CN109121992B - Low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method - Google Patents
Low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method Download PDFInfo
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- CN109121992B CN109121992B CN201811150240.4A CN201811150240A CN109121992B CN 109121992 B CN109121992 B CN 109121992B CN 201811150240 A CN201811150240 A CN 201811150240A CN 109121992 B CN109121992 B CN 109121992B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/14—Greenhouses
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/25—Greenhouse technology, e.g. cooling systems therefor
Abstract
The invention relates to a low-latitude plateau disaster evasion type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method, which adopts a low-latitude plateau disaster evasion type fruit tree steel frame greenhouse, wherein a layer of bird-proof net (3) covers the outer side of a greenhouse frame (1) from the soil surface to the top, a plastic greenhouse film (7) is arranged on the outer side surface of the bird-proof net (3), a waterproof cotton quilt (6) is arranged on the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film (7), and a covering water film is also arranged in the greenhouse frame (1); according to the method, the bird-proof net, the plastic greenhouse film, the waterproof cotton quilt and the water film are integrated together to cover the ground according to the periods of dividing the growth period of the fruit tree into the early stage of fallen leaf dormancy, the early stage of fallen leaf germination, the late stage of flower bud germination to the flowering period, the full-bloom period, the late stage of flower bud germination to the young fruit period, the fruit growth period, the fruit harvesting period, the preparation period before dormancy and the like, and the method is used according to the actual weather condition as required, so that the disaster problem caused by severe weather changes in winter and spring in the low-latitude plateau area is effectively solved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, in particular to a low-latitude plateau disaster-avoiding fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method.
Background
In order to advance the mature period of fruits and improve the industrial benefit of fruits such as sweet cherries, peaches and the like, the greenhouse cultivation of fruit trees by adopting a closed greenhouse environment becomes a commonly used technology at present. However, due to the coverage of the plastic greenhouse film, effective illumination which influences the fruit quality such as ultraviolet light and the like is shielded, so that the internal quality of the soluble solid content, the fragrance and the like of the fruit is reduced. In winter and spring of fruit tree greenhouse cultivation, the solar radiation in the north is weak, the atmospheric temperature is low, and the closed heat preservation cultivation of fruit trees is very important; however, the low latitude plateau areas such as Yunnan and the like are the most abundant periods of photo-thermal resources, and are also the seasons frequently happening to disastrous climates such as late spring and cold, how to utilize greenhouse facilities to avoid climate disasters, maximally utilize natural photo-thermal resources, regulate and control the original ecology-simulated greenhouse environment, and improve the quality of fruits, thereby being a trend for future development of fruit tree facility industry in the low latitude plateau areas.
The temperature in the low latitude plateau area is low year by year, generally at 0.3-12.7 ℃, the annual average temperature is 13-21 ℃, and the temperature is not in the cool summer or the cold winter, and is spring in four seasons; but the air temperature day is poor, the temperature difference in winter and spring is as high as 20-30 ℃, four seasons can be carried out in one day, and the night can be carried out in winter and summer. Therefore, the greenhouse technology with good use effect in the north meets a plurality of problems when being used in Yunnan, in addition, the inventor group of the application is dedicated to research on the fruit tree greenhouse technology in the low-latitude plateau area, and develops a semi-open greenhouse cultivation technology (Chinese patent No. 201410475162.0) for peach trees in the low-latitude plateau area and a steel frame greenhouse cultivation method (Chinese patent No. 201410475465.2) for peach trees in the low-latitude plateau area in 2014 respectively, so that a solution is provided for solving the problem that the traditional greenhouse cannot solve the disasters of 'late spring coldness' and 'infrared radiation' in the Yunnan area, but the problems of regulating and controlling the simulated original ecological greenhouse environment and improving the fruit quality cannot be completely solved after years of use.
Firstly, solar radiation is adopted, the fruit tree cultivation season in winter and spring is just the arid season in Yunnan, the photo-thermal resources are rich, the sunlight is intense in the daytime, the temperature in the greenhouse is increased under the influence of the sunlight radiation by adopting a plastic film as a covering material, the temperature in the greenhouse can even reach more than 40 ℃ in the daytime, the fruit trees are required to be cooled at the moment, the traditional water curtain cooling cost is higher, and the water curtain is used in the Yunnan in the arid season, so that the water curtain is not beneficial to the protection and utilization of water resources; if spray irrigation cooling is adopted, the humidity in the greenhouse is increased, and the diseases are aggravated; if the common sunshade net in Yunnan area is adopted for cooling, too much light is shaded, and the common sunshade net can not be effectively cooled, thereby influencing the photosynthesis of plants, reducing the content of soluble solid matters of fruits and influencing the fragrance and the taste of the fruits.
