CN108850572A - 一种无臊味山羊饲料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种无臊味山羊饲料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108850572A CN108850572A CN201810596209.7A CN201810596209A CN108850572A CN 108850572 A CN108850572 A CN 108850572A CN 201810596209 A CN201810596209 A CN 201810596209A CN 108850572 A CN108850572 A CN 108850572A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种山羊饲料,具体公开了一种无臊味山羊饲料及其制备方法,由以下重量份数的原料制成:玉米30~80份、豆粕30~80份、红薯藤30~80份、草料30~80份、桑叶10~16份、木薯渣干15~50份、花生藤粉25~60份、苹果渣20~50份、黄豆秸秆粉25~80份、豆渣20~40份、中草药渣20~30份、酱渣8~12份、维生素C 0.1~1份、菌剂0.2~1.6份、氨基酸0.1~1份、微量元素0.1~1份。本发明为生态饲养,保护环境,饲养所得型山羊其肉质良好,口感爽脆、无臊味等特点。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种山羊饲料的技术领域,特别涉及一种无臊味山羊饲料及其制备方法。
背景技术
中国是世界上山羊品种资源最为丰富的国 家。几千年来,劳动人民经过辛勤劳动和精心选择,培育出了黑山羊等近40个品质优良而又各具特色的山羊品种。
全球已有一百五十多个山羊品种,可以分为以下类别:奶山羊、毛山羊、绒山羊、毛皮山羊、肉黑山羊和普通地方山羊。根据权威部门不完全统计资料全球饲养山羊为10.74亿只。大部分分布在亚非国家,90年代由于生产力水平低下,品种资源的开发利用还没有充分发挥,随着全国人口的不断增长和生产科学的进步,人们对于优质的肉食品的需求越来越大。
羊肉既能御风寒,又可补身体,对一般风寒咳嗽、慢性气管炎、虚寒哮喘、肾亏阳痿、腹部冷痛、体虚怕冷、腰膝酸软、面黄肌瘦、气血两亏、病后或产后身体虚亏等一切虚状均有治疗和补益效果,最适宜于冬季食用,故被称为冬令补品,但是,现有山羊饲养所得的羊肉其臊味较重,每吃一次口中较长时间残留有羊的臊味,如何对羊肉中的臊味进行改善,是需对需要技术进行技术改进。
发明内容
本发明的目的针对现有技术的缺陷,而提供一种能有效降低羊肉臊味,羊肉嫩滑爽口的无臊味山羊饲料。
为实现本发明的目的,所采取的技术方案为:
一种无臊味山羊饲料,所述山羊饲料包括以下重量份数的原料制成:
玉米30~80份 豆粕30~80份 红薯藤30~80份
草料30~80份 桑叶10~16份 花生藤粉25~60份
苹果渣20~50份 黄豆秸秆粉25~80份 豆渣20~40份
中草药渣20~30份 酱渣8~12份 微量元素0.1~1份
维生素C 0.1~1份 菌剂 0.2~1.6份 氨基酸0.1~1份。
优选地,所述山羊饲料其制备方法为:将原料混合均匀,加入清水,清水与物料的重量比为100:25~40,再进行搅拌均匀,湿度以手捏成团不滴水,一触即散为宜,撒入菌剂再搅拌均匀,静置,发酵3~7天,利用造粒机制成颗粒,即得山羊饲料。
优选地,所述豆粕、苹果渣、豆渣含水量均为10%~20%。
优选地,所述玉米经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述中草药渣经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述桑叶进行切碎。
优选地,所述花生藤粉将花生藤进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述红薯藤、草料均经撕碎再切成小段,长度为2~5cm。
优选地,所述微量元素包括铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒和碘,所述铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒、碘的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:1,所述的微量元素为可溶性盐
优选地,所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸组成;所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:0.5:0.5:1:1.2。
优选地,所述草料为牧草、王竹草、凉粉草中一种或两种以上混合,草料可选择新鲜的或烘干脱水后的草料。
优选地,所述苹果渣是新鲜苹果经破碎压榨提汁后的剩余物,主要由果皮、果核和残余果肉组成,含有可溶性糖、维生素、矿物质及纤维素等丰富的营养物质。
