CN108967895A - 一种营养重组米及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种营养重组米及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108967895A CN108967895A CN201810587036.2A CN201810587036A CN108967895A CN 108967895 A CN108967895 A CN 108967895A CN 201810587036 A CN201810587036 A CN 201810587036A CN 108967895 A CN108967895 A CN 108967895A
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- quinoa
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种重组米及制备方法,包括以下步骤:藜麦和芋艿头经预处理后微波预熟化,将预熟化后的芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉与香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉、分子蒸馏单甘酯混合均匀,将调质后的复合物料经喂料器定量加入到双螺杆挤压机中,设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为45‑65℃,Ⅱ区75‑95℃,Ⅲ区115‑135℃,IV区105‑115℃,V区20‑35℃,螺杆转速为120‑370rpm,经干燥、抛光后得到重组米。本发明的优点是重组米的营养丰富,颗粒外型规整。本发明制备的重组米具有较好的抗消化性能,快消化淀粉降低,慢消化淀粉含量提高,有利于提升饱腹感,适合减肥人群,特别适合糖尿病患者食用,为大米类产品的发展提供了新方法和新思路。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及食品深加工技术领域,具体涉及一种营养重组米及制备方法。
背景技术
藜麦是联合国国际粮农组织(FAO)确认的唯一一种能满足人体基本营养需求的单体植物,被正式推荐为最适宜人类的完美“全营养食品”,其营养价值远高于小麦、水稻和玉米等传统谷物,不仅富含蛋白质及钙、铁、锌和维生素E等微量营养素,而且含有全部必需氨基酸,并富含植物化学物质如多酚、黄酮、皂甙类物质,具有提高人群营养水平、预防多种疾病发生的潜在功效。藜麦的葡萄糖和果糖含量低,食用后血糖指数升高只有大米的30%。藜麦的全营养特性赋予其抗肿瘤、改善内分泌、增强免疫力、减肥等多种生理功效。藜麦适合所有人群食用,包括三高患者和心脏病等慢性疾病患者,以及婴幼儿、孕产妇、老年人、麸质过敏等特殊体质人群食用。
芋艿头是一种很好的碱性食物,它口感细软,绵甜香糯,营养价值近似于土豆,但是不含有龙葵素,易于消化吸收而不会引起中毒。芋艿头含有多种胡萝卜素、尼克酸、维生素E和维生素A等多种营养成分。此外芋艿头还具有多种营养功效:能益脾胃,调中气,化痰散结;氟含量较高,具有洁齿防龋、保护牙齿的作用;含有多种微量元素,能增强人体的免疫功能。
香蕉的营养成分非常丰富,含多种人体所需的矿物元素及维生素,其钾元素的含量很高,是典型的高钾低钠型水果,钾对人体的钠具有抑制作用,可降低血压,预防高血压和心管疾病;同时,香蕉中还含有膳食纤维、多糖、总黄酮、总多酚及有机酸等多种活性营养成分,营养及保健价值极高。除此之外,香蕉天然抗性淀粉含量在50%以上,是天然抗性淀粉(Resistant Starch,RS)含量较高的果蔬之一。大量研究发现,天然抗性淀粉可减少血清中胆固醇和甘油三酸酯的含量,并能延缓胃排空,增加饱腹感,因抗性淀粉和膳食纤维的在控制体重,防治肥胖症及糖尿病的表现,香蕉及其加工产品如香蕉粉越来越为广大消费者所推崇。