Secondly, meteorological disasters such as late spring coldness, frost and the like frequently occur in 1-3 months in Yunnan, and the period is also the growth period of the fruit trees and the flowers in the greenhouse cultivation. Low temperature, frost, snow and freeze damage, which have great influence on fruit trees. At the moment, the plastic film for the greenhouse light can not play a role in heat preservation and harm prevention, the greenhouse is cooled by long-wave radiation of the earth at night, the temperature difference can reach 40 ℃ (-8 ℃ to 32 ℃) in the heavy frost weather, and the adverse temperature phenomenon occurs, namely the temperature at night in the plastic greenhouse is lower than the open ground temperature; such drastic temperature changes can cause great damage to fruit trees.
In addition, Yunnan has rich biological varieties, the incidence rate of various plant diseases and insect pests is high in a greenhouse with high temperature and high humidity, 20-mesh insect-proof nets and waterproof quilts are used in a semi-open greenhouse cultivation technology (Chinese patent No. 201410475162.0) for peach trees in a low latitude plateau area, but in use, the 20-mesh insect-proof nets influence light and ventilation in the greenhouse and directly influence the disease resistance and fruit quality of the fruit trees, insect pollination is not carried out, artificial pollination is needed, and the planting cost of the fruit trees is greatly increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a greenhouse cultivation method for fruit trees in a disaster-avoiding type in a low-latitude plateau area, and aims to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method uses low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses with different structures according to different fruit tree growth periods and climate conditions, and the low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses comprise: the greenhouse comprises a greenhouse frame 1 and supporting upright posts 2, wherein the greenhouse frame 1 is of an arch structure and is provided with a semicircular top and a square base, a layer of bird-proof net 3 covers the outer side of the side vertical surface of the greenhouse frame 1 from the soil surface to the top, and the bird-proof net 3 is fixed on the greenhouse frame through film pressing strips; a plastic greenhouse film 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the bird-proof net 3; the plastic greenhouse film 7 on the tops of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame 1 is four sections, the plastic greenhouse film covers the greenhouse frame 1 from high to low, one side of each section of plastic greenhouse film 7 is fixed on the greenhouse frame 1 through a film pressing strip, and the other side of each section of plastic greenhouse film is rolled on the film rolling device 4; the plastic greenhouse film at the base parts of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame 1 are respectively divided into two sections, the part with the soil surface facing upwards by 70cm is fixedly covered with the plastic greenhouse film 12 at the bottom, then the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film 12 at the bottom is fixedly provided with the heat insulation plate 11, the plastic greenhouse film 7 is arranged from the position above the heat insulation plate 11 to the high position of the shoulder of the vertical surface of the side of the greenhouse frame, one side of the plastic greenhouse film 7 is fixed on the greenhouse frame 1 through a film pressing strip, and the other side is rolled on the film rolling device 4; all the film rolling devices 4 are arranged outside the bird-proof net 3; waterproof quilts 6 are arranged on the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film 7, two waterproof quilts 6 are arranged on the side vertical surfaces of the greenhouse frame 1 and are respectively rolled on the two quilt rolling devices 5 on the top of the greenhouse frame 1; the movable doors 8 are arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame 1, the plastic greenhouse film 7 and the waterproof cotton quilt 6 are fixedly arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame 1 and the outer sides of the movable doors 8 respectively, the bird-proof net 3 is arranged on the greenhouse door frame on the inner side of the movable doors 8, only the upper part of the bird-proof net is fixedly arranged on the greenhouse door frame, and the two sides and the lower part of the bird-proof net are not fixed; a covering water film is further arranged in the greenhouse frame 1, the covering water film comprises a thick plastic mulching film 9 and thin steel bars 10, the thick plastic mulching film 9 covers the soil surface, the periphery of the thick plastic mulching film 9 is supported by the thin steel bars 10 to form a mulching film frame, and water is stored in the mulching film frame;
the specific cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) in the early stage of dormancy of fallen leaves: in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, only installing a greenhouse frame, spraying 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil + 10% imidacloprid + 10% urea before the fruit trees leave, applying organic fertilizer to the soil in a steel frame greenhouse, wherein the application amount is 30-50kg of organic fertilizer for each fruit tree, 5kg of common calcium and 0.3kg of potassium fertilizer are matched, uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the surface of the soil in the steel frame greenhouse, and turning the orchard weeds and the fertilizer into a fruit tree root distribution layer with the soil depth of 20-40 cm by using a small rotary cultivator to turn the plough all round; then, leveling the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and watering by using an irrigation device under the soil surface, wherein each fruit tree is 50 kg;
(2) leaf fall dormancy stage: in the last ten days of 10 months to the last ten days of 11 months, trimming, clearing the garden and spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture after the leaves of the fruit trees fall; after the fruit trees fall off leaves, installing an anti-bird net, a plastic greenhouse film and a waterproof quilt on the greenhouse frame, and rolling the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof quilt to the top of the greenhouse; when the temperature at night is reduced to 7.2 ℃ and is continuously 10 days later, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt on the inner vertical surface of the greenhouse are rolled up to the top of the greenhouse after sunrise every day, two moving doors are opened to ventilate and keep the temperature in the greenhouse low, and when the temperature exceeds 6.0 ℃ after sunrise next day, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt are put down to the position below the shoulder height of the greenhouse, preferably the soil in the greenhouse is not irradiated by sunlight, and the process is circulated to the early stage of flower bud germination;
(3) in the early stage of flower bud germination: spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture, 800 times of 75% chlorothalonil and 10% imidacloprid when flower buds are slightly red, and topdressing 8 kg/mu of water soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P, K being 1:1:1 and 2 ton/mu of irrigation by using an irrigation device below the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃ in the daytime; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 8 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 6 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 5-8 ℃; circulating to the flowering period;