优选地,所述酱渣经酱渣脱水机进行脱水,经脱水后的酱渣含水量为25%~30%;酱渣是黄豆经米曲霉菌发酵后,浸提出发酵物中的可溶性氨基酸,低肽和呈味物质后的渣粕,尽管大多数蛋白质经米曲霉菌发酵,并被提取掉了,但酱油渣中仍然含有较多的消化吸收率比较好的蛋白质成分,营养价值相对较高,折干物质的酱油渣的营养成分如下:水份12%、粗蛋白质21.40%、脂肪18.10%、粗纤维23.90%、无氮浸出物9.10%、矿物质15.50%。由这个分析看,虽然蛋白质及脂肪的含有量多,但也含有多量的食盐(矿物质含量较高),食盐是家畜和家禽饲料中重要的矿物质,是维持生命活动必不可少的物质,进食适量食盐能维持血液和组织液的酸碱平衡,调节正常渗透压的稳定,还能刺激唾液分泌,促进禽畜的食欲。
优选地,所述菌剂包括乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的混合菌,所述乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:0.4:0.5:0.8:0.5:0.6:1:1。
优选地,所述中草药渣由以下重量份数的原料制成:山楂10~30份、麦芽10~30份、党参8~20份、麦冬10~20份、黄芪10~26份、杜仲8~16份、葛根8~12份、远志8~12份、柏子仁8~12份、牛膝10~12份、血竭6~10份、马齿览8~16份和鱼腥草8~18份。
优选地,所述中草药渣为中草药原料经加工方法提取后所剩的残渣,再利用粉碎机将中草药渣粉碎至60~80目,装入真空药袋内密封保存,即得粉状的中草药渣;如果采用水提法,则脂溶性物质残留在药渣里;如果采用有机溶剂提取,则水溶性成分残留下来,而且提取率较低,受提取工艺的限制,经过提取后的中草药渣除含有大量的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、纤维素、木质素、矿物质、氨基酸外, 还含有生物碱、多糖、萜类、皂苷类等生物活性物质及一些未知的促生长物质。中草药中含多种营养成分和生物活性物质,如动物体所需的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪和碳水化合物等营养物质,以及维生素或维生素样物质。中草药饲料添加剂能够有效兴奋胃肠道和促进消化腺酶的分泌,从而提高动物体对营养物质的吸收利用效率。如山楂含脂肪酶,可作为犬猫等食肉动物的饲料添加剂;麦芽能促进胃肠蠕动,有助于消化、排便和护肝;党参具有补中益气、健脾益肺、增强免疫力、扩张血管,麦冬消除自由基、抗疲劳,具有提高细胞免疫功能及降低血糖作用;黄芪增强体液、细胞和红细胞免疫,促进造血功能,改善红细胞变形能力;杜仲具有补益肝肾、强筋壮骨作用,消除体内垃圾以及提高细胞物质代谢;葛根具有清热解毒、生津止渴、补肾健脾、益胃安神、清心明目、润肠道便和通经活络功效,远志具有安神益智功效,柏子仁具有养心安神、润肠通便功效,牛膝具有活血通经,、补肝肾功效,血竭具有活血定痛,化瘀止血,生肌敛疮作用,马齿苋能清热利湿、解毒消肿,降低血液胆固醇浓度,改善血管壁弹性;鱼腥草能抗病毒、利尿和提高机体免疫力,抑制浆液分泌和促进组织再生。
优选地,所述山楂,拉丁学名:Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge,别名有山里果、山里红、酸里红等,是中国特有的药果兼用树种,具有降血脂、血压、强心、抗心律不齐等作用,同时也是健脾开胃、消食化滞、活血化痰的良药,对胸膈脾满、疝气、血淤、闭经等症有很好的疗效。山楂内的黄酮类化合物牡荆素,是一种抗癌作用较强的药物,其提取物对抑制体内癌细胞生长、增殖和浸润转移均有一定的作用。
优选地,所述麦芽,拉丁学名:FRUCTUS HORDEI GERMINATUS,别名 大麦蘗,麦蘗,大麦毛,大麦芽。麦芽是一种一年生或越年生草本,其果实利于消食;含生物碱类等;有助消化、降血糖、降血脂、护肝、抗真菌、缓解气管痉挛等作用。
优选地,所述党参,拉丁学名:Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. ,桔梗科党参属,多年生草本植物,有乳汁;具有补中益气,健脾益肺之功效。还具有增强免疫力、扩张血管、降压、改善微循环、增强造血功能等作用。此外对化疗放疗引起的白细胞下降有提升作用。
优选地,所述麦冬,拉丁学名:Ophiopogon japonicus (Linn. f.) Ker-Gawl.,百合科沿阶草属多年生常绿草本植物,麦冬主要含沿阶草苷、甾体皂苷、生物碱、谷甾醇、葡萄糖、氨基酸、维生素等,具有抗疲劳、清除自由基、提高细胞免疫功能以及降血糖的作用。另外,麦冬有镇静、催眠、抗心肌缺血、抗心律失常、抗肿瘤等作用;还有促进胰岛细胞功能恢复、增加肝糖原、降低血糖的作用。
