CN107923658B - 用作集热器的屋顶板 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种已经用于建筑物中的夹层板的配置,使之能够收集太阳能辐射和环境热量并且将能量从屋顶传出去。本发明所述夹层屋顶板的结构要素包括一具有承载能力的在薄板之间的隔热性能材料,类似于已知承重夹层板。无论薄板分布是按照栋梁还是按照椽子的方向放置的,通过适当的组装,都能在表面上及板芯中按照椽子的方向沿着屋顶的整个椽子的长度形成中空结构,以用作无形的物质(空气管道(1,4))。如果外部和芯部的这些空气管道在端部处两两连接,即,在空气回流室(8)处,则其中的物质在热反应作用下会在其自身重力作用下开始流动,从而到达所述面板的外表面,即,外部成形薄金属板2。如果所述面板的某一点是由热交换机(6)冷却的,则自然流动将持续流动。冷却设备将在空气管道(热空气管道(1)和冷空气管道(4))中收集的热量输送到系统外,被输送到系统外的热量可进一步地用来满足人类的能源需求。因此,本申请的主题是一个夹层板,其功能充当热量收集器,下文即集热夹层板(3),所述集热夹层板在物理上形成了一建筑物的屋顶结构,或者是屋顶结构的组分部件,所述屋顶结构或其组成部分均满足屋顶建筑的所有保护要求。由于其特殊的设计,它能够收集环境热量,并通过使用兼容的已知的辅助设备将这些热量传递给储热器。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种已经用于建筑物中的屋顶板的配置,使之能够收集太阳能辐射和环境热量并且将能量从屋顶传出去。本发明还涉及一种使用该配置的方法。
背景技术
由于化石燃料的供应是有限的,因此将太阳能作为房屋或其他建筑物的能源供应来源是合适的。为达到上述目的,已经出现了多种解决方案,例如将辅助设备安装在建筑物屋顶或将利用能源资源的设备成型及配置在建筑物的旁边。
太阳能的可再生资源的利用也可以在建筑物附近实施,例如:太阳能聚集器,太阳能板,放置或钻入房子周围地面的热泵或双向大气热泵等。通过改善建筑物(被动房)的隔热性能来降低,或使用能够就地从周围环境中获得的能量的系统,定期将部分所述能量回收到电网(主动房),降低能源消耗。
夹层板的制造商如爱尔兰的Kingspan,瑞典的Lindab,匈牙利的Metalsheet生产的产品,适合用于“被动房”线路。通常他们的产品具有多种隔热值。
也有一些制造商服务于“主动房”市场。太阳能聚集器作为建筑物附近就地采集能源的解决方案之一应当被提及。
太阳能聚集器可以根据两个主要操作原理进行分组。
1)一种普遍使用的解决方案为,一种液体在一管道系统中循环,所述管道系统嵌入于各种吸热材料中,所述吸热材料配置于各种框架中,所述框架随后安装在一屋顶上,所述液体在加热时将从面板吸收到的热量传递给其他单元进行热利用。例如一个已知的制造商:德国的Vaillant(EP2015000A2[2009.01.14]“带有太阳能吸收管和接收装置的框架”;DE10258711A1[2002.12.12]“太阳能聚热器单元具有多个固定于主收集器主体上的管状收集器,所述主收集器由挤压成型”)。
US4,237,866公开了一种具有多个液体通道的太阳能加热器。太阳辐射多个由玻璃制成的透明覆盖板。由于太阳辐射必经过复数个层板,因此太阳能的利用效率低下。此外,加热器并不固定在屋顶上。
根据名称为“再循环自然对流太阳能聚集器”的US4,135,490专利中公开的解决方案,一种热交换器由被面板分割的多个空间组成,并位于一框架中,所述框架被一位于前面的透明面板和位于其他面的不透明面板覆盖。一种液体的循环产生于所述形成的热交换器中并且吸收的热量能够持续地被转换和利用。该热交换器具有如上述太阳能加热器一样的缺点,即复数个面板会降低利用效率。一类似的解决方案在名为“太阳能热保持器”的US3,987,782的专利中提出。这两个专利文件都包括可安装在住宅建筑屋顶上的单独使用的热交换器单元的描述和培训的内容。