(4) from late bud germination to flowering: 1-2 months, cutting off leafless flower branches and thin and weak branches before flowering, removing excessive buds, and keeping a reasonable and uniform flower remaining distance; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; covering a layer of thick plastic mulching film on the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and supporting the mulching film by thin steel bars with the height of 10cm at the periphery of the mulching film to form a mulching film frame; putting water into the mulching film frame, wherein the height of the water is 2-3 cm, and forming a covering water film; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; the process is circulated to the full-bloom stage of the fruit trees;
(5) full-bloom stage: spraying 0.3% of borax, 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea for 2 months, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times at intervals of 3-5 days each time; the temperature in the greenhouse at daytime is controlled to be 15-20 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 7-12 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-70% in the greenhouse at the period, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, regulating the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the daytime temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the young fruit stage after the peach tree withers flowers; checking the water quantity in the mulching film frame frequently, keeping the height of the water at least 2-3 cm, and supplementing the water in the mulching film frame below the height;
(6) withering flowers until young fruit stage: spraying 600 times of 50% zineb and 10% imidacloprid in the leaf bud germination and leaf expanding period for 3 months; c, topdressing 8 kilograms/mu of water-soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P and K being 1:1:1 and 2 tons/mu of irrigation water by using an irrigation device under the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea fruit-strengthening fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times; pruning in summer to remove branches of diseases and pests, branches on the back and branches with vigorous growth; thinning fruits after the physiological fruit drop for the second time, reserving 1 fruit on the short fruit branches and the bouquet-shaped fruit branches, and reserving 1 fruit on the medium and long fruit branches at an interval of 10-15 cm; spraying 70% thiophanate methyl and 50% chlorothalonil to obtain 800 times of 600-; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃, the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, and regulating the temperature of the greenhouse; keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 18-28 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 10-12 ℃, and spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the fruit growing period;
(7) the fruit growing period is as follows: pruning in summer for 3 months to remove branches with diseases and pests, branches with dense branches and upright and vigorous branches; spraying 600 times of myclobutanil and 70% carbendazim; and (3) utilizing an irrigation device below the soil surface, and applying N, P and K according to a formula of 12: 5: 40 of water soluble fertilizer is 5 kg/mu, and 2 tons/mu of water is irrigated; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 15-20 days; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃ and the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃; the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, regulating and controlling the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 18-28 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating the process to the peach tree fruit harvesting period;
(8) and (3) fruit harvesting period: removing the middle part of the outer bag of the special fruit bag 10 days before the fruit tree is mature, and harvesting the fruits with the inner bag after the fruits are colored 7-10 days; after fruit harvesting is finished, rolling up the waterproof quilt and the plastic greenhouse film of the greenhouse, enabling the greenhouse to be in a fully-open state, removing the greenhouse mulching film on the surface of the soil, and enabling the soil to be in a natural state;
(9) preparation period before dormancy: in late 9 months, the leaves of the fruit tree are gradually aged, and 10% of urea, 800 times of propargite and 800 times of mancozeb are sprayed on the leaves; and (4) applying base fertilizer on the farmland by using a tractor.
Further, the height of the thin steel bar 10 is 10cm, and one end of the thin steel bar is inserted into the ground.
Preferably, the height of the water in the mulching film frame is 2-5 cm.
Further, the greenhouse frame 1 is built by fasteners through steel pipes, a supporting upright post 2 is arranged at the top of the greenhouse frame 1 every two meters, the top of the supporting upright post 2 is fixed with the greenhouse frame 1, and the bottom of the supporting upright post is buried 50cm below the ground surface.
Further, the plastic greenhouse film 7 is covered from top to bottom, and the adjacent sections of the plastic greenhouse film are overlapped.
Preferably, the thickness of the heat insulation board 11 is 1 cm.
Further, the lower part of the heat insulation board 11 is fixed in soil.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. complete equipment and flexible and quick use: the low latitude plateau area is often sudden in disastrous weather in winter and spring, even if the weather forecast is very accurate, the weather forecast can not be left for the growers to manage the greenhouse for too much time, the weather change in winter and spring in the low latitude plateau area is severe, the change from extreme heat to extreme cold is rapid, and the management is difficult if the preparation is incomplete and the weather is severe, so that the bird-proof net, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof quilt are integrated together, the bird-proof net required at any time is fixedly installed, sometimes the plastic greenhouse film which is not required is installed in sections, the waterproof quilt required in cold weather is rolled up and placed at the top of the greenhouse, and the waterproof quilt is quickly put down to cover the whole greenhouse when required. After the thin steel bars of the mulching film are tied down, the plastic mulching film can be detached, the plastic mulching film can be quickly paved to drain water to form a water film when the weather is forecast due to freezing in winter and spring or the temperature is low at night, the temperature of the greenhouse can be regulated, the infrared radiation heat dissipation of soil at night can be blocked, the plastic mulching film can be removed in summer and autumn or at daytime when the temperature is high, the soil can normally breathe, greenhouse fruit trees are in an open cultivation state, plants grow in a full-light state, the irradiation of ultraviolet light can be fully accepted, and the improvement of the fruit quality is facilitated.