优选地,所述黄芪,拉丁学名:Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge.,又名绵芪。多年生草本,其有增强机体免疫功能、保肝、利尿、抗衰老、抗应激、降压和较广泛的抗菌作用;黄芪在人及动物身上均能利尿,效力与剂量有关;对肾病综合征,能增快尿蛋白的消退;黄芪对非特异性免疫功能、体液免疫、细胞免疫和红细胞免疫一般都有增强功能,还可促进造血功能,改善红细胞等变形能力,防治心脑梗死,抗病毒,抗肿瘤;黄芪能增强抗自由基损伤和抗脂质过氧化的作用;黄芪对动物能降低血压,扩张血管。降压有效成分可能为γ-氨基丁酸;黄芪甲苷能增强机体免疫力、提高机体的抗病能力。
优选地,所述杜仲,拉丁学名:Eucommia ulmoides,又名胶木,为杜仲科植物,杜仲游离氨基酸极少,含有的少量蛋白质,是和绝大多数食品类似的完全蛋白,即能够水解检出对人体必需的8种氨基酸。测定了杜仲所含的15种矿物元素,其中有锌、铜、铁等微量元素,及钙、磷、钾、镁等宏量元素。其味甘,性温。有补益肝肾、强筋壮骨、调理冲任、固经安胎的功效。 可治疗肾阳虚引起的腰腿痛或酸软无力,肝气虚引起的胞胎不固,阴囊湿痒等症。具有清除体内垃圾,加强人体细胞物质代谢,防止肌肉骨骼老化,平衡人体血压,分解体内胆固醇,降低体内脂肪,恢复血管弹性,利尿清热,广谱抗菌,兴奋中枢神经,提高白血球药理作用。
优选地,所述葛根,拉丁学名:Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi ,为豆科植物野葛的干燥根,习称野葛。甘、辛,凉。具有清热解毒、生津止渴、补肾健脾、益胃安神、清心明目、润肠道便,还有解肌退热,透疹,通经活络,生津止渴,升阳止泻之功。常用于表证发热,项背强痛,热病口渴,阴虚消渴,热泻热痢,脾虚泄泻。
优选地,所述远志,拉丁学名:Polygala tenuifolia Willd., 又名葽绕、蕀蒬等,多年生草本,主根粗壮,韧皮部肉质,苦、辛、温,具有安神益智、祛痰、消肿的功能,用于心肾不交引起的失眠多梦、健忘惊悸,神志恍惚,咳痰不爽,疮疡肿毒,乳房肿痛。
优选地,所述柏子仁,拉丁学名:Platycladus orientalis (Linn.),为柏科植物侧柏Biotaorientalis(L.)End1.的种仁,别名柏子仁、柏仁、柏子、柏实、侧柏仁、柏子仁霜。甘;性平;含有脂肪泊约14%,多为不饱和脂肪酸组成,还含有少量挥发油,皂甙、蛋白质、钙、、铁多种维生素等。柏子仁性平味甘。具养心安神、润肠通便的功效。治惊悸、失眠、遗精、盗汗、便秘等症。
优选地,所述牛膝,拉丁学名:Achyranthes bidentata Blume. ,苋科、牛膝属多年生草本,苦、甘、酸,平,活血通经,脚气水肿,补肝肾,强腰膝;治腰膝酸痛,肝肾亏虚,跌打瘀痛。用作治牛软脚症,跌伤断骨等。
优选地,所述血竭,拉丁学名:Daemonorops draco Bl.,为棕榈科植物麒麟竭果实渗出的树脂经加工制成。具有活血定痛,化瘀止血,生肌敛疮的功效。用于跌打损伤,心腹瘀痛。
优选地,所述马齿苋,拉丁学名:Portulaca oleracea L.,别名有马苋,五行草,长命菜等,全草供药用,有清热利湿、解毒消肿、消炎、止渴、利尿作用;种子明目;还可作兽药和农药;嫩茎叶可作蔬菜,味酸,也是很好的饲料;马齿苋含有丰富的二羟乙胺、苹果酸、葡萄糖、钙、磷、铁以及维生素E、胡萝卜素、维生素B、维生素C等营养物质。马齿苋在营养上有一个突出的特点,它的ω—3脂肪酸含量高于人和植物;ω-3脂肪酸能抑制人体对胆固酸的吸收,降低血液胆固醇浓度,改善血管壁弹性,对防治心血管疾病很有利;而ω-3脂肪酸主要包括α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),能促进甘油三酯的降低有益心脏健康,对人体多种疾病有治疗效果,有助于其他一些状况:类风湿关节炎、抑郁和其他等。ω-3脂肪酸的研究始于爱斯基摩人很少得心血管类疾病,ω-3类脂肪酸(EPA/DHA)还能减少血液脂质并增强细胞功能。具有清热解毒利湿,凉血的功效。对大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及某些致病真菌均有抑制作用。还有利尿、加强肠蠕动的作用。内服用于治疗肠炎、血痢病;与其他药物配伍可防治鸡白痢、细菌性肠炎、消化不良及球虫等。
优选地,所述鱼腥草,英文名:为三白草科植物蕺菜(拉丁学名:Houttuynia cordata Thunb.)的干燥地上部分,含挥发油约0,005%,其中主要抗菌物质为癸酷乙醛。鱼腥草味辛,性寒凉,归肺经。能清热解毒、消肿疗疮、利尿除湿、清热止痢、健胃消食,用治实热、热毒、湿邪、疾热为患的肺痈、疮疡肿毒、痔疮便血、脾胃积热等。现代药理实验表明,本品具有抗菌、抗病毒、提高机体免疫力、利尿等作用;鱼腥草尚有镇痛、镇咳、止血、抑制浆液分泌,促进组织再生,伤愈合促进红皮病、银屑病的好转等作用,蕺菜碱有刺激皮肤发泡的作用。皮下注射鱼腥草水溶物还具有轻度的镇静、抗惊作用。
