CN109071760B - 改性聚合物和包含其的稳定乳液 - Google Patents

改性聚合物和包含其的稳定乳液 Download PDF

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CN109071760B
CN109071760B CN201780012686.8A CN201780012686A CN109071760B CN 109071760 B CN109071760 B CN 109071760B CN 201780012686 A CN201780012686 A CN 201780012686A CN 109071760 B CN109071760 B CN 109071760B
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rubber product
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rubber
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CN109071760A (zh
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法比安·萨洛尔特
让-马克·蒙萨利耶
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Fina Technology Inc
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Abstract

一种改性聚合物,包含基于二烯的聚合物链和至少一个以封端异氰酸酯基终止的末端。所述封端异氰酸酯基可以是异氰酸酯和封端剂的反应产物,并且选择封端剂使得所述改性聚合物在至少100℃的温度下解封。可以提供可以不含表面活性剂的所述改性聚合物的水乳液。可以将所述乳液与一种或更多种胶乳合并以提供无需使用间苯二酚和甲醛的织物或纤维用处理溶液。一经处理和干燥,织物或纤维就可以用于向橡胶产品例如轮胎、空气弹簧、挠性联轴节、动力传输带、传送带和流体输送软管赋予拉伸强度。

Description

改性聚合物和包含其的稳定乳液
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2016年2月26日提交的题为MODIFIED POLYMERS AND STABLEEMULSIONS COMPRISING THE SAME的美国申请第15/054,431号的优先权,其全部公开内容出于所有目的通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及包埋在弹性体产品中的织物或纤维产品(例如织造和非织造材料或帘线(cord))的处理。
背景技术
弹性体产品例如动力传输带、轮胎、联轴节和软管通常包含包埋在一种或更多种合成弹性体或天然弹性体内的织物或帘线。织物和纤维也可以由合成材料或天然材料制成并且被并入弹性体产品中以提高弹性体产品的弹性和拉伸强度。在使用期间,弹性体产品例如动力传输带和轮胎可能经受高负荷。因此,织物或纤维能够保持弹性体产品的完整性并且避免使用期间的故障。
弹性体产品的正常工作依赖于织物或纤维与其中包埋有织物或纤维的弹性体之间的粘合。反复的挠曲可能引起织物或纤维与其中包埋有织物或纤维的弹性体分离,导致产品故障。因此,织物或纤维不仅仅是包埋的,而是经预处理的,使得织物或纤维粘附至弹性体并且降低在使用期间与弹性体分离的可能性。已知的促进织物或纤维之间的粘合的预处理步骤包括以与用于形成弹性体产品的弹性体相容并将粘附至该弹性体的层涂覆纤维的多个步骤。
例如,用于聚酯帘线的常规处理由三次涂覆组成:
-有机溶剂中异氰酸酯或环氧树脂(epoxy)的底漆处理;
-间苯二酚-甲醛胶乳(RFL)处理;以及
-基于聚合物、固化交联剂、助粘剂、成膜剂和/或酸清除剂的复杂共混物的任选外涂层粘合剂。
这是昂贵的、涉及一些环境不友好组分并且需要优化以获得最佳性能的一系列复杂的处理。
因此,需要旨在用于并入弹性体产品中的织物或纤维的改进的处理组合物。
发明内容
在一个方面中,提供了改性聚合物,其包含基于二烯的聚合物链和至少一个以封端异氰酸酯基终止的末端或者替代地两个或更多个以封端异氰酸酯基封端的末端。封端异氰酸酯基可以是异氰酸酯和封端剂的反应产物,并且选择封端剂使得改性聚合物在至少100℃的温度下解封。例如,封端剂可以选自己内酰胺、酚、肟、吡唑、丙二酸酯、及其组合。基于二烯的聚合物链可以是使一种或更多种二烯(例如丁二烯)与一种或更多种共聚单体(例如乙烯基芳族单体)共聚的产物。改性聚合物可以进一步包含一个或更多个酸官能团并且数均分子量为1000至15000。
