CN1089756C - 吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化 - Google Patents

吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化 Download PDF

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CN1089756C
CN1089756C CN96197061A CN96197061A CN1089756C CN 1089756 C CN1089756 C CN 1089756C CN 96197061 A CN96197061 A CN 96197061A CN 96197061 A CN96197061 A CN 96197061A CN 1089756 C CN1089756 C CN 1089756C
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oleum
pyridine
nitric acid
nitrated
diamines
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CN1196723A (zh
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D·J·斯克马
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Magnum International Co. Ltd.
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07DHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/74Amino or imino radicals substituted by hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

业已发现,通常在硝酸和浓硫酸混合物中进行的吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化反应,如果该反应在硝酸和发烟硫酸的混合物中进行,或者通过提供本来无水的介质,就会得到大为提高的产率(从约50%高达90%以上)。

Description

吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化
本发明涉及制备硝化吡啶-2,6-二胺的方法,其中将吡啶-2,6-二胺与硝酸和硫酸的混合物接触。术语“吡啶-2,6-二胺”表示2,6-二氨基吡啶(DAP)和吡啶环上一个或两个氨基和/或第4个碳原子(C-4)上发生取代的衍生化合物。
所得2,6-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡啶(DADNP)是制备如WO 94/25506中所述刚性棒状聚合物的单体的合适起始原料(还原两个硝基而生成所需的四胺)。DADNP也可用作不灵敏性(安全的)炸药和用作多官能有机试剂。
从DE 39 20 336可知,DAP的硝化可通过使它与硝酸和硫酸的混合物反应来进行。该方法的缺点在于它给出DADNP的产率不高于理论产率的50%。
Williams等在J.Heterocyclic Chem.,8,841~843(1971)中公开了硝化DAP的另一种方法,是通过将它与硫酸和硝酸的混合物反应而进行的。Williams公开了使用浓硫酸和少量90%的硝酸。除了粗产物外未给出产率数据。
Ritter等在J.Heterocyclic Chem.,32,585(1995)中提出用硝酸硝化DAP的另一背景技术,并指出生成副产物的现象。
鉴于上述硝化方法,希望提出更好的DAP硝化方法,该方法会导致更高的产率从而表现出更大的经济优势并且有利于减少废物量。
因此,本发明的目的在于提供经济的方法,利用该方法进行吡啶二胺的硝化可使纯产物具有良好的产率,副产物较少。为此,本发明包括在开头一段中提及的已知方法,其中所用硫酸是发烟硫酸。本发明的“发烟硫酸”指100%以上的硫酸(其实是三氧化硫在100%硫酸中的溶液,它也被称为“oleum(发烟硫酸)”)。
应注意,用这种硝酸(常为100%硝酸)和发烟硫酸混合物进行硝化本身是已知的。但是,从背景资料可知,这一特定混合物能解决上述问题。例如,US4,310,671公开了2,6-二氯吡啶在发烟硫酸中的硝化。2,6-二氯吡啶的硝化和DAP的硝化不能相比。这特别显然是由于DAP的硝化属于二硝化作用,而2,6-二氯吡啶只经历一硝基化反应。此外,2,6-二氯吡啶的硝化只能困难地进行,所以,一般要选用强硝化试剂并不令人惊奇。而至于DAP,这种选择根本不明显,假如二硝化反应本身易于进行的话,但低产率问题就不能也这样解释。
其它背景报道包括JP Hei-6-220019,该文献用发烟硝酸和浓硫酸或发烟硫酸的混合物硝化2-羟基吡啶;和US 4,560,800,其中硝化二苯甲酮以及硝酸和发烟硫酸的混合物以制备3,5-二硝基二苯甲酮。H.H.Licht等在Int.Annu.Conf. ICT(1993),24th(EnergeticMaterials:Insensitivity and Environmental Awareness),6-1/6-8中报道了通过用硝酸和浓硫酸在数步反应中硝化DAP而制备DADNP。
用发烟硫酸硝化得出高得惊人的产率(远远高于90%)这一发现,人们不想受理论束缚的话就会猜测,是由于除去了水而减少通过本身易于形成的硝化产物的水解而进行的降解。在这一点上,本发明还涉及吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化反应,其中将吡啶-2,6-二胺与呈硝酸和硫酸混合物形式的硝化试剂接触,但此处以不同方式除去存在的水,例如通过使反应在本来无水的介质(即该介质中利用比反应期间生成的硝化产物收湿性更强的化合物来吸收释出的水)中进行,例如存在多磷酸、五氧化二磷、乙酸酐等等的情况下。
本发明的方法优选在三氧化硫浓度为20~65%的发烟硫酸中进行。三氧化硫浓度对于结果没有任何实际效应。其实优选应用20%发烟硫酸。依本发明,可以应用可商购的发烟硫酸。也可采取将20%或65%发烟硫酸加入浓硫酸而得所要求的发烟硫酸浓度。理论上,开始时可用更低浓度的浓硫酸再加入更多量的三氧化硫,但由于完全能运用游离的三氧化硫,所以实际上最好不这样做。(发烟)硫酸的最终浓度高于100%且优选为104.5~114.5%。
本发明的方法中应用的硝酸优选为浓硝酸(高于95%),更优选应用100%的硝酸。当应用更低浓度的硝酸时,优选应用三氧化硫含量高的发烟硫酸。这样做的有利效果是,硝化反应结束时硫酸实际上仍然不含水。如果发烟硫酸浓度大于104%(相当于20%发烟硫酸)且硝酸浓度大于97%,则可达到最佳结果。
对于每摩尔DAP,优选应用不多于2.1摩尔硝酸而且反应进行时的温度低于30℃,优选在15℃~25℃之间。如果处理时由于强酸性介质被水稀释而使硝化产物沉淀析出,建议使反应产物溶液与水的接触时间尽可能地短(优选少于5秒),并且该接触过程中保持低温(优选低于25℃)。
如果这样要求的话,本发明方法中所用的DAP可用衍生化合物代替,衍生化合物是吡啶环上一个或两个氨基和/或第4个碳原子(C-4)被耐发烟硫酸的取代基所取代。本领域的常识可使技术人员选择合适的取代基例如烷基,尤其是低级烷基如C1~6烷基、卤烷基、芳烷基、值得注意的是钝化的芳烷基如硝基亚苄基。
参照下述非限制性实施例可进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
在一个3升反应器上装有快速搅拌器、添加固形物用的大口径短管和滴液漏斗,它被保护以防空气水分进入,将1200ml 20%发烟硫酸冷却至15℃。少量多次地加入2.75摩尔(300.1g)DAP(每次加料后立即封闭短管):需90分钟加完,并保持温度低于25℃,通常低于20℃。进一步搅拌15分钟后,在18~20℃下于130分钟内缓慢加入240ml 100%的硝酸。在溶解和硝化期间总共需要约6kg冰来冷却。在冷却下又搅拌10分钟后,将有点粘稠的暗红色清亮反应混合物搅拌入7kg冰;凝聚混合物的最终温度是1.5℃。
滤出固形物,用1l水洗涤3次,再在50℃、1mbar下干燥48小时。产量为2.483摩尔,90.3% DADNP。倾出含大为过量的冰的所述反应混合物得更高的产率为94%。
实施例2
在1升反应器中以1/3的容量利用冰水冷却进行实施例1的硝化反应(需要更短些的时间,因为比冷却面积更大)。接近硝化终了时,将2.5l甲醇注入装有快速搅拌器、滴液漏斗和真空出口管的3升三颈瓶,将该烧瓶通过抽空和真空沸腾冷却至10℃。利用滴液漏斗在9~12℃下将反应混合物于40分钟内和不断搅拌下倾入真空煮沸过的冷甲醇中。滤出所得浆状物并搅拌入1l冰/水中,滤出新沉淀物,用水洗涤3次,再在50℃和1mbar下干燥30小时,得产量为150.67g的产物,82.5%。应注意,合成中82.5%这一产率表示在反应混合物中实际上存在所有理论量的硝化产物。这由可比的甲醇滤液来证实:用甲醇沉淀纯硝化产物(DADNP)于100%硫酸中的样品,在10℃下收集固形物,并用水洗涤而得产率为83%的产物。成功地回收硫酸和甲醇滤液中的产物因而有利于在(半)工业规模生产时定量估算产率。