2. The temperature change of the greenhouse is flexibly regulated and controlled at low cost: the disaster-avoiding type fruit tree steel frame greenhouse is low in configuration cost, but due to the fact that disaster weather is correctly known and sufficient preparation is made, the disaster-avoiding type fruit tree steel frame greenhouse can effectively avoid climate disasters such as late spring cold, frost, hail, drought and the like in use, photo-thermal resources in winter and spring are fully utilized, high-quality fruit and vegetables in wrong seasons are produced, and meanwhile animals such as birds, mice, squirrels and the like can be prevented.
3. Nearly 70cm on ground sets up the heated board, effectively regulates and control the greenhouse environment: the space from the soil surface to the ground 70cm away from the ground is a low-temperature layer, and the low-temperature layer is provided with the heat-insulation plate, so that the temperature of the air layer can be increased, and the regulation and control of the heat-insulation environment of the greenhouse are facilitated.
4. Effectively solving the field disaster problem caused by the infrared radiation of the soil in the low latitude plateau area: in low latitude plateau areas, frost formation in winter and spring is related to soil infrared radiation, in winter and spring, in sunny days without clouds and wind, solar radiation in low latitude plateau areas is strong, soil absorbs a large amount of radiation heat energy, the heat energy absorbed by the soil is released into the atmosphere in an infrared radiation mode at night, and cold air sinks to form frost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a front view of a steel frame greenhouse
Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of a structure of fig. 1.
In the figure: 1-greenhouse frame, 2-supporting upright posts, 3-bird prevention net, 4-film rolling device, 5-quilt rolling device, 6-waterproof cotton quilt, 7-plastic greenhouse film, 8-sliding door, 9-thick plastic mulching film, 10-thin steel bar, 11-heat preservation plate and 12-bottom plastic greenhouse film
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method uses low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses with different structures according to different fruit tree growth periods and climate conditions, and the low-latitude plateau area disaster avoidance type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses comprise: the greenhouse comprises a greenhouse frame 1 and supporting upright posts 2, wherein the greenhouse frame 1 is of an arch structure and is provided with a semicircular top and a square base, a layer of bird-proof net 3 covers the outer side of the side vertical surface of the greenhouse frame 1 from the soil surface to the top, and the bird-proof net 3 is fixed on the greenhouse frame through film pressing strips; a plastic greenhouse film 7 is arranged on the outer side surface of the bird-proof net 3; the plastic greenhouse film 7 on the tops of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame 1 is four sections, the plastic greenhouse film covers the greenhouse frame 1 from high to low, one side of each section of plastic greenhouse film 7 is fixed on the greenhouse frame 1 through a film pressing strip, and the other side of each section of plastic greenhouse film is rolled on the film rolling device 4; the plastic greenhouse film at the base parts of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame 1 are respectively divided into two sections, the part with the soil surface facing upwards by 70cm is fixedly covered with the plastic greenhouse film 12 at the bottom, then the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film 12 at the bottom is fixedly provided with the heat insulation plate 11, the plastic greenhouse film 7 is arranged from the position above the heat insulation plate 11 to the high position of the shoulder of the vertical surface of the side of the greenhouse frame, one side of the plastic greenhouse film 7 is fixed on the greenhouse frame 1 through a film pressing strip, and the other side is rolled on the film rolling device 4; all the film rolling devices 4 are arranged outside the bird-proof net 3; waterproof quilts 6 are arranged on the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film 7, two waterproof quilts 6 are arranged on the side vertical surfaces of the greenhouse frame 1 and are respectively rolled on the two quilt rolling devices 5 on the top of the greenhouse frame 1; the movable doors 8 are arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame 1, the plastic greenhouse film 7 and the waterproof cotton quilt 6 are fixedly arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame 1 and the outer sides of the movable doors 8 respectively, the bird-proof net 3 is arranged on the greenhouse door frame on the inner side of the movable doors 8, only the upper part of the bird-proof net is fixedly arranged on the greenhouse door frame, and the two sides and the lower part of the bird-proof net are not fixed; a covering water film is further arranged in the greenhouse frame 1, the covering water film comprises a thick plastic mulching film 9 and thin steel bars 10, the thick plastic mulching film 9 covers the soil surface, the periphery of the thick plastic mulching film 9 is supported by the thin steel bars 10 to form a mulching film frame, and water is stored in the mulching film frame;
the specific cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) in the early stage of dormancy of fallen leaves: in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, only installing a greenhouse frame, spraying 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil + 10% imidacloprid + 10% urea before the fruit trees leave, applying organic fertilizer to the soil in a steel frame greenhouse, wherein the application amount is 30-50kg of organic fertilizer for each fruit tree, 5kg of common calcium and 0.3kg of potassium fertilizer are matched, uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the surface of the soil in the steel frame greenhouse, and turning the orchard weeds and the fertilizer into a fruit tree root distribution layer with the soil depth of 20-40 cm by using a small rotary cultivator to turn the plough all round; then, leveling the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and watering by using an irrigation device under the soil surface, wherein each fruit tree is 50 kg;