在另一个方面中,提供了如上所述的改性聚合物的水乳液。基于乳液的重量,乳液的固含量可以为1%至50%。乳液可以进一步包含碱,例如胺(如三乙胺)。
在又一个方面中,提供了制备乳液的方法,其包括:
·将羟基终止的聚合物(例如聚丁二烯的多元醇)、具有至少两个羟基的酸、碱和二异氰酸酯(例如异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯)在有机溶剂中合并以形成异氰酸酯终止的聚合物试剂混合物;
·向异氰酸酯终止的聚合物中添加封端剂(例如环己酮肟)以形成经封端异氰酸酯终止的改性聚合物;
·将经改性的经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物与水合并;以及
·除去有机溶剂,
其中经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物在至少100℃的温度下解封。可以进一步将所述乳液与一种或更多种胶乳(例如乙烯基吡啶胶乳、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶胶乳、羧基化苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶胶乳、及其混合物)合并。任选地,一种或更多种选自环氧树脂(epoxy)、异氰酸酯和胺中的水溶性粘合剂添加剂可以额外地与乳液和胶乳组合存在。
在又一个方面中,提供了制备经处理的织物或纤维的方法,其包括:
·用混合物涂覆纤维,所述混合物包含上述水乳液和胶乳(任选地,所述混合物可以额外地包含一种或更多种选自环氧树脂、异氰酸酯和胺中的水溶性粘合剂添加剂),以及
·干燥经涂覆的纤维以除去至少一部分水。
织物或纤维可以包括天然材料纤维或合成材料纤维,所述天然或合成材料纤维包括选自以下的至少一者:纤维素、尼龙、聚乙烯、聚酯、人造丝、尼龙、乙烯基(vinyl)、聚酰胺、聚酮、聚对亚苯基苯并二
Figure BDA0001773396970000031
唑(“PBO”)、芳族聚酰胺、和碳纤维、及其组合。所得经处理的材料可以包含织物和纤维中的至少一者、如上所述的改性聚合物、以及一种或更多种胶乳。改性聚合物和一种或更多种胶乳可以构成经处理的材料的1重量%至60重量%。
在又一个方面中,提供了橡胶产品,其包含弹性体材料和如上所述的经处理的织物或纤维。橡胶产品可以是轮胎、空气弹簧、挠性联轴节、动力传输带、传送带、流体输送软管(fluid routing hose)中的至少一者的形式。
附图说明
图1是包含根据公开的方法之一制成的经处理的纺织物的层状结构的样品的示意性顶视图。
具体实施方式
公开的方法和组合物的一个方面是提供可以用稳定的水乳液预处理的织物或纤维,所述水乳液基本上由经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物和胶乳组成或者由其组成,并且不包括使用间苯二酚和甲醛来处理织物或纤维。不包含间苯二酚和甲醛产生更环境友好的预处理过程。经处理的织物或纤维可以适用于弹性体产品,例如动力传输带、轮胎、联轴节和软管,例如以提高弹性体产品的拉伸强度。在公开的方法和组合物的另一个方面中,提供了需要较少过程步骤的预处理过程。公开的方法和组合物的又一个方面是提供无需使用表面活性剂的前述聚合物的稳定水乳液。因此,根据公开的方法和组合物的各个实施方案的预处理乳液基本上不含表面活性剂(例如,所述乳液可以包含小于0.1重量%的表面活性剂、小于0.05重量%的表面活性剂、或者甚至0重量%的表面活性剂)。
与先前使用的溶液和过程相比,根据公开的方法和组合物的各个实施方案的提供经预处理的织物或纤维的预处理溶液和方法提供了用于将合成弹性体或天然弹性体粘结至织物或纤维的改进的溶液和过程。其中可以并入经预处理的织物或纤维的弹性体(例如,通过将纤维帘线包埋至弹性体中)的实例包括所有种类的合成橡胶和天然橡胶:聚丁二烯、聚异戊二烯、聚(苯乙烯-共-丁二烯)、聚(异戊二烯-共-丁二烯)、聚(丁二烯-共-异戊二烯-共-苯乙烯)、丁基橡胶和乙烯-丙烯-二烯单体橡胶例如乙烯丙烯二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、乙烯辛烯共聚物(EOM)、乙烯丁烯共聚物(EBM)、乙烯辛烯三元共聚物(EODM)、乙烯丁烯三元共聚物(EBDM)、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯弹性体(EVM)、乙烯丙烯酸甲酯(EAM),其通过各种溶液或乳液聚合过程和阴离子、阳离子或自由基引发产生,以产生无规或嵌段的共聚单体序列分布和二烯部分的低至高的乙烯基微观结构。