优选地,所述乳酸菌(lactic acid bacteria,LAB)是一类能利用可发酵碳水化合物产生大量乳酸的细菌的通称;乳酸菌不仅可以提高食品的营养价值,改善食品风味,提高食品保藏性和附加值,而且乳酸菌的特殊生理活性和营养功能,正日益引起人们的重视。大量研究表明,乳酸菌能够调节机体胃肠道正常菌群、保持微生态平衡,提高食物消化率和生物价,降低血清胆固醇,控制内毒素,抑制肠道内腐败菌生长繁殖和腐败产物的产生,制造营养物质,刺激组织发育,从而对机体的营养状态、生理功能、细胞感染、药物效应、毒性反应、免疫反应、肿瘤发生、衰老过程和突然的应急反应等产生作用。由此可见,乳酸菌的生理功能与机体的生命活动息息相关。可以说,如果乳酸菌停止生长,人和动物就很难健康生存。
优选地,所述酿酒酵母(拉丁学名:Saccharomyces cerevisiae),又称面包酵母或出芽酵母。酵母菌形态虽然简单,但生理却比较复杂,种类也比较多,应用也是多方面的。在工业上用于酿酒,酵母菌将葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖等单糖吸入细胞内,在无氧的条件下,经过内酶的作用,把单糖分解为二氧化碳和酒精。此作用即发酵。在医药上,因酵母菌富含维生素B、蛋白质和多种酶,菌体可制成酵母片。治疗消化不良,并可从酵母菌中提取生产核酸类衍生物、辅酶A、细胞色素C、谷胱甘肽和多种氨基酸的原料。
优选地,所述嗜酸乳杆菌(拉丁学名:Lactobacillus acidophilus)为乳杆菌属,革兰氏阳性杆菌,杆的末端呈圆形,主要存在小肠中,释放乳酸,乙酸和一些对有害菌起作用的抗菌素,但是抑菌作用比较弱。调整肠道菌群平衡,抑制肠道不良微生物的增殖。嗜酸乳杆菌对致病微生物具有拮抗作用。嗜酸乳杆菌能分泌抗生物素类物质(嗜酸乳菌素(acidolin)、嗜酸杆菌素(acidophilin)、乳酸菌素(1aetocidon)), 对肠道致病菌产生的拮抗作用。嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus,简称A)和双歧乳杆菌(Bifidobacterium,简称B)混合组成的发酵剂。摄入含有这两种活菌的乳食品对消化器官有好处,特别是对胃肠功能失调的婴幼儿和一些长期口服抗菌素而引起胃肠功能失调的病人,食用含有这两种活菌的发酵乳后,可以迅速使肠道内的菌群恢复正常平衡,抑制腐败菌的增殖,所以具有很好的营养保健作用。人体肠道内益生菌的比例越高,微生态环境就越好,肠道就越显年轻有活力。肠道的健康不仅体现在消化吸收良好、大便正常和不易感染肠道疾病;对全身而言,充足的、有活力的益生菌通过抑制各种有害菌,减少了体内毒素的生成,减轻了肝脏解毒负担;双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌在肠道内发酵后,还可产生乳酸和醋酸,能提高钙、磷、铁的利用率,促进铁和维生素D的吸收,产生维生素K及维生素B,还可以减少胆固醇的吸收,并能降低辐射对人体的伤害。
优选地,所述纤维素分解真菌 cellulose-decomposing f-ungi指具有分解纤维素能力的真菌。
优选地,所述绿色木霉(拉丁学名:Trichoderma viride)是木霉菌的一种,在自然界分布广泛,常腐生于木材、种子及植物残体上。绿色木霉能产生多种具有生物活性的酶系,所产纤维素酶活性最高的菌株之一,所产生的纤维素酶对作物有降解作用,效果非常好,绿色木霉又是一种资源丰富的拮抗微生物,在植物病理生物防治中具有重要的作用。木霉菌属于半知菌亚门、丝孢纲、丝孢目,粘孢菌类,是一类普遍存在的真菌。绿色木霉(Trichoderma viride)在自然界分布广泛,常腐生于木材、种子及植物残体上。绿色木霉能产生多种具有生物活性的酶系,如:纤维素酶、几丁质酶、木聚糖酶等。在植物病理生物防治中具有重要的作用。
优选地,所述白地霉(英文学名:Geotrichum candidum)是半知菌亚门,丝孢纲,丝孢目,丛梗孢科,地霉属,真菌一种。白地霉能水解蛋白,其中多数能液化明胶、胨化牛奶,少数只能胨化牛奶,不能液化明胶。白地霉在28~30℃的麦芽汁中培养24h,会产生白色的、呈毛绒状或粉状的膜。白地霉还能合成脂肪,能利用糖厂、酒厂及其他食品厂的有机废水生产饲料蛋白。
优选地,所述黑曲霉是半知菌亚门,丝孢纲,丝孢目,丛梗孢科,曲霉属真菌中的一个常见种。广泛分布于世界各地的粮食、植物性产品和土壤中。是重要的发酵工业菌种,可生产淀粉酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、果胶酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、柠檬酸、葡糖酸和没食子酸等。食品工业上用作发酵菌种,如用于食醋生产制曲、麸曲法白酒生产制曲、柠檬酸发酵等,主要是利用此黑曲霉分泌产生淀粉酶、糖化酶、柠檬酸、葡萄糖酸、五倍子酸等的功能;在生物肥料工业上,黑曲霉具有裂解大分子有机物和难溶无机物,便于作物吸收利用,改善土壤结构,增强土壤肥力,提高作物产量的效果。
