可以存在于根据本发明的板的显微组织中，以面积分数计其量最高至10.0％，优选最高至5.0％或更优选最高至3.0％。然而，铁素体形态限于粒状几何形状，不包括条带的形式的铁素体，因为他们急剧地降低钢的延性和可成形性。当存在时，铁素体晶粒的平均粒度低于5μm，且优选低于1μm。当存在时，铁素体的平均纵横比低于3.0，且优选低于2.5。这样的铁素体可以呈规则的无序铁素体α的形式，或者有序的作为具有(Fe,Mn)Al组成的B2组织、或作为具有(Fe,Mn)3Al组成的D03组织也是可能的，因此可以在根据本发明的钢中观察到α组织、B2组织和D03组织。
为了保护根据本发明的钢板免受腐蚀，在一个优选的实施方案中，钢板被金属涂层覆盖。金属涂层可以是基于铝的涂层或基于锌的涂层。
优选地，基于铝的涂层包含小于15％的Si、小于5.0％的Fe、任选地0.1％至8.0％的Mg和任选地0.1％至30.0％的Zn，剩余部分为Al。
有利地，基于锌的涂层包含0.01％至8.0％的Al，任选地0.2％至8.0％的Mg，剩余部分为锌。
根据本发明的钢板可以通过任何适当的制造方法来制造，并且本领域技术人员可以限定一种方法。然而，优选使用根据本发明的方法，其包括以下步骤：
-提供根据本发明的组成的板坯；
-在高于1000℃的温度下再加热这样的板坯以及以至少800℃的轧制终了温度热轧所述板坯；
-在低于600℃的温度下卷取经热轧的钢板；
-以30％至80％的压下率冷轧这样的经热轧的钢板；
-通过将这样的经冷轧的板加热至700℃至1000℃的退火温度、将其在少于5分钟期间保持在这样的温度下以及以至少30℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却来对其进行第一退火；
-通过将这样的经退火的板加热至400℃至700℃的退火温度、将其在1分钟至150小时期间保持在这样的温度下以及以至少30℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却来对其进行第二退火。
根据本发明的钢板优选通过如下方法来制造：其中铸造具有上述组成的根据本发明的钢制成的半成品(例如板坯、薄板坯或带材)，将铸造投入坯料加热至高于1000℃，优选高于1050℃，且更优选高于1100℃或1150℃温度，或者在铸造之后在不进行中间冷却的情况下在这样的温度下直接使用。
进行热轧步骤使得轧制终了温度高于800℃。为了避免由于形成条带状的铁素体而缺少延性而产生任何开裂问题，轧制终了温度优选高于或等于850℃。
在热轧之后，必须在低于600℃且优选高于350℃的温度下卷取带材。在一个优选的实施方案中，在350℃至450℃进行卷取以避免过量的卡帕碳化物析出物。
在以常用方式已经进行可能的预先酸洗操作之后冷轧通过上述过程获得的热轧产品。
以30％至80％，优选50％至70％的压下率进行冷轧步骤。
在该轧制步骤之后，如下进行快速退火：将板加热至700℃至1000℃的退火温度，将其在少于5分钟期间保持在这样的温度下，以及以至少30℃/秒，更优选至少50℃/秒，甚至更优选至少70℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却。优选地，连续地进行该退火。通过控制退火温度和时间，可以获得具有上述特征的完全奥氏体或两相组织。
在该退火步骤之后，如下进行第二退火：将板加热至400℃至700℃的退火温度，将其在1分钟至150小时期间保持在这样的温度下，以及以至少30℃/秒，更优选至少50℃/秒，甚至更优选至少70℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却。优选地，连续地进行该退火。
在那两个退火步骤之后，可以使钢板任选地经受金属涂覆操作以改善其防腐蚀性。所使用的涂覆方法可以是适用于本发明的钢的任何方法。可以引用电解或物理气相沉积，特别强调射流气相沉积(Jet Vapor Deposition)。例如，金属涂层可以基于锌或基于铝。
实施例
将组成汇总在表1中的六个钢种铸造成板坯，并按照汇总在表2中的工艺参数进行处理。
表1-组成
钢种 C Mn Al Si S P N V
A 0.887 24.90 8.70 0.217 0.004 0.025 0.0017 -
B 0.920 28.88 9.37 0.035 0.007 0.011 0.0009 -
<u>C</u> 0.955 19.90 <u>5.72</u> 0.050 0.005 0.007 0.0068 -
D 0.920 19.00 8.70 0.050 0.003 0.009 0.006 -