这些弹性体的官能化形式也可以与根据公开的方法和组合物的经预处理的织物或纤维组合地包含在弹性体组合物中。其他可以使用的适合的弹性体包括例如聚氨酯弹性体(也包括聚氨酯/脲弹性体)(PU)、氯丁橡胶(CR)、丁腈橡胶(NBR)、氢化NBR(HNBR)、烷基化氯磺化聚乙烯(ACSM)、表氯醇、乙烯α烯烃弹性体、和有机硅橡胶、或者前述中任意二者或更多者的组合。
可以使用根据公开的方法和组合物的组合物和过程对由多种类型的材料及其组合制成的织物或纤维进行预处理。织物可以是织造的或非织造的。例如,纤维可以以多种形式提供,例如帘线或纱线。织物或纤维可以包括合成材料和/或天然材料,例如纤维素、聚酯、人造丝、尼龙、乙烯基、聚酰胺、聚酮、聚对亚苯基苯并二
Figure BDA0001773396970000041
唑(“PBO”)、芳族聚酰胺和碳纤维。聚酯纤维的实例包括聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(“PET”)和聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯(“PEN”)。芳族聚酰胺(芳香族聚酰胺)纤维的实例包括间芳族聚酰胺、对芳族聚酰胺、和芳族聚酰胺共聚物。聚酰胺的实例包括尼龙6、尼龙66和尼龙46。聚酮的实例包括聚醚酮(PEK)、聚醚醚酮(PEEK)、聚芳基醚酮(PAEK)、和其中乙烯与一氧化碳和聚(1-氧代环丙烷)共聚的聚合物。织物或纤维可以为任意期望的结构,意味着构成织物或纤维的一条或更多条纱线、一个或更多个层的数量、纱线支数、捻度水平或方向没有限制。
根据公开的方法和组合物的各个实施方案的纤维处理组合物包含具有聚合物链和至少一个以异氰酸酯终止的末端的改性封端聚合物,其中异氰酸酯经封端剂封端。具有至少一个以异氰酸酯终止的末端的聚合物链可以是羟基终止的聚合物与二异氰酸酯化合物的反应产物。羟基终止的聚合物可以是OH官能度为至少1.8,替代地为至少2.4的二醇,使得羟基终止的聚合物的至少两个末端与二异氰酸酯化合物反应。任选地,还可以使一种或更多种扩链剂与羟基终止的聚合物和异氰酸酯反应以控制官能化聚合物的分子量。示例性扩链二醇可以包括单体二醇、聚合物二醇、及其组合。可以包含在公开的组合物中的一种或更多种单体多元醇包括但不限于:1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇、乙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-己二醇(EHD)、2-丁基-2-乙基-1,3-丙二醇(BEPG)、2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇(TMPD)、2,4-二乙基-1,5-戊二醇(PD-9)、氢醌二羟基乙醚(HQEE)、二乙二醇、丙二醇、三羟甲基丙烷和甘油。可以包含在公开的组合物中的一种或更多种聚合物多元醇包括但不限于:聚酯二醇、聚醚二醇、聚醚酯二醇、聚酯醚二醇、聚硫酯二硫醇、聚碳酸酯二醇、聚缩醛二醇和聚己内酯多元醇。羟基终止的聚合物的实例包括但不限于羟基终止的二烯的均聚物或共聚物。二烯的实例包括但不限于丁二烯、异戊二烯和法呢烯。共聚单体的实例包括但不限于:乙烯基芳族单体(例如,乙烯基甲苯、苯乙烯和α甲基苯乙烯)、乙烯、丙烯、及其组合。优选的是,基于聚二烯的数均分子量,羟基终止的聚二烯的1至2个乙烯基的含量小于70%,替代地小于50%,以及替代地小于30%。进一步优选的是,羟基终止的聚二烯具有相对低的分子量和粘度。基于聚二烯的数均分子量,羟基终止的聚二烯的分子量可以为约1,000g/mol至15,000g/mol,替代地约1,500g/mol至10,000g/mol,以及替代地约2,000g/mol至5,000g/mol。羟基终止的聚二烯的粘度可以为在23℃下小于100Pa.s,替代地在23℃下小于50Pa.s,以及替代地在23℃下小于25Pa.s。
优选的羟基终止的聚合物是经羟基终止的聚丁二烯的低分子量的低粘度的液态树脂,例如由美国得克萨斯州休斯顿的TOTAL Petrochemical and Refining Inc.制造的Poly
Figure BDA0001773396970000051
R-45HTLO树脂。