猕猴桃含多种维生素及脂肪、蛋白质、氨基酸和钙、磷、铁、镁、果胶等营养成分,其维生素C含量很高,每100g猕猴桃中维生素C的含量在400~430mg。猕猴桃还含有多种维生素E和维生素K等,属营养和膳食纤维丰富的低脂肪食品,对减肥健美、美容有独特的功效。此外,猕猴桃含有丰富的叶酸,叶酸是构筑健康体魄的必需物质之一,能预防胚胎发育的神经管畸型,猕猴桃还富含叶黄素,其在视网膜上积累能起到防止斑点恶化等功效。
糖尿病是一组以高血糖为特征的代谢性疾病。2017年全球糖尿病患者数量(20-79岁)达4.25亿,而我国糖尿病患者人数为1.144亿,居全球第一。糖尿病人不宜吃各种糖、蜜饯、高胆固醇的食物及动物脂肪等食物,适合吃五谷杂粮、豆类及豆制品和苦瓜、桑叶、洋葱、柚子等食物。对于糖尿病人来说,五谷杂粮的摄入对于控制主食摄入量非常有好处,可以一定程度地降低血糖。
中国发明专利(申请公布号:CN102823822A,授权公布日:2012.12.19)报道了题为一种玉米重组米及其生产方法,公开了将普通玉米进行脱皮脱胚后粉碎得到普通玉米粉,将改性玉米粉与普通玉米粉按照一定比例(酶改性玉米粉质量分数1-10%、双螺杆改性玉米粉质量分数45-75%、普通玉米粉质量分数15-50%)混合得到复配粉,复配粉调质后经挤压成型、切割造粒、热风干燥、抛光后得到玉米重组米。但该专利中制备的重组米抗回生性能不好,生产成本较高;
中国发明专利(申请公布号:CN107692121A,授权公布日:2018.02.16)报道了题为一种高纤母芋重组米的加工方法及其食用方法,公开了将新鲜母芋通过浸泡除去抗营养因子(草酸钙),烘干、粉碎后得到母芋粉,再与碎米粉、杂粮粉(荞麦粉、薏米粉和/或燕麦粉)均匀混合,采用双螺杆挤压技术,经挤压熟化、切割成型、热风干燥、包装等工艺流程制得高纤母芋重组米。但是制备的重组米营养不够全面;
中国发明专利(申请公布号:CN101138427A,授权公布日:2008.03.12)报道了题为具有靶向性的魔芋人造米及其制作方法,公开了以杂粮类生料、蔬果类生料、米糠、魔芋粉为原料,经膨化、粉碎、搅拌、挤压制粒、风干或冷冻干燥、抛光整粒制成。但是造粒后营养损失比较大,并且不耐蒸煮。
发明内容
本发明公开了一种营养重组米及制作方法,该制备方法以藜麦粉和芋艿头全粉为原料,并添加适量的香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯,藜麦粉和芋艿头全粉经过微波辐照进行预熟化后,与其他物料混合均匀,经造粒成型、干燥、抛光后得到功能性营养重组米成品。该方法较好地保护了藜麦和芋艿头中的营养成分,挤压膨化过程有利于藜麦、芋艿头与营养物质的融合,重组米中的抗消化淀粉含量提高,有利于提升饱腹感,且其营养丰富,食味品质得到改善,尤其适合减肥人群和糖尿病患者食用。
本发明公开了一种营养重组米及制作方法,藜麦粉和芋艿头全粉的添加比例分别为10-40%,分子蒸馏单甘酯0.1%-0.5%、香蕉粉0-10%和猕猴桃粉0-5%(占芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉总重的比例)。
具体地,所述芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉为芋艿头或藜麦粉制作而成。芋艿头需要打浆处理,藜麦需要浸泡处理。
一种营养重组米及制作方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)藜麦预处理:去除粘附于藜麦表面的杂质后在水中充分浸泡,浸泡时间为5-40min,浸泡温度为20-40℃,使藜麦颗粒充分吸水膨胀,浸泡后烘干备用;
(2)芋艿头预处理:去除粘附于芋艿头表面的杂质,将芋艿头去皮后按料水比1∶2-3(W/W)加水打浆烘干后备用;
(3)粉碎:将预处理后的藜麦和芋艿头粉碎后过80-200目筛;
(4)藜麦粉球磨处理:将过筛后的藜麦粉用球磨机处理后备用,球磨机参数:球磨罐装样量为150-650mL,球磨机转速为200-550r/min,研磨时间10-200min,球料比为1-10:1;
(5)预熟化:将芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉进行分步预熟化处理;
芋艿头全粉的预熟化:微波辐照功率为100-300W,辐照时间1-5min,芋艿头全粉水分10-30%。
藜麦粉的预熟化:微波辐照功率为200-400W,辐照时间2-6min,藜麦粉水分15-35%;