(2) leaf fall dormancy stage: in the last ten days of 10 months to the last ten days of 11 months, trimming, clearing the garden and spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture after the leaves of the fruit trees fall; after the fruit trees fall off leaves, installing an anti-bird net, a plastic greenhouse film and a waterproof quilt on the greenhouse frame, and rolling the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof quilt to the top of the greenhouse; when the temperature at night is reduced to 7.2 ℃ and is continuously 10 days later, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt on the inner vertical surface of the greenhouse are rolled up to the top of the greenhouse after sunrise every day, two moving doors are opened to ventilate and keep the temperature in the greenhouse low, and when the temperature exceeds 6.0 ℃ after sunrise next day, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt are put down to the position below the shoulder height of the greenhouse, preferably the soil in the greenhouse is not irradiated by sunlight, and the process is circulated to the early stage of flower bud germination;
(3) in the early stage of flower bud germination: spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture, 800 times of 75% chlorothalonil and 10% imidacloprid when flower buds are slightly red, and topdressing 8 kg/mu of water soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P, K being 1:1:1 and 2 ton/mu of irrigation by using an irrigation device below the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃ in the daytime; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 8 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 6 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 5-8 ℃; circulating to the flowering period;
(4) from late bud germination to flowering: 1-2 months, cutting off leafless flower branches and thin and weak branches before flowering, removing excessive buds, and keeping a reasonable and uniform flower remaining distance; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; covering a layer of thick plastic mulching film on the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and supporting the mulching film by thin steel bars with the height of 10cm at the periphery of the mulching film to form a mulching film frame; putting water into the mulching film frame, wherein the height of the water is 2-3 cm, and forming a covering water film; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; the process is circulated to the full-bloom stage of the fruit trees;
(5) full-bloom stage: spraying 0.3% of borax, 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea for 2 months, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times at intervals of 3-5 days each time; the temperature in the greenhouse at daytime is controlled to be 15-20 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 7-12 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-70% in the greenhouse at the period, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, regulating the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the daytime temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the young fruit stage after the peach tree withers flowers; checking the water quantity in the mulching film frame frequently, keeping the height of the water at least 2-3 cm, and supplementing the water in the mulching film frame below the height;
the flowering period of the fruit trees is afraid of disaster weather, in low-latitude plateau areas, the season is dry within 12-2 months, if cold currents are not met, sunlight is intense, direct sunning can cause the temperature in the greenhouse to be overhigh, and if cold currents are met, the temperature in the greenhouse can be rapidly reduced, the two conditions are unfavorable for the fruit trees in the flowering period, so that a plastic greenhouse film, a waterproof cotton quilt and a water-covered plastic mulching film are adopted to jointly cope with the situation, and the temperature of the greenhouse is guaranteed not to exceed the range which the fruit trees can bear.
(6) Withering flowers until young fruit stage: spraying 600 times of 50% zineb and 10% imidacloprid in the leaf bud germination and leaf expanding period for 3 months; c, topdressing 8 kilograms/mu of water-soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P and K being 1:1:1 and 2 tons/mu of irrigation water by using an irrigation device under the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea fruit-strengthening fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times; pruning in summer to remove branches of diseases and pests, branches on the back and branches with vigorous growth; thinning fruits after the physiological fruit drop for the second time, reserving 1 fruit on the short fruit branches and the bouquet-shaped fruit branches, and reserving 1 fruit on the medium and long fruit branches at an interval of 10-15 cm; spraying 70% thiophanate methyl and 50% chlorothalonil to obtain 800 times of 600-; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃, the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, and regulating the temperature of the greenhouse; keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 18-28 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 10-12 ℃, and spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the fruit growing period;
(7) the fruit growing period is as follows: pruning in summer for 3 months to remove branches with diseases and pests, branches with dense branches and upright and vigorous branches; spraying 600 times of myclobutanil and 70% carbendazim; and (3) utilizing an irrigation device below the soil surface, and applying N, P and K according to a formula of 12: 5: 40 of water soluble fertilizer is 5 kg/mu, and 2 tons/mu of water is irrigated; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 15-20 days; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃ and the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃; the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, regulating and controlling the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 18-28 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating the process to the peach tree fruit harvesting period;
the temperature in the greenhouse in the fruit growing period is very important, the fruit yield and the taste are directly influenced, and the greenhouse is jointly responded by adopting a plastic greenhouse film, a waterproof cotton quilt and a water-covered plastic mulching film, so that the greenhouse temperature is suitable for fruit growth.