优选地,所述枯草芽孢杆菌(二名法:Bacillus subtilis)是芽孢杆菌属的一种,广泛分布在土壤及腐败的有机物中,易在枯草浸汁中繁殖,枯草芽孢杆菌菌体生长过程中产生的枯草菌素、多粘菌素、制霉菌素、短杆菌肽等活性物质,这些活性物质对致病菌或内源性感染的条件致病菌有明显的抑制作用。枯草芽孢杆菌对水产中的弧菌、大肠杆菌和杆状病毒等有害微生物有很强的抑制作用,有效预防水产动物肠炎,烂鳃等疾病。分泌大量几丁质酶的功能,几丁质酶可分解病原真菌的细胞壁而抑制真菌病害,分解养殖池中的有毒有害物质,净化水质;分解池中残饵、粪便、有机物等,具有很强的清理水中垃圾小颗粒的作用。
优选地,所述纳豆芽孢杆菌(拉丁学名:Bacillus natto)是具有耐酸、耐热特性的有益菌,在胃酸下四小时存活率为100%,同时具有强力的病原菌抑制能力,是各种益菌当中,对环境耐受力最好可以直达小肠的菌种之一,口服后可改变人体肠道菌丛生态,帮助消化道机能正常化,以使排便顺畅,维持体内生理环保。可以产酸,调节肠道菌群,增强动物细胞免疫放应。并能生成多种蛋白酶(特别是碱性蛋白酶)、糖化酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶,降解植物性饲料中某些复杂的碳水化合物,从而提高饲料的转化率。
优选地,所述地衣芽孢杆菌(学名:Bacillus licheniformis)是一种在土壤中常见的革兰氏阳性嗜热细菌。在鸟类,特别是居住在地面的鸟类(如雀科)和水生的鸟类(如鸭)的羽毛中也能找到这种细菌,特别是在其胸部和背部的羽毛中。它可能以孢子形式存在,从而抵抗恶劣的环境;在良好环境下,则可以生长态存在。该细菌可调整菌群失调达到治疗目的,可促使机体产生抗菌活性物质、杀灭致病菌。能产生抗活性物质,并具有独特的生物夺氧作用机制,能抑制致病菌的生长繁殖;具有分解养殖池中的有毒有害物质,净化水质和具有较强的蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶的活性。
优选地,所述丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌(拉丁学名:Clostridium butyricum),中文学名:丁酸菌,本菌存在于土壤、动物和人体的肠道中, 细菌学分类归属于梭菌属, 为革兰氏阳性厌氧杆菌。菌体中常有圆形成或椭圆形芽胞, 使菌体中部膨大呈梭形。该菌能利用多种糖类, 如葡萄糖、乳糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖和果糖等, 并能利用淀粉。本菌的主要代谢产物为丁酸、乙酸。在动物肠道内可体现五大生物特性:一是促进动物肠道有益菌群(双歧杆菌, 乳酸杆菌)的增殖和发育,抑制肠道内有害菌和腐败菌的生长、繁殖,纠正肠道菌群紊乱,减少肠毒素的发生;二是在动物肠道内能产生B 族维生素、维生素K、淀粉酶等物质,具有保健作用;三是丁酸梭菌的主要代谢产物丁酸是肠道上皮组织细胞的再生和修复主要营养物质;四是厌氧或者兼性厌氧芽孢杆菌,不受胃酸、胆汁酸等影响;五是对多种饲用抗生素有较强的耐受性, 可配伍使用。丁酸梭菌作为新饲料添加剂的使用,对于减少当前饲料中抗生素产品的滥用、减少药物在肉品中的残留、降低动物细菌的耐药性和保障动物健康方面有着重要的意义。
优选地,所述植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的一种,最适生长温度为30~35,厌氧或兼性厌氧,菌种为直或弯的杆状,单个、有时成对或成链状,最适pH 6. 5左右,属于同型发酵乳酸菌。此菌与其他乳酸菌的区别在于此菌的活菌数比较高,能大量的产酸,使水中的PH值稳定不升高,而且其产出的酸性物质能降解重金属;由于此菌是厌氧细菌(兼性好氧),在繁殖过程中能产出特有的乳酸杆菌素,乳酸杆菌素是一种生物型的防腐剂。在养殖中后期,由于动物的粪便和残饵料增加,会下沉到池塘的底部,并且腐烂,滋生很多病菌,生成大量的氨氮和亚硝酸盐,使底部偷死现象严重。如果长期使用植物乳酸杆菌,就能很好的抑制底部粪便和残饵料的腐烂,也就降低了氨氮和亚硝酸盐的增加,大量减少了化工降解素的用量,使养殖成本降低。
优选地,上述的菌种从菌种市场上购买或通过广西科学院培育得到。
本发明与现有技术相比,具有突出的实质性特点和显著的进步是:
1、本发明采取生态环保的养殖方法,让山羊自然生长,没有进行人工干预;养殖过程无污染物产生,山羊的排泄物进行生态处理,保护周边环境;能有效降低山羊肉中的臊味。
2、本发明饲喂的饲料是采取农作物秸秆或根部,再添加辅料,制成养殖所需的饲料;饲料营养全面,能有效满足山羊的生长需求;而且通过菌剂将组成饲料的原料进行充分发酵,大大提高原料的营养价值度;同时,山羊摄入饲料,在菌剂作用下,促进饲料有效被完全消化吸收,还能刺激肠道蠕动,预制有害菌,促进山羊健康生长。
3、本发明在饲料中添加中草药渣,既能将药渣再次利用,实现资源用尽,无浪费,又能对药渣所剩下药性进行充分利用;而将药渣与菌剂一起进行发酵,对药性进行再次激发;山羊摄入后,能提高身体免疫力,促进新陈代谢,提高血液循环,舒经活络,凝气安神,又能补气补血;并能通过旺盛的新陈代谢将异物及时排放,保持身体内的健康,为得到高品质的山羊肉提供必要条件。