专利US4,284,066公开了一种“太阳能液体加热器”,包括多层热吸收和转化面板,降低了设备的使用效率。最顶层为玻璃或塑料。该设备设计成可以安装于屋顶的最上方而不是屋顶及本身结构的一部分。
2)一种更有效的解决方案为真空管太阳能聚热器:真空产生于两个玻璃管之间,一个玻璃管插入另一个玻璃管中,并且在末端密封。两个玻璃管之间的真空提供隔热性能功能。内部封闭的管子含有一种液体,当太阳照射在它上面时会蒸发,当在其末端冷凝时就会散发出热量。热量通过物质条件状态的能量变化来传递。该系统也安装于面板中。除了它的许多优点之外,只有太阳辐射能可被利用,由于真空的绝缘特性,周围环境热能不能被利用。一类似的解决方案公开于EP 0 025 305(A1)[1981.03.18]名为“电磁能吸收器”的专利中。
太阳能面板也可以将太阳能直接转换成电能,其在20世纪半导体应用方法发展的基础上得到广泛应用。其中,名称为“将太阳能转换成电能的方法和设备”的US2005081908A1[2005.04.21]的专利公开了这样一种解决方案。
以上所述解决方案的缺点为它们仅仅利用一小部分建筑物的可利用的表面来收集能量。进一步地,它们还有一个缺点是主要使用太阳的放射能而不使用或者在很小的程度上使用周围环境能。
上述解决方案还有一个缺点是它们不构成建筑物的一部分,它们是由可以安装在现有建筑物上的单元以及可以连接到建筑物上的其他设备组成的。它们的使用不能降低建筑物的成本。
为了消除上述提到的缺点,基于以下认识提出了一种新的解决方案:可以设计一种建筑物的屋顶结构,使得大部分的屋顶表面或整个屋顶表面由热交换夹层板构成(将在下文中进行详细描述),以起到收集器的作用,并且具有满足所有元件结构需求配置的功能,同时还可以吸收和利用除了辐射热之外的环境热量。此外,不需要使用任何透明的外盖板,通过使用压型金属板盖板来作为吸热器,或者使用热传导带筋金属泡沫材料,同样可以利用周围环境的热量。。
发明内容
本发明为一结构构件包括一具有承载能力的在薄板之间的热绝缘材料,类似于已知的承重夹层板。无论薄板分布是按照栋梁还是按照椽子的方向放置的,通过适当的组装,都能在表面上及板芯中按照椽子的方向沿着屋顶的整个椽子的长度形成中空结构,以用作无形的物质在气体管道的通道。如果外部和芯部的这些空气管道在端部处两两连接,当热量达到面板的外表面时,则其中的物质在热反应作用下会在其自身重力作用下开始流动。如果在所述面板某一点,物质冷却,则自然流动将持续流动。通过冷却将在空气管道中收集的热量输送到系统外,被输送到系统外的热量可进一步地用来满足人类的能源需求。
因此,本申请的主题是一个屋顶板,其功能充当热量收集器,所述集热屋顶板在物理上形成了一建筑物的屋顶结构,或者是屋顶结构的组分部件,所述屋顶结构或其组成部分均满足屋顶建筑的所有保护要求。由于其特殊的设计,它能够收集环境热量,并通过使用兼容的已知的辅助设备将这些热量传递给储热器。
山顶洞人在背向太阳的时候就已经使用了辐射能,而热交换器循环的原理已经被人类使用了好几百年。与其他已知的太阳能板专利相比,我的发明的本质是一个完全不同的新的空间布局,与建筑物传统屋顶结构相比较,本发明的屋顶能够在新的热量收集器夹层板排布的帮助下吸收及传递辐射和环境能量。
新开发的屋顶板覆盖了建筑物的阁楼或建筑物本体,沿着它们的侧面装配并组装在一起,所述面板形成了屋顶,即建筑物结构的一部分。即使在中等温差或是多云天气情况下,也可以通过使用热泵吸收建筑物屋顶大规模表面的热量来提供大量的热能。
以下将对本发明进行更加详细的描述。
附图说明
图1为构成建筑物屋顶结构的屋顶板3的配置示意图。
图2为构成建筑物屋顶结构的屋顶板3的工作原理示意图。