根据公开的方法和组合物的各个实施方案,使聚合物的端羟基与含异氰酸酯的化合物(例如,二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯、多异氰酸酯或其他合适的反应性异氰酸酯形式)反应。可以使用芳族或脂族二异氰酸酯来与羟基终止的聚合物反应。示例性二异氰酸酯包括但不限于:异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(“IPDI”)、二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯(“MDI”)、改性MDI或聚合MDI、甲苯二异氰酸酯(“TDI”)、对苯二异氰酸酯(“PPDI”)等,包括其各种形式或衍生物中的任一者,IPDI是最优选的。也可以使用二异氰酸酯的混合物,包括混合的异构体。
使具有至少一个以异氰酸酯终止的末端的聚合物链与封端剂反应以对异氰酸酯基进行封端。因此,如本文中贯穿说明书和权利要求书所用的,“封端异氰酸酯基”意指聚合物链末端的异氰酸酯基与封端剂可逆地反应以暂时消除异氰酸酯基的存在。例如,封端剂可以为在与异氰酸酯基反应时形成氨酯键的肟。聚合物可以在施加热时“解封”,使得氨酯键断裂并恢复为氰酸酯基(例如,重新生成异氰酸酯基)。示例性的反应机理可以根据下式1进行,其中式右侧的反应产物被认为是具有“封端”异氰酸酯的聚合物链:
Figure BDA0001773396970000061
其中R包含聚合物链,并且R’和R”各自独立地为芳族基团或脂族基团,或者替代地,R’和R”可以一起形成环状基团。
根据本文公开的组合物可以以水乳液的形式提供。用封端剂对异氰酸酯基进行封端防止异氰酸酯基在将乳液施加至织物或纤维之前过早地与水反应。可以选择封端剂使得需要超过100℃的温度来使封端异氰酸酯基解封。这将允许从施加至经处理的织物或纤维的乳液中除去水分。在除去水分之后,增加经处理的织物或纤维的温度将使异氰酸酯基解封,然后异氰酸酯基可以与经处理的织物或纤维交联和/或键合。封端剂期望地在约110℃至140℃的温度下解封。封端剂的实例包括但不限于:己内酰胺、酚、肟、吡唑、丙二酸酯(malonate)(丙二酸酯(malonic ester))、胺、及其组合。合适的封端剂可以包含例如至少一个活性氢或至少一个活性亚甲基。封端剂可以是单官能化的或双官能化的。封端剂的具体实例可以包括:环己酮肟、己酮肟、甲乙酮肟、e-己内酰胺、丙二酸二乙酯、壬基酚、乙酰乙酸乙酯、氰基乙酸乙酯、二异丙基胺、叔丁基苄胺、2-吡咯烷酮和3,5-二甲基吡唑。有用的封端剂为环己酮肟。
如上所述,以经肟或其他封端剂终止的异氰酸酯基封端的聚合物链以水乳液的形式提供。为了促进乳液的形成,可以用一个或更多个酸基团使聚合物链进一步官能化,使得所得的经酸官能化的聚合物链可以用水以及任选地碱来乳化。例如,在一个实施方案中,可以使包含至少两个羟基和至少一个酸基团[C(=O)OH]的化合物与二异氰酸酯和羟基终止的聚合物反应,使得一个或更多个酸基团可以连接至两个氨酯键之间的聚合物链的末端。根据公开的方法和组合物的可以用于使聚合物链官能化的酸的实例包括但不限于:二羟甲基丙酸、2,2-双(羟甲基)丁酸、及其组合。有用的酸是二羟甲基丙酸。提供经酸官能化的具有封端异氰酸酯端基的聚合物链可以减少或消除对用以形成根据公开的方法和组合物的水乳液的表面活性剂的需要。应当选择包含在乳液组合物中的碱,使得碱将避免与二异氰酸酯发生不需要的副反应。有用的碱的实例包括但不限于叔胺,例如三乙胺、三丙胺、及其组合。乳液组合物可以包含其他组分,例如抗氧化剂,催化剂,或者例如用于加工、贮藏期限和稳定性的其他添加剂和成分。一种或更多种不同的溶剂也可以包含在乳液组合物中以促进进入织物或纤维中的渗透和织物或纤维的处理。
在施加至织物或纤维之前,可以将公开的方法和组合物的水乳液与一种或更多种胶乳合并以形成处理组合物,即,一种或更多种天然或合成弹性体(例如,天然橡胶(NR)、乙烯基吡啶(VP)和苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶(SBR))的稳定分散体或乳液。处理组合物还可以任选地包含一种或更多种选自环氧树脂、异氰酸酯和胺中的水溶性粘合剂添加剂。