(8) And (3) fruit harvesting period: removing the middle part of the outer bag of the special fruit bag 10 days before the fruit tree is mature, and harvesting the fruits with the inner bag after the fruits are colored 7-10 days; after fruit harvesting is finished, rolling up the waterproof quilt and the plastic greenhouse film of the greenhouse, enabling the greenhouse to be in a fully-open state, removing the greenhouse mulching film on the surface of the soil, and enabling the soil to be in a natural state;
(9) preparation period before dormancy: in late 9 months, the leaves of the fruit tree are gradually aged, and 10% of urea, 800 times of propargite and 800 times of mancozeb are sprayed on the leaves; and (4) applying base fertilizer on the farmland by using a tractor.
Further, the height of the thin steel bar 10 is 10cm, and one end of the thin steel bar is inserted into the ground.
Preferably, the height of the water in the mulching film frame is 2-5 cm.
Further, the greenhouse frame 1 is built by fasteners through steel pipes, a supporting upright post 2 is arranged at the top of the greenhouse frame 1 every two meters, the top of the supporting upright post 2 is fixed with the greenhouse frame 1, and the bottom of the supporting upright post is buried 50cm below the ground surface.
Further, the plastic greenhouse film 7 is covered from top to bottom, and the adjacent sections of the plastic greenhouse film are overlapped.
Preferably, the thickness of the heat insulation board 11 is 1 cm.
Further, the lower part of the heat insulation board 11 is fixed in soil.
The big-arch shelter just facade and the back, only floating gate 8 needs the switching, therefore the positive facade of big-arch shelter, the place in the back and the 8 outsides of floating gate all is fixed mounting plastic greenhouse membrane 7 and waterproof cotton quilt 6 respectively and covers, floating gate 8 is inboard, also need install anti-bird net 3 on the big-arch shelter door frame at the big-arch shelter frame 1 positive facade and the back, here anti-bird net only upper portion is fixed on big-arch shelter door frame, both sides and lower part are all unset, when floating gate 8 is opened, can roll up the anti-bird net that here supplies personnel to pass in and out, put down anti-bird net immediately after the business turn over, prevent that floating gate 8 is in when opening the state in bird and other animal machine get into the canopy, it can effectively take precautions against harm such as bird, mouse, squirrel when covering.
The plastic greenhouse film 7 is covered in a segmented and laminated manner, so that the temperature change of the greenhouse can be flexibly regulated and controlled at low cost, the climate disasters such as late spring cold, frost, hail, drought and the like are effectively avoided, the photo-thermal resources in winter and spring are fully utilized, and high-quality fruit in wrong seasons is produced.
The outmost layer is provided with the waterproof cotton quilt 6, the waterproof cotton quilt can be completely put down to cover the whole greenhouse, the extremely low-temperature weather caused by common cold flows in winter and spring can be quickly coped with, the waterproof cotton quilt can also be only put on the shoulder height part of the greenhouse to only cover the top of the greenhouse, and the problem that the soil temperature is too fast due to the fact that sunlight directly irradiates the soil in the greenhouse is avoided.
The greenhouse can be flexibly used according to the temperature required by the greenhouse and the external temperature change.
The disaster evasion type fruit tree cultivation method for the low-latitude plateau area can flexibly regulate and control the temperature change of the greenhouse at low cost, effectively evade the climate disasters such as late spring cold, frost, hail, drought and the like, fully utilizes photo-thermal resources in winter and spring, and produces high-quality fruit and vegetables in wrong seasons.
It will be evident to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the foregoing illustrative embodiments, and that the present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. The present embodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. Any reference sign in a claim should not be construed as limiting the claim concerned.
Furthermore, it should be understood that although the present description refers to embodiments, not every embodiment may contain only a single embodiment, and such description is for clarity only, and those skilled in the art should integrate the description, and the embodiments may be combined as appropriate to form other embodiments understood by those skilled in the art.
