CN108927174A - 一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/04—Sulfides
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Abstract
本发明属于纳米材料制备技术领域,具体为一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂及其制备方法。ZnS/CuS作为应用比较广泛的光催化剂,其形貌可进一步进行调控以增加活性位点的暴露数量,进而提高光催化剂的光催化活性。沸石咪唑骨架材料ZIF‑8具有高比表面积和丰富的孔结构,为光催化剂的构筑提供了有利条件。该材料的制备方法是,首先制备负载氧化石墨烯(GO)的ZIF‑8,并以之为模板制备负载GO的ZnS多孔纳米材料ZnS/rGO,最后在该多孔ZnS/rGO体系中引入纳米CuS,制得目标产物,即ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。本发明的优点是,以ZIF为模板制备的ZnS具有超大比表面积,为CuS提供了更多的负载位点,从而增大了活跃位点暴露数目,而氧化石墨烯的引入可以显著提高载流子的传导能力,从而显著提高了光催化剂的光催化活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于纳米材料制备领域,具体为一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
为了人类社会发展的延续和稳定,新能源的开发迫在眉睫。待开发的新能源在性质上应是可持续利用的永久性能源,应用时应不给地球环境增加额外的负荷,成本上应不超过现用化石燃料。太阳能、风能、生物能、核能、海洋能、氢能等可持续能源均为极有潜力的开发对象。其中,氢能被称为人类的终极能源,因为氢构成了宇宙质量的四分之三,是宇宙中分布最广的物质。作为能源,氢气具有很多优点:燃烧热值高、燃烧效率高、导热性好、环保无毒、可存储性好、安全性高等。
目前,利用太阳能分解水制氢的方法有很多,主要有太阳能发电电解水制氢、太阳能热分解水制氢、太阳能生物制氢以及太阳能光催化分解水制氢等。其中,光催化分解水制氢技术起始于1972年。半导体光催化分解水产氢能够把低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的、可储存的氢能,是一种环境友好的绿色技术。
宽带隙半导体——如 TiO2、ZnO 等,虽然具有较负的导带电位,却因其带隙较宽,只能吸收紫外光,无法充分利用太阳光能量,因此不能成为理想的光催化制氢材料。
石墨烯(Graphene)是一种由碳原子构成的单层片状结构的新材料,它是零带隙半导体材料,具有独特的载流子特性,对催化剂的光生电子有极好的传输特性。石墨烯超大的比表面积以及自身的模板效应能有效防止颗粒团聚,因此是良好的催化剂载体。利用石墨烯的模板作用,可以制备颗粒均匀分散、且性能良好稳定的催化剂。
相对于常用的宽禁带半导体,金属硫化物半导体通常拥有较窄的带隙,因此可以吸收可见光,在更大的程度上有效利用太阳光的能量。如在金属硫化物半导体中,硫化镉的导带位置比水的还原电势更负,满足了光解水产氢的基本条件,因此,硫化镉是一种理想的可见光响应半导体光催化产氢材料。但是,硫化镉具有较小的比表面积、导电性小、容易团聚、光生电荷易于发生复合等缺陷,限制了其产氢效率。因此,开发价格廉价、性能稳定、活性更高的光催化剂是目前光催化分解水制氢研究的一个重要方向。
发明内容
本发明的发明目的在于克服以上问题,提供一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法。该方法以纳米ZnS/rGO/CuS为光催化剂,光解水产氢,拓展了无机复合纳米材料在光催化产氢领域的应用。
为了实现以上发明目的,本发明的具体技术方案如下:
1)按比例称取原料锌盐、2-甲基咪唑、氧化石墨烯(GO),将其置于甲醇溶液中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的GO-ZIF-8溶液,其中锌盐与2-甲基咪唑的摩尔比为0-0.2:1,氧化石墨烯与ZIF-8的质量比为0-0.5,将上述溶液进行离心分离,得到GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒,在GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒中加入一定质量的硫源,将其置于一定溶剂中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8和硫源的混合溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的混合溶液,其中硫源与GO-ZIF-8的摩尔比为0-0.2:1,将上述溶液装入水热反应釜中,在指定的温度和时间下发生硫化反应;反应完成,自然冷却后,进行离心分离,烘干后得到ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒。
2)按比例称取ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒、铜盐,将其置于乙醇和去离子水溶液中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,其中铜盐与ZnS/rGO的质量比为0-0.5,将上述溶液装入水热反应釜中,在指定的温度和时间下发生阳离子置换反应;反应完成,自然冷却后,进行离心分离,烘干后得到ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
本发明的积极效果体现在:
(一)以ZIF-8为模板制备的ZnS/rGO/CuS光催化剂,因其具有高比表面积和丰富孔结构,为光催化剂的构筑提供了有利条件,作为光催化剂,它能够为光催化剂提供更多的负载位点,提高光催化活性。
(二)氧化石墨烯引入ZnS/rGO/CuS光催化剂,能够显著提高载流子的传导能力,使光生载流子中的空穴和电子有效的分离,为光催化剂提高光吸收效率和光催化活性。
(三)本申请以纳米ZnS/rGO/CuS作为光催化剂,光解水产氢,拓展了无机复合纳米材料在光催化产氢领域的应用。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的石墨烯掺量为0.2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的SEM照片。