天然弹性体或合成弹性体可以与其中待包埋织物或纤维的弹性体材料相同或不同。可以使用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法来用公开的处理组合物涂覆织物或纤维。例如,可以使用喷洒、涂覆或浸渍方法以确保织物或纤维经足量的处理组合物均匀处理,从而促进经解封的异氰酸酯终止的聚合物的交联和键合,以及弹性体产品的固化(无论是硫固化还是过氧化物固化)。基于在处理组合物的施加和干燥之后但在在弹性体产品中固化之前的经处理的织物或纤维的重量,经处理的织物或纤维可以包含例如1重量%至60重量%、5重量%至40重量%或10重量%至20重量%的经封端异氰酸酯基终止的聚合物和一种或更多种胶乳。
水乳液的固含量、胶乳组合物的固含量、以及封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物乳液与胶乳乳液之比可以根据多种因素而变化,例如经处理的织物或纤维的期望物理特性、处理的织物或纤维的类型、以及用于将处理组合物施加至织物或纤维的施加方法的类型。例如,喷洒方法可能需要粘度比浸渍方法更低的处理组合物。如本领域技术人员应理解的,封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物的分子量和胶乳弹性体也将影响根据公开的方法和组合物的配制物的粘度。在又一个实例中,可以优选的是配制处理组合物,使得在已经处理和干燥之后的织物或纤维的表面具有期望的粘性程度。例如,对于动力传输带,一定程度的粘性经常是期望的,但经处理的织物或纤维应当能够在移去经处理的织物或纤维的线轴时从自身释放。基于乳液的总重量,包含经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物的水乳液的固含量可以为1%至50%、替代地5%至40%、以及替代地10%至30%。根据公开的方法和组合物的处理配制物中的经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物与胶乳弹性体的重量比范围可以为1:3至3:1,替代地1:2至2:1。还可以选择用于施加根据公开的方法和组合物的处理溶液的过程参数,例如干燥温度、浸渍速率、擦拭物的使用等,以影响经处理的织物或纤维的多种最终特性。
公开的方法和组合物的解封的异氰酸酯终止的聚合物的交联和键合可以如下发生:存在于经处理的织物或纤维上的涂覆组合物中的任意残留水分与异氰酸酯基之间的反应形成不稳定的氨基甲酸,氨基甲酸之后放出二氧化碳而形成反应性胺。胺然后可以与另一异氰酸酯反应而形成脲键。异氰酸酯基还可以与存在于构成织物或纤维的天然材料或合成材料中的任意羟基反应形成氨酯键。三个或更多个异氰酸酯基还可以与它们自身反应形成三异氰脲酸酯环结构或多异氰脲酸酯。因此,末端异氰酸酯基提供了涂覆组合物至纤维帘线的键合和包封。聚合物链应当与弹性体产品的胶乳和弹性体材料相容,使得聚合物链将通过硫或自由基固化剂(curative)与弹性体一起固化。
公开的方法和组合物的经处理的织物或纤维通常可以用于各种弹性体产品,例如轮胎、空气弹簧、挠性联轴节、动力传输带、传送带、流体输送软管和经受动态负荷的其他复合橡胶制品、以及纺织物增强的橡胶制品。例如,美国专利第4,954,194号中描述了织物或纤维在空气弹簧中的用途,美国专利第6,283,868号中描述了织物或纤维在挠性联轴节中的用途,美国专利第3,616,832号中描述了织物或纤维用于轮胎中胎体和/或胎面增强的用途。所有之前引用的公开的内容通过引用并入本文。如本领域技术人员应理解的,经处理的织物或纤维的取向影响包埋在弹性体产品中的织物或纤维的拉伸或负荷承载能力。例如,纤维帘线可以如下包含在动力传输带或轮胎中:纤维帘线沿带或轮胎的长度而不是垂直于长度的方向对齐。经处理的织物或纤维可以至少部分地包埋在动力传输带或轮胎的弹性体材料中。
可以并入弹性体产品中的另外的组分包括常规使用量的常规橡胶配混成分,包括填料、增塑剂、稳定剂、硫化剂/固化剂和促进剂。例如,增强填料的实例包括通常用于橡胶配混的沉淀细分二氧化硅和热解法二氧化硅填料。然而,二氧化硅填料可以是由可溶性硅酸盐例如硅酸钠通过沉淀获得的类型。例如,可以使用根据美国专利第2,940,830号中描述的方法生产的二氧化硅填料。这些沉淀的水合二氧化硅颜料的SiO2含量以无水状态为基础为至少50重量%并且通常大于80重量%。二氧化硅填料的最终粒度可以在例如约50埃至10,000埃、50埃至400埃、或100埃至300埃的范围内。如通过电子显微镜测定的,二氧化硅的平均最终粒度可以在约0.01微米至0.05微米的范围内,但是二氧化硅颗粒的尺寸甚至可以更小。如使用氮气测量的填料的BET表面积可以在例如40平方米每克至600平方米每克或50平方米每克至300平方米每克的范围内。Journal of the American Chemical Society,第60卷,第304页(1930)中描述了测量表面积的BET方法。另外,二氧化硅的二丁基(DBP)吸收值在例如约200至约400的范围内,或在约220至300的范围内。