Claims (7)
1. The low-latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method is characterized in that low-latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses with different structures are used according to different fruit tree growth periods and climate conditions, and the low-latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree steel frame greenhouses comprise: the greenhouse comprises a greenhouse frame (1) and supporting upright posts (2), wherein the greenhouse frame (1) is of an arch structure and is provided with a semicircular top and a square base, a layer of bird prevention net (3) covers the outer side of a side vertical surface of the greenhouse frame (1) from the soil surface to the top, and the bird prevention net (3) is fixed on the greenhouse frame through film pressing strips; a plastic greenhouse film (7) is arranged on the outer side surface of the bird-proof net (3); the plastic greenhouse film (7) on the tops of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame (1) are four sections, the plastic greenhouse film covers the greenhouse frame (1) from high to low, one side of each section of plastic greenhouse film (7) is fixed on the greenhouse frame (1) through a film pressing strip, and the other side of each section of plastic greenhouse film is rolled on the film rolling device (4); the plastic greenhouse film at the base parts of the vertical surfaces of the two sides of the greenhouse frame (1) are respectively divided into two sections, the part with the soil surface facing upwards by 70cm is fixedly covered with the plastic greenhouse film (12) at the bottom, then the heat insulation plate (11) is fixedly installed on the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film (12) at the bottom, the plastic greenhouse film (7) is arranged from the position above the heat insulation plate (11) to the high position of the shoulder of the side vertical surface of the greenhouse frame, one side of the plastic greenhouse film (7) is fixed on the greenhouse frame (1) through a film pressing strip, and the other side of the plastic greenhouse film is rolled on; all the film rolling devices (4) are arranged on the outer side of the bird-proof net (3); waterproof quilts (6) are arranged on the outer side of the plastic greenhouse film (7), two waterproof quilts (6) on the side vertical surfaces of the greenhouse frame (1) are respectively rolled on the two quilt rolling devices (5) on the top of the greenhouse frame (1); the greenhouse is characterized in that a movable door (8) is arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame (1), a plastic greenhouse film (7) and a waterproof cotton quilt (6) are fixedly arranged on the front vertical surface and the back surface of the greenhouse frame (1) and the outer side of the movable door (8) respectively, an anti-bird net (3) is arranged on a greenhouse door frame on the inner side of the movable door (8), the anti-bird net only fixedly arranges the upper part on the greenhouse door frame, and the two sides and the lower part are not fixed; the greenhouse frame (1) is also internally provided with a covering water film, the covering water film comprises a thick plastic mulching film (9) and thin steel bars (10), the thick plastic mulching film (9) is covered on the soil surface, the periphery of the thick plastic mulching film (9) is supported by the thin steel bars (10) to form a mulching film frame, and water is stored in the mulching film frame;
the specific cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) in the early stage of dormancy of fallen leaves: in the middle and last ten days of 9 months, only installing a greenhouse frame, spraying 600 times of 75% chlorothalonil + 10% imidacloprid + 10% urea before the fruit trees leave, applying organic fertilizer to the soil in a steel frame greenhouse, wherein the application amount is 30-50kg of organic fertilizer for each fruit tree, 5kg of common calcium and 0.3kg of potassium fertilizer are matched, uniformly spreading the fertilizer on the surface of the soil in the steel frame greenhouse, and turning the orchard weeds and the fertilizer into a fruit tree root distribution layer with the soil depth of 20-40 cm by using a small rotary cultivator to turn the plough all round; then, leveling the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and watering by using an irrigation device under the soil surface, wherein each fruit tree is 50 kg;
(2) leaf fall dormancy stage: in the last ten days of 10 months to the last ten days of 11 months, trimming, clearing the garden and spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture after the leaves of the fruit trees fall; after the fruit trees fall off leaves, installing an anti-bird net, a plastic greenhouse film and a waterproof quilt on the greenhouse frame, and rolling the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof quilt to the top of the greenhouse; when the temperature at night is reduced to 7.2 ℃ and is continuously 10 days later, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt on the inner vertical surface of the greenhouse are rolled up to the top of the greenhouse after sunrise every day, two moving doors are opened to ventilate and keep the temperature in the greenhouse low, and when the temperature exceeds 6.0 ℃ after sunrise next day, the plastic greenhouse film and the waterproof cotton quilt are put down to the position below the shoulder height of the greenhouse, preferably the soil in the greenhouse is not irradiated by sunlight, and the process is circulated to the early stage of flower bud germination;
(3) in the early stage of flower bud germination: spraying 5-degree lime sulphur mixture, 800 times of 75% chlorothalonil and 10% imidacloprid when flower buds are slightly red, and topdressing 8 kg/mu of water soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P, K being 1:1:1 and 2 ton/mu of irrigation by using an irrigation device below the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃ in the daytime; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 8 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 6 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 5-8 ℃; circulating to the flowering period;
(4) from late bud germination to flowering: 1-2 months, cutting off leafless flower branches and thin and weak branches before flowering, removing excessive buds, and keeping a reasonable and uniform flower remaining distance; rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; covering a layer of thick plastic mulching film on the soil surface of the steel frame greenhouse, and supporting the mulching film by thin steel bars with the height of 10cm at the periphery of the mulching film to form a mulching film frame; putting water into the mulching film frame, wherein the height of the water is 2-3 cm, and forming a covering water film; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; the process is circulated to the full-bloom stage of the fruit trees;