(6)预混:称取芋艿头全粉(10-40%)和藜麦粉(60-90%),再加入分子蒸馏单甘酯0.1%-0.5%、香蕉粉0-10%和猕猴桃粉0-5%(比例为占芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉的总重比例)。
(7)调质:分别将藜麦粉、芋艿头全粉、香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯加入混料器内混合,调整混合物料的水分至20-45%;
(8)造粒成型:将调质后的复合物料经喂料器定量加入到双螺杆挤压机中,机器为三段控温、长径比为16-26:1的同向或异向旋转型双螺杆挤压机,设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为45-65℃,Ⅱ区75-95℃,Ⅲ区115-135℃,IV区105-115℃,V区20-35℃,螺杆转速为120-370rpm。物料在经过双螺杆挤压机的输送、挤压、熟化等作用过程中形成凝胶颗粒,通过具有圆形模孔直径为1-7mm的模具挤出成型;
(9)低温流化床干燥:将功能性营养重组米在温度40-60℃条件下干燥1-8h,干燥至水分含量在8-12%;
(10)抛光:干燥完成后,进行抛光处理,即可得表面光滑的重组米,外形与大米颗粒相近;
(11)包装:将抛光后的营养强化型芋艿头重组米称重后包装。
本发明有益效果在于:
1、本发明中对原料进行了预熟化,可提高重组米的糊化程度,重组米在造粒过程中更易成型,缩短了蒸煮过程中的重组米的蒸煮时间。
2、本发明制备的重组米中添加了藜麦粉、芋艿头全粉、香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯,使其营养成分丰富,营养价值全面。
3、本发明制备的功能性营养重组米的抗消化性能提高,有利于提升饱腹感,使其更适合于减肥人群或者糖尿病人群食用。
附图说明
图1是本发明制备的营养重组米的工艺流程图;
图2是大米和营养重组米的X射线衍射对比图;
图3是大米和营养重组米的扫描电镜图;
(a)实施例1(b)实施例2(c)实施例3。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清晰,下面结合附图实施例,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解,此处所描述的具体实施例仅用于解释本发明,并不用于限定本发明。
实施例1:
本申请提供了一种营养重组米及制作方法,具体步骤如下:
将藜麦放入清水中淘洗干净后浸泡,浸泡时间为10min,浸泡温度为20℃。芋艿头去皮后按料水比1:2(W/W)加水打浆,预处理后的藜麦和芋艿头烘干后粉碎过100目筛。藜麦粉球磨机处理参数:球磨罐装样量为200mL,球磨机转速为300r/min,研磨时间60min,球料比为4:1。将芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉采取微波辐照进行预熟化,芋艿头全粉微波功率为100W,微波预熟化时间4min,物料水分10%;藜麦粉微波功率为200W,微波预熟化时间5min,物料水分15%。将藜麦粉1800g、芋艿头全粉200g与香蕉粉80g、猕猴桃粉40g、分子蒸馏单甘酯4g混合均匀后进行调质,调质后使大米复合物的含水率达到20%。设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为45℃,Ⅱ区75℃,Ⅲ区115℃,IV区105℃,V区20℃,螺杆转速为200rpm,造粒后成型,经过低温流化床40℃干燥,干燥3h,干燥至水分含量为8%后经过分级、包装成成品,获得功能性营养重组米。
实施例2:
本申请提供了一种营养重组米及制作方法,具体步骤如下:
将藜麦放入清水中淘洗干净后浸泡,浸泡时间为20min,浸泡温度为30℃。芋艿头去皮后按料水比1:2.5(W/W)加水打浆,预处理后的藜麦和芋艿头烘干后粉碎过100目筛。藜麦粉球磨机处理参数:球磨罐装样量为400mL,球磨机转速为400r/min,研磨时间90min,球料比为6:1。将芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉采取微波辐照进行预熟化,芋艿头全粉微波功率为200W,微波预熟化时间3min,物料水分20%;藜麦粉微波功率为300W,微波预熟化时间4min,物料水分25%。将藜麦粉1600g、芋艿头全粉400g与香蕉粉120g、猕猴桃粉60g、分子蒸馏单甘酯6g混合均匀后进行调质,调质后使大米复合物的含水率达到30%。设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为50℃,Ⅱ区80℃,Ⅲ区120℃,IV区110℃,V区25℃,螺杆转速为250rpm,造粒后成型,经过低温流化床50℃干燥,干燥5h,干燥至水分含量为10%后经过分级、包装成成品,获得功能性营养重组米。
实施例3:
本申请提供了一种营养重组米及制作方法,具体步骤如下:
将藜麦放入清水中淘洗干净后浸泡,浸泡时间为30min,浸泡温度为40℃。芋艿头去皮后按料水比1:3(W/W)加水打浆,预处理后的藜麦和芋艿头烘干后粉碎过100目筛。藜麦粉球磨机处理参数:球磨罐装样量为600mL,球磨机转速为500r/min,研磨时间120min,球料比为8:1。将芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉采取微波辐照进行预熟化,芋艿头全粉微波功率为300W,微波预熟化时间2min,物料水分30%;藜麦粉微波功率为400W,微波预熟化时间3min,物料水分35%。将藜麦粉1400g、芋艿头全粉600g与香蕉粉160g、猕猴桃粉80g、分子蒸馏单甘酯8g混合均匀后进行调质,调质后使大米复合物的含水率达到40%。设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为55℃,Ⅱ区85℃,Ⅲ区125℃,IV区115℃,V区30℃,螺杆转速为300rpm,造粒后成型,经过低温流化床60℃干燥,干燥7h,干燥至水分含量为12%后经过分级、包装成成品,获得功能性营养重组米。
按照本发明制备的功能性营养重组米的原料配方如表1所示。
表1功能性营养重组米原料配方
按照本发明制备的营养重组米通过测定其热特性如表2
表2功能性营养重组米的热特性
从表2中可知,挤压蒸煮作用对重组米的热特性有显著影响,营养重组的凝胶温度温度参数(起始凝胶温度To、峰值凝胶温度Tp和终止凝胶温度Tc)均高于大米的凝胶温度,凝胶焓值升高。
按照本发明制备的营养重组米的糊化特性如表3。
从表3中可知营养重组米的各项糊化粘度均低于大米,说明藜麦、芋艿头、香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯的添加量对功能性营养重组米的糊化特性有显著影响。功能性营养重组米的回生值显著低于未处理的大米,说明功能性营养重组米不像普通米饭放置后易于回生,可较好的保持口感和营养。这对于功能性营养重组米的口感有重要的影响,挤压过程中藜麦中的淀粉、蛋白质和脂质之间发生重排,形成了更加稳定的空间结构,这说明淀粉、蛋白质和脂质之间的重组对重组米的回生具有显著的抑制作用。
表3营功能性营养重组米的糊化特性
按照本发明制备的营养重组米得到结晶特性见图2。从图2中可以观察到,大米在14.9°、17°,18°和23°出现显著特征峰峰,为典型的“A”型晶体特征峰。大米经挤压膨化造粒成型后的重组米的X-Ray图谱于天然大米不同,在高温、高压的作用下,芋艿头淀粉和藜麦淀粉颗粒的晶体受到破坏,重组后的大米淀粉晶格有序化程度下降,无定型区增加,峰形钝化、少数特征峰消失,外力的存在,使得淀粉的颗粒形貌遭到破坏,淀粉的微晶结构逐渐向亚微晶结构转化。
按照本发明制备的功能性营养重组米的扫描电镜图片见图3。从图3可以看出,功能性营养重组米颗粒的形貌特征发生了明显改变,呈棱角分明的岩石状,这是由于受到双螺杆挤压剪切作用以及物料与螺杆和机筒之间的强烈摩擦,原有的淀粉晶体结构消失,淀粉分子发生部分降解并呈多孔状。添加藜麦、芋艿头、香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯的功能性营养重组米呈不规则的网络状结构。