E 0.910 19.72 8.36 0.045 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.28
F 1.130 26.75 9.95 0.031 0.010 0.01 0.004 -
表2-工艺参数
然后分析所得样品，并将相应的显微组织元素和机械特性分别汇总在表3和4中。
表3–显微组织
除样品9外，没有样品显示存在任何晶间K碳化物和β-Mn相。试验1至4的卡帕碳化物量高于0.1％，而它们对于试验品5和6低于0.1％。试验品1至4的大于80％的卡帕碳化物的平均粒度低于20nm。
对来自试验2的样品进行一些显微组织分析，并且在图1(a)和1(b)上再现卡帕碳化物的图像：
(a)卡帕碳化物的暗场图像
(b)相应的衍射图案、晶带轴[110]卡帕。箭头指示用于(a)中的暗场图像的反射
表4–特性
实施例表明，根据本发明的钢板由于其特定的组成和显微组织而是仅有的表现出所有目标特性的钢板。

Claims (15)

1.一种经冷轧和退火的钢板，按重量计包含：
0.6％&lt;C&lt;1.3％，
15.0％≤Mn&lt;35％，
6.0％≤Al&lt;15％，
Si≤2.40％，
S≤0.015％，
P≤0.1％，
N≤0.1％，
可能的单个元素量最高至3％的选自Ni、Cr和Cu中的一种或更多种任选的元素，以及可能的累积量最高至2.0％的选自B、Ta、Zr、Nb、V、Ti、Mo和W中的一种或更多种元素，组成的剩余部分由铁和由加工产生的不可避免的杂质构成；所述板的显微组织包含至少0.1％的晶内卡帕碳化物、任选地最高至10％的粒状铁素体，剩余部分由奥氏体形成，其中至少80％的这样的卡帕碳化物的平均尺寸低于30nm，所述奥氏体的平均粒度和平均纵横比分别为低于6μm和为1.5至6，以及当存在时所述铁素体的平均粒度和平均纵横比分别为低于5μm和为低于3.0。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钢板，其中碳含量为0.8％至1.0％。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的钢板，其中锰含量为18％至30％。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的钢板，其中铝含量为8.5％至10％。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的钢板，其中所述钢板的极限抗拉强度为至少1000MPa、屈服强度为至少900MPa以及密度低于7.3。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的钢板，其中所述钢板被金属涂层覆盖。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的钢板，其中所述钢板被基于铝的涂层或基于锌的涂层覆盖。
8.一种用于制造钢板的方法，包括以下步骤：
-提供根据权利要求1至4所述的组成的板坯；
-在高于1000℃的温度下再加热这样的板坯以及以至少800℃的轧制终了温度热轧所述板坯；
-在低于600℃的温度下卷取经热轧的钢板，
-以30％至80％的压下率冷轧这样的经热轧的钢板，
-通过将这样的经冷轧的板加热至700℃至1000℃的退火温度、将其在少于5分钟期间保持在这样的温度下以及以至少30℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却来对其进行第一退火；
-通过将这样的经退火的板加热至400℃至700℃的退火温度、将其在1分钟至150小时期间保持在这样的温度下以及以至少30℃/秒的速率对其进行冷却来对其进行第二退火。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中第一退火温度为800℃至950℃。
10.根据权利要求8至9中任一项所述的方法，其中所述卷取温度为350℃至500℃。
11.根据权利要求9至10中任一项所述的方法，其中所述第二退火的保持时间为2小时至10小时。
12.根据权利要求8至11中任一项所述的方法，还包括最终涂覆步骤。
13.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的钢板或者能够根据权利要求8至12中任一项所述的方法获得的钢板用于制造车辆的结构或安全部件的用途。
14.根据权利要求13所述的部件，通过所述钢板的柔性轧制来获得。
15.一种车辆，包括根据权利要求13或14中任一项所述的部件。
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