CN108760416A - 花生中黄曲霉毒素b1基体标准物质制备方法 - Google Patents
花生中黄曲霉毒素b1基体标准物质制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)产毒菌株的选择;(2)空白和产毒花生品种的选择;(3)花生样品的处理与产毒监测;(4)基体混合与制备;(5)样品表征与均匀性检查。本发明的工艺实现了花生中黄曲霉毒素产毒浓度可控化,改善了样品的稳定性和均匀性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及化学标准物质制备技术领域,特别是涉及一种花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法。
背景技术
黄曲霉毒素污染是食品安全中的重大问题之一,严重威胁人类健康。研制黄曲霉毒素基体标准物质是保证相关食品安全检测数据准确可靠的基础。花生种子中最为常见的黄曲霉毒素中,以黄曲霉毒素B1产毒量最大、毒性最强。由于花生具有高脂、高蛋白的特点,同时花生中黄曲霉毒素产毒菌分布不均匀,产毒不均匀,样品的均匀性和稳定性控制是标准物质研制的关键。天然染毒花生原料往往需要通过大规模样品筛查得到,由于产毒条件不可控、杂菌过多,更易导致产毒不均匀,样品的均匀性与稳定性难以控制,在样品的可获得性、样品量、样品浓度控制等方面也存在诸多局限。因此,需要开发新的标准物质制备技术。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法。
本发明的具体技术方案如下:
花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)产毒菌株的选择;
(2)空白和产毒花生品种的选择;
(3)花生样品的处理与产毒监测;
(4)基体混合与制备;
(5)样品表征与均匀性检查。
本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其中,所述步骤(1)具体为,2017年8月17日于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(CGMCC)购得一株菌种编号为CGMCC No3.4408的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)菌株,经花生产毒实验发现,该菌株可在花生上高效产生黄曲霉毒素B1。
本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其中,所述步骤(2)具体为,对花生的含油量、油酸、亚油酸含量等分别进行检测。不同品种的花生脂肪、蛋白质含量不同。花生中含有油酸、亚油酸等多种脂肪酸,其中油酸和亚油酸含量相对较高。相对于亚油酸,油酸是性质更稳定的物质,无需氢化也可长久保存。油酸含量高的花生则稳定性强,有利于长期保存。
对不同品种花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭菌待用。将所购菌种的孢子悬浮液稀释1.4万倍,制备成所需浓度的悬浮液(4.6×106个孢子/mL)。每500g花生接种50ml孢子悬浮液,使悬浮液与花生外表均匀、充分接触。在手套箱或培养箱中于28℃、85%湿度下培养,并利用酶联免疫快速检测法对花生的产毒效率进行检测。
对用作基体稀释用的空白花生品种进行筛选,选择适合作为空白花生的品种;
对用于产毒的花生品种进行筛选,选择适合作为花生产毒品种,用于不同含量水平花生标准物质样品的制备。
本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其中,所述步骤(3)具体为,对选定品种的空白花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,45℃下烘箱中烘干至样品水活度小于0.2aw,于120℃下烘箱烘烤10分钟(变色样品丢弃),立即降温,真空分装待用。
对选定品种的产毒花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭杂菌,并按步骤(2)所述进行接种培养和产毒含量监测,根据标准物质的预期浓度水平,制得较适宜黄曲霉毒素B1浓度的产毒样品。将样品置于高压蒸汽锅中进行灭活处理,于专用烘箱中先45℃烘干,再在120℃下烘烤10分钟,立即降温,真空分装待用。
本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其中,所述步骤(4)具体为,将产毒花生样品按一定比例与空白花生样品混合,加入2%单甘脂作为乳化剂、200mg/kg2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚作为抗氧化剂混合;
先用刀式混合仪进行预粉碎和初混,再选择适当筛网,用超离心研磨仪通过液氮-切割粉碎方法制得具有较均一粒度水平的花生样品;
对样品进行真空封装,外套铝箔袋二次抽真空低温避光保存。
本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其中,所述步骤(5)具体为,由图像颗粒分析仪观察粒度;对花生样品进行均匀性的初步考察,不同部位抽取样品,测定相对标准偏差,用于后续标准物质样品的制备。
样品的可获得性、均匀性、稳定性是影响标准物质研制和推广应用的关键因素,尤其是对于真菌毒素基体标准物质,常通过对大量不同来源样品的筛查检测得到含量满足预期要求的样品,将其用做标准物质的制备原料。样品量受限,均匀性和稳定性缺乏保障,浓度水平不可控,不利于获得满足检测方法确认、质量控制和实验室能力考核需求的、多种目标含量水平的样品。本发明的工艺针对以上局限性进行改进,具有以下优点:
1)花生中黄曲霉毒素产毒浓度可控化:遴选产毒菌株对灭菌处理后的花生进行接种,避免杂菌影响;实现对接种浓度、温度、湿度、培养时间等产毒条件的控制;根据样品预期浓度水平和不同花生品种产毒速率的不同,选择合适的接种品种。通过以上条件,达到产毒浓度的可控化。通过与空白花生样品按适当的稀释倍数,以不同比例混合,有利于分别根据我国、欧盟等地区不同花生限量要求,开展多含量水平花生中黄曲霉毒素样品的批量制备。同时,也有利于提升样品多批次复制的可操作性。本工艺方法同时从市场购买大花生、白沙花生、四粒红花生等,在同等培养条件下进行自然产毒实验,与上述方法比较,样品中杂菌过多导致产毒效率不高,产毒重复性差。
2)改善样品的稳定性:筛选得到同时具有高油酸含量和黄曲霉抗性的花生品种作为空白花生样品,对产毒花生进行基体稀释。高油酸花生具有较好的抗氧化性,可以提升样品长期保存时基体的稳定性,避免腐败变质;黄曲霉抗性可以降低样品长期保存过程中因产毒菌污染导致黄曲霉毒素的累积产生,提升黄曲霉毒素含量的稳定性;对产毒和空白花生样品分别进行高压灭菌和烘干处理后再进行混合,使样品中水活度降低到0.2aw以下,避免微生物、水分对样品长期保存的不利影响。
3)改善样品的均匀性:黄曲霉毒素主要产生于花生颗粒表面,样品容易产生不均匀。通过选择黄曲霉毒素含量水平适中的污染样品,控制基体稀释比例,避免过大稀释比导致产毒花生样品颗粒的不均匀分散;通过对花生样品研磨程序和研磨粒度的控制,使产毒花生与空白花生颗粒均匀混合;通过选择合适的乳化剂添加浓度,避免因油脂分离导致样品的不均匀性。
通过国家标准物质资源共享平台(www.cnrm.org.cn)自助查询,目前我国没有花生中黄曲霉毒素标准物质,其它国内能力验证样品和国外标准物质均采用天然污染花生进行制备,没有从样品均匀性、稳定性的角度对花生基体、产毒条件、产毒含量等进行控制。以国内组织的花生中黄曲霉毒素能力验证为例(Aflatixin Testing in Peanuts:Aproficiency Assessment Scheme for Chinese Analytic Laboratories,Lei Bao,ZhenminBao,Journal of AOAC International,Vol 92,No.2,2009),采用天然污染样品,对样品基体的稳定性缺乏控制,仅保证在能力验证执行期内的稳定性,从文献数据来看,样品均匀性相对标准偏差6.5%,低于本工艺所制得样品的均匀性水平;美国NIST SRM 2387花生脂标准物质原料未经筛选,由工厂直接获得,其中黄曲霉素B1仅提供参考值,含量水平在4.2ng/g,扩展不确定度为22%;欧盟BCR385花生中黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2同样为天然污染样品,黄曲霉素B1含量水平在1.77ng/g,扩展不确定度为17%。
下面结合附图说明和具体实施例对本发明所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法作进一步说明。
附图说明
图1为本发明的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法的工艺流程图;
图2为实施例1中不同花生品种黄曲霉毒素B1产毒效率比较;
图3为实施例1中花生标准物质样品图像分析结果。
具体实施方式
实施例1
如图1所示,一种花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)产毒菌株的选择
从中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(CGMCC)购得一株菌种编号为CGMCC No3.4408的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)菌株,经花生产毒实验证实,该菌株可高效产生黄曲霉毒素B1。
(2)空白和产毒花生品种的选择
不同品种的花生脂肪、蛋白质含量不同。花生中含有油酸、亚油酸等多种脂肪酸,其中油酸和亚油酸含量相对较高。相对于亚油酸,油酸是性质更稳定的物质,无需氢化也可长久保存。油酸含量高的花生则稳定性强,有利于长期保存。对购买自不同来源的花生的含油量、油酸、亚油酸含量等分别进行检测,结果见表1。
表1:不同花生品种油酸、亚油酸含量等指标检测结果
对8个品种花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭菌待用。将所购菌种的孢子悬浮液稀释1.4万倍,制备成所需浓度的悬浮液(4.6×106个孢子/mL)。每500g花生接种50ml孢子悬浮液,使悬浮液与花生外表均匀、充分接触。在手套箱或培养箱中于28℃、85%湿度下培养,并利用酶联免疫快速检测法对花生的产毒效率进行检测,结果见图2。
根据表1和图2对用作基体稀释用的空白花生品种进行筛选,品种8在蛋白与含油量方面与其它花生无明显区别,但同时具有高油酸含量和高黄曲霉抗性的特点,最适合作为空白花生,高油酸含量确保了样品基体的长期稳定性,高黄曲霉抗性一方面确保花生中较低的黄曲霉毒素本底含量,便于最终标准物质样品中黄曲霉毒素目标含量的控制,另一方面确保标准物质样品长期保存中样品不易受产毒菌污染从而导致黄曲霉毒素含量的变化。
根据图2对用于产毒的花生品种进行筛选。花生产毒速率过慢产毒效率不高,过快则会影响用快检方法对黄曲霉毒素B1含量进行监测的及时性。此外,产毒浓度过高,基体稀释倍数过高,则会对样品的均匀性造成不利影响。根据花生产毒趋势,品种3、5、6较适合作为花生产毒品种,用于不同含量水平花生标准物质样品的制备。以品种6为例,5天产毒约80ng/g,用于制备欧盟限量2ng/g左右的样品,稀释倍数可控制在50倍以内,有利于最终样品的均匀。