可以使用各种可商购的二氧化硅和炭黑作为增强填料。例如,可以以商标Hi-Sil商购自PPG Industries的二氧化硅,例如名称为210、243等的二氧化硅;可商购自Rhone-Poulenc的名称为Z1165MP和Z165GR的二氧化硅;以及可商购自Degussa AG的名称为VN2和VN3等的二氧化硅。Rhone-Poulenc Z1165MP二氧化硅为优选的二氧化硅,据报道其特征在于:BET表面积为约160至170,DBP值为约250至290,并且具有基本上球形的形状。炭黑的代表性实例包括N110、N121、N220、N231、N234、N242、N293、N299、S315、N326、N330、N332、N339、N343、N347、N351、N358、N375、N539、N550、N582、N630、N642、N650、N683、N754、N762、N765、N774、N787、N907、N908、N990和N991。
基于100重量份的总橡胶(phr),代表性增强填料可以以例如约5重量份至100重量份或约10重量份至50重量份的量包含在根据本发明的各个实施方案的橡胶组合物中。
在配混包含二氧化硅填料的橡胶组合物时,通常使用偶联剂。例如,这样的偶联剂可以在橡胶/填料加工或混合阶段中与填料预混合或预反应或者被添加至橡胶混合物中。如果在橡胶/填料混合或加工阶段中将偶联剂和填料分别添加至橡胶混合物中,则认为偶联剂之后与填料原位结合。本领域技术人员已知的任意偶联剂可以用于根据公开的方法和组合物的弹性体产品。偶联剂通常由硅烷构成,所述硅烷具有能够与二氧化硅表面反应的硅烷构成组分(即部分),并且还具有能够与橡胶(特别是含有碳碳双键或不饱和度的可硫硫化橡胶)反应的构成组分。以这种方式,偶联剂可以充当二氧化硅和橡胶之间的连接桥并且由此增强二氧化硅的橡胶增强方面。
偶联剂的硅烷可以与二氧化硅表面形成键(可能通过水解),并且偶联剂的橡胶反应性组分与橡胶自身结合。通常,偶联剂的橡胶反应性组分是温度敏感的,并且倾向于在最终的和更高温度的硫硫化阶段与橡胶结合。然而,在后续硫化阶段之前的初始橡胶/二氧化硅/偶联剂混合阶段期间,偶联剂的橡胶反应性组分与橡胶之间可能发生一定程度的结合或键合。
偶联剂的橡胶反应性基团组分可以为例如以下基团中的一者或更多者:例如巯基、氨基、乙烯基、环氧基和硫基。偶联剂的实例包括但不限于双官能的含硫有机硅烷,例如来自DeGussa,A.G的双-(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物、双-(3-三甲氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物和双(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)四硫化物接枝的二氧化硅。可以使用的二氧化硅偶联剂的量可以为例如每100重量份使用的总橡胶约0.5重量份至约8.5重量份、或约1.0重量份至5.0重量份。
除增强填料以外,橡胶组合物还可以包含常规添加剂,包括其他填料、胶溶剂、颜料、硬脂酸、促进剂、硫或过氧化物硫化剂、抗臭氧剂、抗氧化剂、加工油、活化剂、增塑剂、蜡、预硫化抑制剂、增量油等。
硫硫化剂的实例包括但不限于元素硫(游离硫)或供给硫的硫化剂,例如,二硫化胺、聚合的多硫化物或硫烯烃加合物。硫硫化剂的量将根据橡胶的类型和硫硫化剂的特定类型而变化,但通常为约0.1phr至约5phr,约0.5phr至约2phr的范围是优选的。
过氧化物硫化剂可以为以下中的至少一者:二枯基过氧化物、二叔丁基过氧化物、叔丁基枯基过氧化物、苯甲酰基过氧化物、1,3-双(叔丁基过氧异丙基)苯、2,5-二甲基-2,5-二(叔丁基过氧基)己烯-3、2,5-二甲基-2,5-(苯甲酰基过氧基)-己烷、2,5-二甲基-2,5-单(叔丁基过氧基)己烷等。这些有机过氧化物可以单独使用或组合使用。可以添加硫化助剂(co-agent)以提高硫化的程度,以避免粘性损耗问题。硫化助剂可以为以下中的至少一者:TIAC、TAC、1,2-聚丁二烯、不饱和羧酸的金属盐、肟、胍、三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯、二甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯、N-N'-间亚苯基双马来酰亚胺、硫等。