按照本发明制备的营养重组米的消化特性如表4。大米的慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉均低于营养重组米,营养重组米的快消化淀粉的含量低于大米。说明营养重组米的淀粉的消化性受到抑制。抗消化淀粉的含量会影响结肠中微生物对其降解的性能,高含量的抗消化淀粉降低了淀粉在人体内消化吸收的可能,并能增加饱腹感,是一种很好膳食纤维。功能性营养重组米中快消化淀粉的降低可有效抑制血糖的提高。
表4功能性营养重组米的消化特性
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不用以限制本发明,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (4)
1.一种营养重组米的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:藜麦经清洗、浸泡、粉碎、球磨处理、调质后采用微波辐照进行预熟化;芋艿头经清洗、打浆、烘干、粉碎、调质后采用微波辐照进行预熟化;将预熟化后的芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉与香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉、分子蒸馏单甘酯混合均匀后,经造粒成型、干燥、抛光后获得功能性营养重组米。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种营养重组米的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)藜麦预处理:去除粘附于藜麦表面的杂质后在水中充分浸泡,浸泡时间为5-40min,浸泡温度为20-40℃,使藜麦颗粒充分吸水膨胀,浸泡后烘干备用;
(2)芋艿头预处理:去除粘附于芋艿头表面的杂质,将芋艿头去皮后按料水比1∶2-3(W/W)加水打浆烘干后备用;
(3)粉碎:将预处理后的藜麦和芋艿头粉碎后过80-200目筛,得到藜麦粉和芋艿头全粉;
(4)藜麦粉球磨处理:将过筛后的藜麦粉用球磨机处理后备用,球磨机参数:球磨罐装样量为150-650mL,球磨机转速为200-550r/min,研磨时间10-200min,球料比为1-10:1;
(5)将芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉进行分步预熟化处理;
(6)预混:按照占芋艿头全粉和藜麦粉的总重比例:称取10-40%芋艿头全粉和60-90%藜麦粉,再加入分子蒸馏单甘酯0.1%-0.5%、香蕉粉0-10%和猕猴桃粉0-5%;
(7)调质:分别将藜麦粉、芋艿头全粉、香蕉粉、猕猴桃粉和分子蒸馏单甘酯加入混料器内混合,调整混合物料的水分至20-45%;
(8)造粒成型:将调质后的复合物料经喂料器定量加入到双螺杆挤压机中,机器为三段控温、长径比为16-26:1的同向或异向旋转型双螺杆挤压机,设定双螺杆挤压机各机段腔体工作温度:I区温度梯度为45-65℃,Ⅱ区75-95℃,Ⅲ区115-135℃,IV区105-115℃,V区20-35℃,螺杆转速为120-370rpm。物料在经过双螺杆挤压机的输送、挤压、熟化等作用过程中形成凝胶颗粒,通过具有圆形模孔直径为1-7mm的模具挤出成型;
(9)低温流化床干燥:将营养重组米在温度40-60℃条件下干燥1-8h,干燥至水分含量在8-12%;
(10)抛光:干燥完成后,进行抛光处理;
(11)包装:将抛光后的营养重组米称重后包装。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种营养重组米的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(5)中芋艿头全粉预熟化的参数设定为:微波辐照功率为100-300W,辐照时间1-5min,芋艿头全粉水分10-30%;
藜麦粉预熟化的参数设定为:微波辐照功率为200-400W,辐照时间2-6min,藜麦全粉水分15-35%。
4.一种根据权利要求1或2或3所制备的一种营养重组米。
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