(5) full-bloom stage: spraying 0.3% of borax, 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea for 2 months, and continuously spraying for 2-3 times at intervals of 3-5 days each time; the temperature in the greenhouse at daytime is controlled to be 15-20 ℃, the temperature at night is controlled to be 7-12 ℃, and the humidity is controlled to be 50-70% in the greenhouse at the period, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature rises to 20 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature rises to 18 ℃, supplementing the water in the plastic mulching film frame, regulating the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the daytime temperature of the greenhouse at 15-20 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 17 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 15 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the young fruit stage after the peach tree withers flowers; checking the water quantity in the mulching film frame frequently, keeping the height of the water at least 2-3 cm, and supplementing the water in the mulching film frame below the height;
(6) withering flowers until young fruit stage: spraying 600 times of 50% zineb and 10% imidacloprid in the leaf bud germination and leaf expanding period for 3 months; c, topdressing 8 kilograms/mu of water-soluble fertilizer with the formula of N, P and K being 1:1:1 and 2 tons/mu of irrigation water by using an irrigation device under the soil surface; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 7-10 days; spraying 0.3% of monopotassium phosphate and 0.3% of urea fruit-strengthening fertilizer on leaf surfaces for 2-3 times; pruning in summer to remove branches of diseases and pests, branches on the back and branches with vigorous growth; thinning fruits after the physiological fruit drop for the second time, reserving 1 fruit on the short fruit branches and the bouquet-shaped fruit branches, and reserving 1 fruit on the medium and long fruit branches at an interval of 10-15 cm; spraying 70% thiophanate methyl and 50% chlorothalonil to obtain 800 times of 600-; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃, the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃, and the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, and regulating the temperature of the greenhouse; keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at 18-28 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 10-12 ℃, and spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating to the fruit growing period;
(7) the fruit growing period is as follows: pruning in summer for 3 months to remove branches with diseases and pests, branches with dense branches and upright and vigorous branches; spraying 600 times of myclobutanil and 70% carbendazim; and (3) utilizing an irrigation device below the soil surface, and applying N, P and K according to a formula of 12: 5: 40 of water soluble fertilizer is 5 kg/mu, and 2 tons/mu of water is irrigated; fertilizing for 2 times at intervals of 15-20 days; the temperature in the greenhouse at the daytime is controlled to be 18-28 ℃ and the temperature at the night is controlled to be 10-12 ℃; the specific method comprises the following steps: rolling up the waterproof quilt when the atmospheric temperature rises to 15 ℃ every morning; when the atmospheric temperature in the greenhouse is raised to 28 ℃, rolling up the plastic greenhouse film, opening the two movable doors, and keeping the greenhouse in a fully open state; if the atmospheric temperature reaches 29 ℃, increasing the water amount in the plastic mulching film frame until the height of the water reaches 5cm, regulating and controlling the temperature of the greenhouse, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse in the daytime at 18-28 ℃; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 19 ℃ in the daytime, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature in the greenhouse not lower than 18 ℃; in the evening, when the atmospheric temperature is reduced to 12 ℃, rolling up the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, opening two movable doors to enable the greenhouse to be in a fully open state, and naturally cooling; if the atmospheric temperature is lower than 8 ℃, putting down the waterproof cotton quilt and the plastic greenhouse film, closing the two movable doors, and keeping the temperature of the greenhouse at night at 7-12 ℃; when the humidity in the greenhouse is lower than 55%, spraying water by using a sprinkling irrigation belt in the greenhouse; when the humidity in the greenhouse is higher than 65%, stopping spraying water by the spray irrigation belt, and circulating the process to the peach tree fruit harvesting period;
(8) and (3) fruit harvesting period: removing the middle part of the outer bag of the special fruit bag 10 days before the fruit tree is mature, and harvesting the fruits with the inner bag after the fruits are colored 7-10 days; after fruit harvesting is finished, rolling up the waterproof quilt and the plastic greenhouse film of the greenhouse, enabling the greenhouse to be in a fully-open state, removing the greenhouse mulching film on the surface of the soil, and enabling the soil to be in a natural state;
(9) preparation period before dormancy: in late 9 months, the leaves of the fruit tree are gradually aged, and 10% of urea, 800 times of propargite and 800 times of mancozeb are sprayed on the leaves; and (4) applying base fertilizer on the farmland by using a tractor.
2. The greenhouse cultivation method for disaster-evasive fruit trees in low latitude plateau areas as claimed in claim 1, wherein the height of said thin steel bars (10) is 10cm, and one end of each of said thin steel bars is inserted into the ground.
3. The greenhouse cultivation method for fruit trees in low latitude plateau area disaster evasion type as claimed in claim 1, wherein the height of water in the mulching film frame is 2-5 cm.
4. The low latitude plateau disaster evasion type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the greenhouse frame (1) is built up by fasteners through steel pipes, a supporting upright post (2) is arranged at the top of the greenhouse frame (1) every two meters, the top of the supporting upright post (2) is fixed with the greenhouse frame (1), and the bottom of the supporting upright post is buried 50cm below the ground surface.
5. The low latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plastic greenhouse film (7) is covered from top to bottom, and the adjacent sections are overlapped.
6. The low latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the heat insulation board (11) is 1 cm.
7. The low latitude plateau disaster avoiding type fruit tree greenhouse cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the lower part of the insulation board (11) is fixed in the soil.
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| CN111512876B (en) * | 2020-05-14 | 2022-06-07 | 云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所 | Method suitable for improving fruit setting rate of large cherries in southwest province |
| CN114847056B (en) * | 2022-05-27 | 2023-07-14 | 合肥市日之丰农业发展有限公司 | Greenhouse film winding climbing device |
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