可以在橡胶组合物中的抗降解剂的实例包括但不限于:单酚、双酚、硫代双酚、多酚、氢醌衍生物、亚磷酸酯/盐、磷酸酯/盐共混物、硫酯、萘胺、二酚胺和其他二芳基胺衍生物、对苯二胺、喹啉和共混胺。抗降解剂通常以约0.1phr至约10phr的量使用,约2phr至6phr的范围是优选的。
胶溶剂的实例包括但不限于五氯苯酚,其可以以约0.1phr至0.4phr的量使用,约0.2phr至0.3phr的范围是优选的。
加工油的实例包括但不限于脂族-环烷芳族树脂、聚乙二醇、石油、酯增塑剂、硫化植物油、松焦油、酚树脂、石油树脂、聚合物酯和松脂。加工油可以以约0phr至约50phr的量使用,约5phr至35phr的范围是优选的。
活化剂的实例包括但不限于锌氧化物和硬脂酸的组合。同时,活化剂可以以约1phr至10phr,例如约4phr至8phr的量使用。
促进剂的实例包括但不限于胺、胍、硫脲、硫醇、秋兰姆、二硫化物、噻唑、次磺酰胺、二硫代氨基甲酸酯/盐和黄原酸酯/盐。在仅使用主促进剂的情况下,使用的量可以为约0.5phr至2.5phr。在使用两种或更多种促进剂的组合的情况下,主促进剂通常可以以0.5phr至2.0phr的量使用,辅促进剂可以以约0.1phr至0.5phr的量使用。已知促进剂的组合产生协同效应。例如,在一个实施方案中,主促进剂为次磺酰胺。如果使用辅促进剂,则其可以为胍、二硫代氨基甲酸酯/盐或秋兰姆化合物。
实施例
参照以下非限制性实施例进一步说明本发明的实施方案。
经封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物水乳液的合成
将羟基化聚丁二烯形式的多元醇(由得克萨斯州休斯顿的TOTALPetrochemicaland Refining Inc.制造的Poly
Figure BDA0001773396970000112
R-45HTLO)与二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)、三乙胺(NeT3)和异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)以下面的量合并:
表1
Figure BDA0001773396970000111
Figure BDA0001773396970000121
在室温下将这些材料在溶剂(甲乙酮)中合并以形成分散体,使得分散体的最终固含量为40%。将分散体的温度升高至80℃并且搅拌分散体2小时。在添加过量的环己酮肟(19.3g)的同时保持温度以确保大部分(如果不是全部的话)末端异氰酸酯基被封端。在添加肟之后,通过向溶剂相中添加水或者向水中添加溶剂相,然后除去溶剂来制备乳液,使得最终水乳液的固含量为35%至40%并且表现出在23℃下小于200mPa.s的粘度。
纤维帘线处理
通过将水乳液和乙烯基吡啶胶乳在水中合并来制备水性浸渍配制物,使得基于浸渍溶液的总重量,水性浸渍溶液包含8%的封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物和8%的乙烯基吡啶。由于水乳液和胶乳之间的良好相容性以及水乳液相对低的粘度,需要低搅拌速率以使水性浸渍配制物的组分均化。所得配制物是稳定的并且在将其与胶乳合并之前不需要水乳液的熟化或活化步骤。
将由多种纤维制成的纺织物浸渍在水性浸渍配制物中约5秒,并在180℃下干燥约2至3分钟。基于干燥之后经处理的纺织物的总重量,经处理的纺织物的固体拾取量(solidpickup)为约7重量%。然后将经处理的纺织物与NR橡胶(天然橡胶)合并成层状结构以形成如图1所示的样品,以用于粘合性测试。
如下制备层状结构:向2mm厚的扁平模具装载第一层10的未固化NR橡胶(0.8mm至1mm),在其上放置第二层12的经处理的纺织物。然后在层状结构的长度“L”的部分“P”上施加一片有机硅纸14以提供样品的非粘结部分。在第二层12的顶部装载第三层16的未固化NR橡胶(0.8mm至1mm)并且最后装载第四层18的经处理的纺织物。使层状结构在模具中在约160℃的温度下固化。一经固化,除去有机硅纸14以提供其中被在第二层12与第三层16之间的有机硅纸14占据的区域未粘结的样品。根据ASTM D1876对样品进行T剥离测试以评估粘合强度。结果提供于表2中。
表2
Figure BDA0001773396970000131
比较例
重复封端异氰酸酯终止的聚合物的水乳液的合成步骤,不同之处在于使用两种不同的羟基化聚丁二烯聚合物。使用所得水乳液制备类似的浸渍配制物并处理人造丝纤维的样品以进行类似的T剥离测试。
表3
Figure BDA0001773396970000132