4、本发明中饲料原料中添加入酱渣,能有效提高饲料的适口性,酱渣能提供必要的食盐,食盐是家畜和家禽饲料中重要的矿物质,是维持生命活动必不可少的物质,进食适量食盐能维持血液和组织液的酸碱平衡,调节正常渗透压的稳定,还能刺激唾液分泌,促进禽畜的食欲。
5、本发明中饲料原料中添加入苹果渣,苹果渣是新鲜苹果经破碎压榨提汁后的剩余物,主要由果皮、果核和残余果肉组成,含有可溶性糖、维生素、矿物质及纤维素等丰富的营养物质。
具体实施方式
以下是结合本发明的实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明:
实施例1:
一种无臊味山羊饲料,所述山羊饲料包括以下重量份数的原料制成:玉米30份、豆粕30份、红薯藤30份、草料30份、桑叶10份、花生藤粉25份、苹果渣20份、黄豆秸秆粉25份、豆渣20份、中草药渣20份、酱渣8份、维生素C 0.1份、菌剂 0.2份、氨基酸0.1份、微量元素0.1份。
优选地,所述山羊饲料其制备方法为:将原料混合均匀,加入清水,清水与物料的重量比为100:25~40,再进行搅拌均匀,湿度以手捏成团不滴水,一触即散为宜,撒入菌剂再搅拌均匀,静置,发酵3~7天,利用造粒机制成颗粒,即得山羊饲料。
优选地,所述豆粕、苹果渣、豆渣含水量均为10%~20%。
优选地,所述玉米经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述中草药渣经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述桑叶进行切碎。
优选地,所述花生藤粉将花生藤进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述红薯藤、草料均经撕碎再切成小段,长度为2~5cm。
优选地,所述微量元素包括铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒和碘,所述铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒、碘的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:1,所述的微量元素为可溶性盐
优选地,所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸组成;所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:0.5:0.5:1:1.2。
优选地,所述草料为牧草、王竹草、凉粉草中一种或两种以上混合,草料可选择新鲜的或烘干脱水后的草料。
优选地,所述酱渣经酱渣脱水机进行脱水,经脱水后的酱渣含水量为25%~30%;酱渣是黄豆经米曲霉菌发酵后,浸提出发酵物中的可溶性氨基酸,低肽和呈味物质后的渣粕,尽管大多数蛋白质经米曲霉菌发酵,并被提取掉了,但酱油渣中仍然含有较多的消化吸收率比较好的蛋白质成分,营养价值相对较高,折干物质的酱油渣的营养成分如下:水份12%、粗蛋白质21.40%、脂肪18.10%、粗纤维23.90%、无氮浸出物9.10%、矿物质15.50%。由这个分析看,虽然蛋白质及脂肪的含有量多,但也含有多量的食盐(矿物质含量较高),食盐是家畜和家禽饲料中重要的矿物质,是维持生命活动必不可少的物质,进食适量食盐能维持血液和组织液的酸碱平衡,调节正常渗透压的稳定,还能刺激唾液分泌,促进禽畜的食欲。
优选地,所述菌剂包括乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的混合菌,所述乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:0.4:0.5:0.8:0.5:0.6:1:1。
优选地,所述中草药渣由以下重量份数的原料制成:山楂10份、麦芽10份、党参8份、麦冬10份、黄芪10份、杜仲8份、葛根8份、远志8份、柏子仁8份、牛膝10份、血竭6份、马齿览8份和鱼腥草8份。
优选地,所述中草药渣为中草药原料经加工方法提取后所剩的残渣,再利用粉碎机将中草药渣粉碎至60~80目,装入真空药袋内密封保存,即得粉状的中草药渣。
实施例2
一种无臊味山羊饲料,所述山羊饲料包括以下重量份数的原料制成:玉米55份、豆粕55份、红薯藤55份、草料55份、桑叶13份、花生藤粉38份、苹果渣35份、黄豆秸秆粉53份、豆渣30份、中草药渣25份、酱渣10份、维生素C 0.6份、菌剂 0.9份、氨基酸0.7份、微量元素0.9份。
优选地,所述山羊饲料其制备方法为:将原料混合均匀,加入清水,清水与物料的重量比为100:25~40,再进行搅拌均匀,湿度以手捏成团不滴水,一触即散为宜,撒入菌剂再搅拌均匀,静置,发酵3~7天,利用造粒机制成颗粒,即得山羊饲料。
优选地,所述豆粕、苹果渣、豆渣含水量均为10%~20%。
优选地,所述玉米经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述中草药渣经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述桑叶进行切碎。