图2为实施例2制备的石墨烯掺量为0.5%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的SEM照片。
图3为实施例3制备的石墨烯掺量为2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的SEM照片。
图4中的柱状图a为实施例1制备的石墨烯掺量为0.2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的产氢效率;图4中的柱状图b为实施例2制备的石墨烯掺量为0.5%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的产氢效率;图4中的柱状图c为实施例3制备的石墨烯掺量为2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的产氢效率。
具体实施方式:
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白,下面结合具体实施方式对本发明作进一步的详细描述,但不应将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于下述实施例。
实施例1:
称取1487.5 mg六水硝酸锌、8210 mg 2-甲基咪唑、1.4 mg氧化石墨烯溶于25 ml甲醇溶液中,配制成0.2 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8溶液,然后超声分散5 min,并在搅拌速度为300 r/min常温下搅拌12 h,然后进行离心分离,去掉上清液,所得产品为GO-ZIF-8。然后在GO-ZIF-8中加入225.39 mg硫代乙酰胺溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.075 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8和硫源的混合溶液,然后超声分散5 min,并在搅拌速度为300r/min常温下搅拌20 min,将上述混合液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在120 ℃水热反应12 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在50 ℃烘箱中干燥6 h,所得产品即为ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒。
称取100 mg ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒、7 mg三水硝酸铜溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.015 mol/L的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,然后超声分散5min,并在搅拌速度为300 r/min常温下搅拌20 min,将上述溶液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在120 ℃水热反应18 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在50 ℃烘箱中干燥6 h,所得产品即为石墨烯掺量为0.2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
对水热法制备的石墨烯掺量为0.2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂进行SEM分析,其SEM照片见图1。由图1可见,ZnS/rGO/CuS光催化剂分散比较均匀,且具有较多的微孔结构。对其进行可见光照射下的光催化产氢反应,得到该催化剂的产氢效率为1.223 mmol/h/g,其产氢效率见图4中的柱状图a。
实施例2:
称取2974.9 mg六水硝酸锌、8210 mg 2-甲基咪唑、3.5 mg氧化石墨烯溶于25 ml甲醇溶液中,配制成0.4 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8溶液,然后超声分散10 min,并在搅拌速度为600 r/min常温下搅拌24 h,然后进行离心,去掉上清液,用无水乙醇和去离子水洗涤三次,所得产品为GO-ZIF-8。然后在GO-ZIF-8中加入225.39 mg硫代乙酰胺溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.15 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8和硫源的混合溶液,然后超声分散10 min,并在搅拌速度为600 r/min常温下搅拌30 min,将上述溶液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在180 ℃水热反应12 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在60 ℃烘箱中干燥5 h,所得产品即为ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒。
称取200 mg ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒、14 mg三水硝酸铜溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.03 mol/L的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,然后超声分散10min,并在搅拌速度为600 r/min常温下搅拌30 min,将上述溶液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在180 ℃水热反应18 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在60 ℃烘箱中干燥5 h,所得产品即为石墨烯掺量为0.5%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
对水热法制备的石墨烯掺量为0.5%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂进行SEM分析,其SEM照片见图2。由图2可见,ZnS/rGO/CuS光催化剂分散非常均匀,石墨烯片层结构使得该光催化剂材料具有更多的微孔结构。对其进行可见光照射下的光催化产氢反应,得到该催化剂的产氢效率为2.6144 mmol/h/g,其产氢效率见图4中的柱状图b。