虽然本文中已示出并描述了本发明的优选实施方案,但是应理解,这些实施方案仅作为示例提供。本领域技术人员将会想到许多变化、改变和替换而不偏离本发明的精神。因此,所附权利要求书旨在涵盖落入本发明的精神和范围内的所有这样的变化。

Claims (20)

1.一种橡胶产品,其包含弹性体材料和经处理的材料,其中所述经处理的材料包含:
织物和纤维中的至少一者,所述织物和纤维中的至少一者已用纤维处理配制物处理,所述纤维处理配制物包含:
改性聚合物,所述改性聚合物包含基于二烯的聚合物链和至少一个以封端异氰酸酯基终止的末端,其中所述封端异氰酸酯基是异氰酸酯和封端剂的反应产物,以及其在至少100℃的温度下解封;
一种或更多种天然或合成弹性体的一种或更多种胶乳;以及
任选的,选自碱,溶剂,抗氧化剂,催化剂,加工添加剂,贮藏期限添加剂和稳定性添加剂的至少一种另外的组分;
其中不使用间苯二酚和甲醛处理所述织物和纤维中的至少一者。
2.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述织物和纤维中的至少一者选自纤维素、聚乙烯、聚酯、聚酰胺、聚酮、聚对亚苯基苯并二
Figure FDA0003071270520000011
唑(“PBO”)、碳纤维、及其组合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述织物和纤维中的至少一者为人造丝。
4.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述织物和纤维中的至少一者为芳族聚酰胺。
5.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述封端剂选自己内酰胺、酚、肟、吡唑、丙二酸酯、及其组合。
6.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述改性聚合物和所述一种或更多种胶乳一起构成所述经处理的材料的1重量%至60重量%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,以轮胎、空气弹簧、挠性联轴节、动力传输带、传送带或流体输送软管中的至少一者的形式提供。
8.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述基于二烯的聚合物链为至少一种二烯和至少一种乙烯基芳族单体的共聚物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述基于二烯的聚合物链为基于丁二烯的聚合物链。
10.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述改性聚合物进一步包含一个或更多个酸官能团。
11.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述改性聚合物具有两个或更多个以封端异氰酸酯基终止的末端。
12.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述改性聚合物的数均分子量为1000至15000。
13.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述纤维处理配制物包含碱。
14.根据权利要求13所述的橡胶产品,其中所述碱包括至少一种叔胺。
15.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述改性聚合物通过包括以下步骤的方法制备:
将羟基终止的聚合物、酸、碱和二异氰酸酯在有机溶剂中合并以形成异氰酸酯终止的聚合物;以及
向所述异氰酸酯终止的聚合物中添加封端剂以形成所述改性聚合物。
16.根据权利要求15所述的橡胶产品,其中所述酸包含至少两个羟基。
17.根据权利要求15所述的橡胶产品,其中所述羟基终止的聚合物为聚丁二烯的多元醇。
18.根据权利要求15所述的橡胶产品,其中所述二异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯。
19.根据权利要求15所述的橡胶产品,其中所述封端剂为环己酮肟。
20.根据权利要求1所述的橡胶产品,其中所述一种或更多种胶乳选自乙烯基吡啶胶乳、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶胶乳、羧基化苯乙烯丁二烯橡胶胶乳、及其混合物。
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