优选地,所述花生藤粉将花生藤进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述红薯藤、草料均经撕碎再切成小段,长度为2~5cm。
优选地,所述微量元素包括铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒和碘,所述铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒、碘的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:1,所述的微量元素为可溶性盐
优选地,所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸组成;所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:0.5:0.5:1:1.2。
优选地,所述草料为牧草、王竹草、凉粉草中一种或两种以上混合,草料可选择新鲜的或烘干脱水后的草料。
优选地,所述酱渣经酱渣脱水机进行脱水,经脱水后的酱渣含水量为25%~30%;酱渣是黄豆经米曲霉菌发酵后,浸提出发酵物中的可溶性氨基酸,低肽和呈味物质后的渣粕,尽管大多数蛋白质经米曲霉菌发酵,并被提取掉了,但酱油渣中仍然含有较多的消化吸收率比较好的蛋白质成分,营养价值相对较高,折干物质的酱油渣的营养成分如下:水份12%、粗蛋白质21.40%、脂肪18.10%、粗纤维23.90%、无氮浸出物9.10%、矿物质15.50%。由这个分析看,虽然蛋白质及脂肪的含有量多,但也含有多量的食盐(矿物质含量较高),食盐是家畜和家禽饲料中重要的矿物质,是维持生命活动必不可少的物质,进食适量食盐能维持血液和组织液的酸碱平衡,调节正常渗透压的稳定,还能刺激唾液分泌,促进禽畜的食欲。
优选地,所述菌剂包括乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的混合菌,所述乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:0.4:0.5:0.8:0.5:0.6:1:1。
优选地,所述中草药渣由以下重量份数的原料制成:山楂10~30份、麦芽10~30份、党参8~20份、麦冬10~20份、黄芪10~26份、杜仲8~16份、葛根8~12份、远志8~12份、柏子仁8~12份、牛膝10~12份、血竭6~10份、马齿览8~16份和鱼腥草8~18份。
优选地,所述中草药渣为中草药原料经加工方法提取后所剩的残渣,再利用粉碎机将中草药渣粉碎至60~80目,装入真空药袋内密封保存,即得粉状的中草药渣;
实施例3
一种无臊味山羊饲料,所述山羊饲料包括以下重量份数的原料制成:玉米80份、豆粕80份、红薯藤80份、草料80份、桑叶16份、木薯渣干50份、花生藤粉60份、苹果渣50份、黄豆秸秆粉80份、豆渣40份、中草药渣30份、酱渣12份、维生素C 1份、菌剂 1.6份、氨基酸1份、微量元素1份。
优选地,所述山羊饲料其制备方法为:将原料混合均匀,加入清水,清水与物料的重量比为100:25~40,再进行搅拌均匀,湿度以手捏成团不滴水,一触即散为宜,撒入菌剂再搅拌均匀,静置,发酵3~7天,利用造粒机制成颗粒,即得山羊饲料。
优选地,所述豆粕、苹果渣、豆渣含水量均为10%~20%。
优选地,所述玉米经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述中草药渣经粉碎机进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述桑叶进行切碎。
优选地,所述花生藤粉将花生藤进行粉碎,粉碎至60~80目。
优选地,所述红薯藤、草料均经撕碎再切成小段,长度为2~5cm。
优选地,所述微量元素包括铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒和碘,所述铁、铜、锌、钴、锰、硒、碘的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:1,所述的微量元素为可溶性盐
优选地,所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸组成;所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:0.5:0.5:1:1.2。
优选地,所述草料为牧草、王竹草、凉粉草中一种或两种以上混合,草料可选择新鲜的或烘干脱水后的草料。
优选地,所述酱渣经酱渣脱水机进行脱水,经脱水后的酱渣含水量为25%~30%;酱渣是黄豆经米曲霉菌发酵后,浸提出发酵物中的可溶性氨基酸,低肽和呈味物质后的渣粕,尽管大多数蛋白质经米曲霉菌发酵,并被提取掉了,但酱油渣中仍然含有较多的消化吸收率比较好的蛋白质成分,营养价值相对较高,折干物质的酱油渣的营养成分如下:水份12%、粗蛋白质21.40%、脂肪18.10%、粗纤维23.90%、无氮浸出物9.10%、矿物质15.50%。由这个分析看,虽然蛋白质及脂肪的含有量多,但也含有多量的食盐(矿物质含量较高),食盐是家畜和家禽饲料中重要的矿物质,是维持生命活动必不可少的物质,进食适量食盐能维持血液和组织液的酸碱平衡,调节正常渗透压的稳定,还能刺激唾液分泌,促进禽畜的食欲。