实施例3:
称取4462.35 mg六水硝酸锌、8210 mg 2-甲基咪唑、14 mg氧化石墨烯溶于25 ml甲醇溶液中,配制成0.6 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8溶液,然后超声分散20 min,并在搅拌速度为800 r/min常温下搅拌10 h,然后进行离心,去掉上清液,用无水乙醇和去离子水洗涤三次,所得产品为GO-ZIF-8。然后在GO-ZIF-8中加入225.39 mg硫代乙酰胺溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.225 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8和硫源的混合溶液,然后超声分散20 min,并在搅拌速度为800 r/min常温下搅拌20 min,将上述溶液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在240 ℃水热反应12 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在80 ℃烘箱中干燥4 h,所得产品即为ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒。
称取300 mg ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒、21 mg三水硝酸铜溶于20 ml无水乙醇与10 ml去离子水的混合溶液中,配制成0.045 mol/L的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,然后超声分散10min,并在搅拌速度为800 r/min常温下搅拌20 min,将上述溶液装入聚四氟乙烯高温反应釜中,在240 ℃水热反应18 h,待自然冷却后,进行离心分离,并在80 ℃烘箱中干燥4 h,所得产品即为石墨烯掺量为2%的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
对水热法制备的石墨烯掺量为2%的ZnS/GO/CuS纳米光催化剂进行SEM分析,其SEM照片见图3。由图3可见,ZnS/rGO/CuS光催化剂发生较为严重的团聚和叠加现象,材料结构相对比较致密。对其进行可见光照射下的光催化产氢反应,得到该催化剂的产氢效率为1.0024 mmol/h/g,其产氢效率见图4中的柱状图c。
Claims (7)
1.一种ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂及其制备方法,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
1)按比例称取原料锌盐、2-甲基咪唑、氧化石墨烯(GO),将其置于甲醇溶液中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的GO-ZIF-8溶液,将上述溶液进行离心分离,得到GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒,在GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒中加入一定质量的硫源,将其置于一定溶剂中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的GO-ZIF-8和硫源的混合溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的混合溶液,将上述溶液装入水热反应釜中,在指定的温度和时间下发生硫化反应;反应完成,自然冷却后,进行离心分离,烘干后得到ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒;
2)按比例称取ZnS/rGO纳米颗粒、铜盐,将其置于乙醇和去离子水溶液中进行超声分散,配制成0.01-1 mol/L的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,然后进行恒温搅拌,以形成均匀的ZnS/rGO和铜盐的混合溶液,将上述溶液装入水热反应釜中,在指定的温度和时间下发生阳离子置换反应;反应完成,自然冷却后,进行离心分离,烘干后得到ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
2.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:以沸石咪唑骨架材料ZIF-8为模板制备ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂。
3.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所制备的GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒中,锌盐与2-甲基咪唑的摩尔比为0~0.2:1,且锌盐为硝酸锌或者氯化锌。
4.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所制备的GO-ZIF-8纳米颗粒中,氧化石墨烯与ZIF-8的质量比为0-0.5。
5.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:制备的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂所用的硫源为硫代乙酰胺、硫脲或者硫粉,硫源与GO-ZIF-8的摩尔比为0-0.2:1。
6.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所制备的ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂中,铜盐与ZnS/rGO的质量比为0-0.5,且铜盐为硝酸铜或者氯化铜。
7.根据权利要求书1所述ZnS/rGO/CuS纳米光催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于:水热温度100 ℃-300 ℃,反应时间为10-20 h。
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