CN108766784A - 一种自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料与应用 - Google Patents
一种自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 50
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料与应用,属于新能源电池领域。我们通过水热法设计一种自支撑的钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合网状结构,并将其作为阳极材料应用于锂离子电池,在0.2C的倍率下容量达到186mAh g‑1。引入商业化活性碳作为阴极,组装锂离子复合超级电容器,在能量密度为46mAh g‑1时,功率密度达到625mAh g‑1;且在1A g‑1下循环8000圈,容量剩余66.7%。本发明方法简单,成本较低,且制备的复合物表现出优异的电化学性能,可以作为一种有前景的阳极材料应用于下一代储能器件中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及钛酸锂作为活性阳极材料应用于锂离子电池或锂离子复合超级电容器以及其制备方法,属于新能源电池领域。
技术背景
随着电动车行业的快速发展,高能量密度和功率密度的储能器件市场越来越大。但是目前的锂离子电池和超级电容器各自满足能量密度高和功率密度大的优点。
超级电容器是一种通过电极与电解液之间形成的界面双电层来存储能量的新型储能器件,主要分为双电层电容和赝电容。双电层电容指的是离子的吸附和脱附发生在电极和电解液的表面,而赝电容则发生了可逆的氧化还原反应。与传统物理电容器和蓄电池相比,超级电容器具有功率密度高(10kW kg-1)、循环寿命长(可达几万次)、免维护、绿色环保等优点。但是超级电容器存在能量密度不高、自放电快、最高电压太低、成本高等缺点,而锂电池的能量密度高(150-200Wh kg-1),工作电压较高,因此考虑将锂电池和超级电容器组合起来,形成一种新型的储能器件:锂离子复合超级电容器,因为它具有比常规电容器更高的能量密度,近年来备受研究者和工业界的广泛关注。
钛酸锂属于一种“零应变”材料,在锂离子充放电过程中体积几乎不发生变化,因此它具有结构稳定性高,循环性能好的优点。此外它的电压平台稳定而且较长(1.55Vvs.Li/Li+),理论容量175mAh g-1,不易产生锂枝晶,安全性高,被认为时最具应用前景的动力锂离子电池负极材料之一。但是钛酸锂的导电性差(<10-13S cm-1),且锂离子扩散效率低(~10-15cm2S-1),以及在充放电过程中的胀气问题严重阻碍钛酸锂的市场化速度。研究发现,通过设计不同形貌的纳米结构或者利用碳材料及掺杂其他导电性好的金属材料进行表面改性可以显著提高钛酸锂的电化学性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于构建一种新型的通过借助网状多孔的石墨烯泡沫作为基底来合成自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料(LTO/GF),解决现有钛酸锂电子导电性差和离子扩散系数低的缺点,借助网状多孔的石墨烯泡沫直接充当集流体,同时可避免粘结剂的不利影响。
为实现上述目的,本发明采用的方案包括以下几个步骤:(1)制备石墨烯泡沫。选择泡沫镍作为模板;(2)合成钛酸锂前驱体溶液。锂源为氢氧化锂,钛源为钛酸四丁酯,聚乙二醇作为分散剂;(3)将石墨烯泡沫加入上述钛酸锂前驱体溶液中,并在不锈钢反应釜中180℃水热12h;(4)在高温750℃煅烧2h。(5)不添加石墨烯泡沫作为基底,单纯的将钛源和锂源混合水热,并在同样的条件的退火,合成钛酸锂纳米颗粒作为对比。
这种自支撑的钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫有如下几个优点:(1)不需要粘结剂,活性位点多;(2)合成的纳米尺度的钛酸锂倍率和循环性能都很好;(3)泡沫石墨烯提供的网状多孔结构有助于电解液的快速渗透。
附图说明
图1(a)LTO/GF复合材料以及粉末LTO的XRD图谱,(b)LTO/GF复合材料以及粉末LTO的拉曼光谱图。
图2(a)LTO/GF复合材料的XPS能谱,(b)C 1s,(c)Ti 2p,(d)O1s的谱图。
图3(a,b)LTO/GF的SEM照片,(c,d)分别为LTO/GF的TEM以及HRTEM照片。
图4(a)LTO的SEM照片,(b)LTO的TEM照片。
图5(a,b)分别表示LTO/GF以及LTO半电池的恒电流充放电曲线,(c)LTO/GF和LTO的倍率曲线,(d)LTO/GF以及LTO在0.1mV s-1的扫速下的循环伏安曲线。
图6组装的复合超级电容器件示意图。
图7(a)LTO/GF//AC复合超级电容器的不同扫速下的循环伏安曲线,(b)LTO/GF//AC的恒电流充放电曲线,(c)LTO/GF//AC的功率与能量密度分析示意图,(d)LTO/GF//AC与LTO//AC、AC//AC交流阻抗的对比示意图,(e)LTO/GF//AC的循环稳定性以及库伦效率分析示意图。
图8钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫的机理图(左),复合超级电容器的功率密度与能量密度分析示意图(右)。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步说明:
实施例1:石墨烯泡沫的制备,具体包括以下步骤:
首先取一片大小为10cm×5cm的泡沫镍用乙醇超声洗涤,除去表面的杂质。然后将这块泡沫镍放入管式炉先通一会气体除去管内的空气和水分,设置炉内的温度为1000℃,通入Ar/H2混合气,流量分别为Ar(500sccm)以及H2(100sccm),保持10分钟,主要目的是用来除去镍表面的氧化层。随后增加Ar的流量至800sccm,H2的流量至500sccm,同时通入100sccm的甲烷气体,反应10分钟,完成石墨烯的生长,待冷却至常温,取出样品。将样品浸入1mol L-1FeCl3以及5wt%HCl的混合溶液中来除去泡沫镍,得到目标产物石墨烯泡沫。
实施例2:钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合材料的制备及性能测试,具体包括以下步骤:
取2.5mL钛酸四丁酯溶于20mL无水乙醇中搅拌几分钟使均匀混合,另取0.15mg聚乙二醇以及0.32g氢氧化锂溶解在10mL水-乙醇的混合液中(体积比为1:1)。随后利用恒压漏斗将氢氧化锂溶液逐滴加入TBT的乙醇溶液中,搅拌1h。然后将一块大小为1cm×5cm的石墨烯泡沫加入上述混合溶液中并转移到50mL的高压反应釜中,在180℃条件下反应12h。冷却至室温,分别用水和乙醇各洗几次,除去表面多余的反应物,在真空烘箱中烘干,得到前驱体样品。最后将该前驱体至于管式炉中在氩气氛围下,750℃煅烧2h,得到目标产物钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫(LTO/GF)复合阳极材料。
用铳子将所得自支撑材料铳成直径为10mm的圆形电极片,然后称重,烘干,放入手套箱中。选择1mol L-1LiPF6溶解于EC/DMC混合溶液作为电解液,2025型号电池壳,借助压片机制作成扣式锂离子电池。选择晨华的电化学工作站以及新威的电流测试仪测试材料的电化学性能,电压工作窗口为1-2.5V。
实施例3:钛酸锂粉末的制备及性能测试,具体步骤如下:
取2.5mL钛酸四丁酯加入20mL无水乙醇中搅拌几分钟使均匀混合,另取0.15mg聚乙二醇以及0.32g氢氧化锂溶解在10mL水-乙醇的混合液中(体积比为1:1)。随后利用恒压漏斗将氢氧化锂溶液逐滴加入TBT的乙醇溶液中,搅拌1h。然后将该混合溶液转移至到50mL的高压反应釜中,在180℃条件下反应12h。冷却至室温,分别用水和乙醇各洗几次,除去表面多余的反应物,在真空烘箱中烘干,得到前驱体样品。最后将该前驱体至于管式炉中在氩气氛围下,750℃煅烧2h,得到目标粉末样品。
按照8:1:1的质量比称取钛酸锂粉末、活性炭(导电剂)、PVDF(粘结剂),并加入1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮作为溶剂搅拌均匀成浆料状。涂在铜箔上,120℃真空烘干。然后利用切片机切成12mm的电极片,称重,并放入手套箱,其他条件同实施例1。
图5展示了钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫与钛酸锂粉末的电化学性能对比,石墨烯的引入可以明显提升钛酸锂的倍率容量及循环寿命。具体来说LTO/GF在0.2和10C的倍率下分别表现出186以及151mAh g-1的超高容量。而粉末LTO仅表现出137和105mAh g-1。此外钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫在循环100圈之后容量几乎没有变化,而钛酸锂有10%的容量损失。
实施例4:锂离子复合超级电容器的组装及测试
将所制备的钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫作为负极,选择商业化活性碳作为正极材料,电解液以及电池型号同实施例1。电压工作窗口为0.5-3V。图6是所组装的锂离子复合超级电容器件的原理图,图7是该复合器件的电化学性能。由图7可知该复合超级电容器在能量密度为46Wh kg-1时,功率密度有625W kg-1,而当能量密度为26Wh kg-1功率密度为2500W kg-1。且在1A g-1的电流密度下,循环4000圈还有83%的容量剩余,当循环达到8000圈时,容量剩余66.7%,且库伦效率几乎保持不变。
Claims (7)
1.一种自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于,由以下方法制备:
(1)制备石墨烯泡沫:取一片泡沫镍超声清洗表面的杂质,然后放入管式炉中通入Ar/H2混合气,氩气流量500sccm;氢气流量100sccm,炉内温度为1000℃,并保持10min,除去镍表面的氧化层;随后增加氩气的流量为800sccm,氢气流量为500sccm,同时通入100sccm的甲烷或者乙炔气体,反应10min,完成石墨烯的生长;冷却取出样品,并用1mol L-1FeCl3以及5wt%HCl的混合溶液中来除去泡沫镍;
(2)制备钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合材料:将钛源与锂源按照一定的摩尔比,保证氢氧化锂过量30%,分别溶解在乙醇和乙醇-水的混合液中,然后混合搅拌,加入一块石墨烯泡沫,然后转移至不锈钢反应釜中,180℃水热12h;最后将所得前驱体在750℃的氩气中按照每分钟5℃的升温速度保温6h,冷却后得到钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合物;
(3)得到的钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫作为负极材料应用于锂离子电池,此外选择商业化材料作为正极,与钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合材料匹配来组装锂离子复合超级电容器,锂离子电池测试时选择的工作电压区间为1~2.5V,复合超级电容器工作电压区间为0.5~3V。
2.根据权利要求1所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:所选择的锂源为氢氧化锂、乙酸锂或硝酸锂中的一种。
3.根据权利要求2所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:所选择的钛源为钛酸四丁酯或钛酸异丙酯。
4.根据权利要求3所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:所述锂源为氢氧化锂,所述钛源为钛酸四丁酯,氢氧化锂和钛酸四丁酯的摩尔比为5.2:5,其中氢氧化锂过量30%,确保二氧化钛完全转化成钛酸锂。
5.根据权利要求1所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:钛酸锂在该复合材料中所占的比例为20~30%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:采用水热法将钛酸锂纳米颗粒生长在石墨烯泡沫基底。
7.根据权利要求1所述的自支撑钛酸锂/石墨烯泡沫复合阳极材料,其特征在于:将该复合材料作为电池负极材料应用于锂离子电池或者锂离子复合超级电容器,对应的正极材料为商业化活性炭或者磷酸铁锂。
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