优选地,所述菌剂包括乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的混合菌,所述乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:0.4:0.5:0.8:0.5:0.6:1:1。
优选地,所述中草药渣由以下重量份数的原料制成:山楂30份、麦芽30份、党参20份、麦冬20份、黄芪26份、杜仲16份、葛根12份、远志12份、柏子仁12份、牛膝12份、血竭10份、马齿览16份和鱼腥草18份。
优选地,所述中草药渣为中草药原料经加工方法提取后所剩的残渣,再利用粉碎机将中草药渣粉碎至60~80目,装入真空药袋内密封保存,即得粉状的中草药渣;
应用实施例:
广西贵港某镇养殖场,采用本发明的养殖方法,山羊棚是按本发明中进行制作;养殖一年,从小山羊仔入栏至成型山羊出栏,都是采用本发明养殖方法中的饲料进行饲喂,每天喂料两次,早晚各一次,喂至八九成饱,山羊睡觉时,安静沉稳,神态安详,不会被外界的一些噪音轻易吵醒;毛发光亮。整个生长周期没有使用任何兽药;出栏时,经检疫部门检测,肉质优质。
表1为本发明饲养所得山羊肉指标,如下:
项目 | 鲜山羊肉 |
色泽 | 肌肉有光泽,红色均匀,脂肪乳白色,呈明显的雾状雪花 |
组织状态 | 纤维清晰,有坚韧性,指压后凹陷立即恢复 |
粘度 | 外表湿润,不粘手 |
气味 | 具有鲜山羊肉固有的气味,并伴有淡淡清香 |
煮沸后肉汤 | 澄清透明,脂肪团聚于表面,无臊味 |
检测药物残留量 | 无 |
重金属含量 | 合格 |
致病菌 | 无 |
口感 | 爽脆嫩滑 |
Claims (6)
1.一种无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于,由以下重量份数的原料制成:
玉米30~80份 豆粕30~80份 红薯藤30~80份
草料30~80份 桑叶10~16份 花生藤粉25~60份
苹果渣20~50份 豆秸秆粉25~80份 豆渣20~40份
草药渣20~30份 酱渣8~12份 维生素C 0.1~1份
菌剂 0.2~1.6份 氨基酸0.1~1份 微量元素0.1~1份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于,所述山羊饲料其制备方法为:将原料混合均匀,加入清水,清水与物料的重量比为100:25~40,再进行搅拌均匀,湿度以手捏成团不滴水,一触即散为宜,撒入菌剂再搅拌均匀,静置,发酵3~7天,利用造粒机制成颗粒,即得山羊饲料。
3.根据权利要求1所述的无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于:所述草料为牧草、王竹草、凉粉草中一种或两种以上混合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于:所述菌剂包括乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉和植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的混合菌,所述乳酸菌、酿酒酵母、嗜酸乳杆菌、纤维素分解真菌、绿色木霉、白地霉、枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、丁酸梭状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、植物乳酸杆菌乳酸菌的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:0.4:0.5:0.8:0.5:0.6:1:1。
5.根据权利要求1所述的无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于:所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸组成;所述氨基酸由赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸和精氨酸的重量比为1:1:1:1:1:1:0.5:0.5:1:1.2。
6.根据权利要求1所述的无臊味山羊饲料,其特征在于:所述中草药渣由以下重量份数的原料制成:山楂10~30份、麦芽10~30份、党参8~20份、麦冬10~20份、黄芪10~26份、杜仲8~16份、葛根8~12份、远志8~12份、柏子仁8~12份、牛膝10~12份、血竭6~10份、马齿览8~16份和鱼腥草8~18份。
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