(3)花生样品的处理与产毒监测
对选定品种的空白花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,45℃下烘箱中烘干至样品水活度小于0.2aw,于120℃下烘箱烘烤10分钟(变色样品丢弃),立即降温,真空分装待用。
对选定品种的产毒花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭杂菌,并按步骤(2)所述进行接种培养和产毒含量监测,根据标准物质的预期浓度水平,制得较适宜黄曲霉毒素B1浓度的产毒样品。将样品置于高压蒸汽锅中进行灭活处理,于专用烘箱中先45℃烘干,再在120℃下烘烤10分钟,立即降温,真空分装待用。
(4)基体混合与制备
将产毒花生样品按一定比例与空白花生样品混合,加入2%单甘脂作为乳化剂、200mg/kg 2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(BHT)作为抗氧化剂混合。先用刀式混合仪进行预粉碎和初混,再选择适当筛网,用超离心研磨仪通过液氮-切割粉碎方法制得具有较均一粒度水平的花生样品。对样品进行真空封装,外套铝箔袋二次抽真空低温避光保存。
(5)样品表征与均匀性检查
如图3所示,由图像颗粒分析仪可知,样品经研磨仪自带0.12mm筛网过筛后,粒度较为均匀,D50为12μm,有利于避免因颗粒沉降导致样品不均匀。
对花生样品进行均匀性的初步考察,不同部位抽取6份样品,相对标准偏差4.1%,可用于后续标准物质样品的制备。
以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述,并非对本发明的范围进行限定,在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下,本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进,均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (6)
1.花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)产毒菌株的选择;
(2)空白和产毒花生品种的选择;
(3)花生样品的处理与产毒监测;
(4)基体混合与制备;
(5)样品表征与均匀性检查。
2.根据权利要求1所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)具体为,于中国微生物菌种保藏管理委员会普通微生物中心(CGMCC)购得一株菌种保藏编号为CGMCC No3.4408的黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)菌株,经花生产毒实验证实,该菌株可在花生上高效产生黄曲霉毒素B1。
3.根据权利要求2所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)具体为,对花生的含油量、油酸、亚油酸含量等分别进行检测;
对不同品种花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭菌待用;
将所购菌种的孢子悬浮液稀释制备成所需浓度的悬浮液;
每500g花生接种50ml孢子悬浮液,使悬浮液与花生外表均匀、充分接触;
于28℃、85%湿度下培养,并利用酶联免疫快速检测法对花生的产毒效率进行检测;
对用作基体稀释用的空白花生品种进行筛选;
对用于产毒的花生品种进行筛选。
4.根据权利要求3所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)具体为,对选定品种的空白花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,45℃下烘箱中烘干至样品水活度小于0.2aw,于120℃下烘箱烘烤10分钟,其中变色样品丢弃;立即降温,真空分装待用;
对选定品种的产毒花生进行脱壳、水浸后脱红衣处理,高压蒸汽灭菌锅110℃下灭杂菌,并按步骤(2)所述方法接种培养并进行产毒含量监测,根据标准物质的预期浓度水平,制得较适宜黄曲霉毒素B1浓度的产毒样品;
将样品置于高压蒸汽锅中进行灭活处理,先45℃烘干,再在120℃下烘烤10分钟,立即降温,真空分装待用。
5.根据权利要求4所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(4)具体为,将产毒花生样品按适当的比例与空白花生样品混合,加入2%单甘脂作为乳化剂、200mg/kg 2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚作为抗氧化剂混合;
先用刀式混合仪进行预粉碎和初混,再选择适当筛网,用超离心研磨仪通过液氮-切割粉碎方法制得具有较均一粒度水平的花生样品;
对样品进行真空封装,外套铝箔袋二次抽真空低温避光保存。
6.根据权利要求5所述的花生中黄曲霉毒素B1基体标准物质制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(5)具体为,由图像颗粒分析仪观察粒度;对花生样品进行均匀性的初步考察,不同部位抽取样品,测定相对标准偏差,用于后续标准物质样品的制备。
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