Claims (4)

1.制备硝化吡啶-2,6-二胺的方法,其中将吡啶-2,6-二胺与硝酸和硫酸的混合物接触,其特征在于该硝化反应在本来无水的介质中进行。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中的硫酸是发烟硫酸。
3.权利要求2的方法,其特征在于该发烟硫酸中三氧化硫浓度为20~65%。
4.权利要求2的方法,其特征在于该发烟硫酸的浓度大于104%而硝酸的浓度大于97%。
CN96197061A 1995-09-19 1996-09-02 吡啶-2,6-二胺的硝化 Expired - Fee Related CN1089756C (zh)

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NL1001238A NL1001238C2 (nl) 1995-09-19 1995-09-19 Nitrering van pyridine-2,6-diamines.
NL1001238 1995-09-19

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AT (1) ATE186529T1 (zh)
CA (1) CA2232463C (zh)
DE (1) DE69605131T2 (zh)
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KR20090089903A (ko) 2006-12-12 2009-08-24 이 아이 듀폰 디 네모아 앤드 캄파니 3-하이드록시글루타로니트릴의 합성 방법
WO2009018504A1 (en) 2007-08-01 2009-02-05 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Process for the synthesis of diaminopyridine and related compounds

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4310671A (en) * 1978-08-21 1982-01-12 Olin Corporation Process for producing 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine
DE3920336A1 (de) * 1989-06-21 1991-01-10 Deutsch Franz Forsch Inst Sprengstoffmasse mit geringer empfindlichkeit

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4310671A (en) * 1978-08-21 1982-01-12 Olin Corporation Process for producing 2,6-dichloro-3-nitropyridine
DE3920336A1 (de) * 1989-06-21 1991-01-10 Deutsch Franz Forsch Inst Sprengstoffmasse mit geringer empfindlichkeit

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ATE186529T1 (de) 1999-11-15
DE69605131T2 (de) 2000-05-25
NL1001238C2 (nl) 1997-03-20
WO1997011058A1 (en) 1997-03-27
CA2232463C (en) 2007-11-06
CA2232463A1 (en) 1997-03-27
CN1196723A (zh) 1998-10-21
JPH11504942A (ja) 1999-05-11
EP0873314A1 (en) 1998-10-28
EP0873314B1 (en) 1999-11-10
DE69605131D1 (de) 1999-12-16

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