图3,4和5为本发明的优选实施例,三个不同的屋顶板的横截面示意图。当然,通过使用本发明,可以形成更多的片材型材。
图6为上空气回流室8及其位置示意图,部分被内部热交换器隐藏,通过虚线示出其分布为顺着鞍形屋顶方向配置。
图7为下空气回流室7及其位置示意图。
符号说明:
(1)热空气管道;(2)外表面成形薄金属板;(3)屋顶板;(4)冷空气管道;(5)隔热性能层;(6)冷却设备;(7)下空气回流室;(8)上空气回流室;(9)冷凝物排泄孔;(a)冷空气管道间距;(b),(c),(e)梯形板的尺寸;(d)隔热性能板的厚度;(f)面板结构的总厚度;(S1)热空气管道横截面;(S2)冷空气管道横截面;
具体实施方式
在屋顶板3的平面中,有两排管道,优选地,为一排热空气管道1和一排冷空气管道4,排列布置成与椽子方向平行。外部热空气管道1覆盖有外部成形薄金属板2,外部成形薄金属板2具有能够吸收太阳能辐射和环境热量的外表面,所述外表面由已知结构材料制成,优选地,为波纹金属板,更优选地可以为梯形金属板或铝泡沫形状。在热空气管道1和冷空气管道4之间并且在屋顶板3的内部配置有一热绝缘层5(如图3、4和5所示)。在屋顶所述热绝缘层5可以由一层(如图4所示)或连接在一起的分开的多层(如图3和5)形成一像三明治一样的结构。在屋顶板3的上下端,都有一个空气回流室7,8(如图6和7所示),位于屋脊及桁条处,以使热空气管道1和冷空气管道4相互连接,所述下空气回流室7和上空气回流室8分别沿屋脊及桁条各自延伸。
在所述屋顶板3的上空气回流室8中,配置有一个冷却设备6,所述冷却设备6包括一流动冷却介质,用于将系统内的热量排出(如图2和6所示),所述冷却设备6的U形开口位于所述冷空气管道4的上部(如图2和6所示)。
本发明功能的详细描述:
外部热空气管道1的一侧为建筑物屋顶结构的外侧,通过外部成型薄金属板2来吸收太阳能辐射及环境热量。另一排冷空气管道4位于所述屋顶板3的内部,通过热绝缘层5与建筑物内部隔开。优选地,所述热空气管道1和冷空气管道4沿椽子的方向贯穿屋顶板3,从屋顶平面的底部到屋脊。
在所述屋顶板3的上下端,各形成一空气回流室7,8,从而使屋顶板3内部的介质能够循环。优选地,在所述热空气管道1和冷空气管道4内部的介质的循环通过重力来实现或者在必要情况下可通过强制循环来实现。
所述冷却设备6位于上空气回流室(热点),用于吸收热量,通过广泛使用并且已被大众所知的冷却介质在其内的循环来实现;优选地,可以与一种热泵的冷端连接。
已经被加热的介质在外部热空气管道1中上升,同时已经冷却的介质在冷空气管道4中下降。
所述屋顶板3可以使用各种结构材料制成,如金属,成型板或隔热材料,以适合建筑物的外部和内部的隔热划界;形成自支撑的屋顶板结构具有合适的尺寸;并根据静力学的要求,也可以用作由桁条或椽子支撑的屋顶构件。因此,无须在屋顶安装更多的椽子或桁条。
优选地,外部成型薄金属板2为一具有适当热传导性的金属板,在辐射入射时加热并将外部热量传递到相邻空气管道,此外,其外形为一截面和/或带筋的型材片以抵抗热膨胀并增加刚性。当然,型材片的使用也增加了传热表面,并且可以更好地利用非垂直于屋顶平面的辐射,从而提高效率。
将所述屋顶板3的组成构件如外部、内部、盖板及冷热空气管道1,4,通过机如塑料螺钉或成型构件等机械非导热材料进行相互连接,使得屋顶板3的结构强度显著增加,并使得面板结构板材厚度的优化和更大跨度的实现成为可能。
以下将通过两个实施例对根据本发明所述屋顶板3的尺寸计算进行说明。考虑到所使用的材料的特性,本发明不受实施例所给定的形状、测量、尺寸的限制,并且可以根据一定的要求使用简单的计算和实验来重新确定尺寸。
实施例1(如图3所示)所述冷热气管道1,4均具有六边形横截面
冷空气管道间距 | a | 23.5 | cm |
梯形片的尺寸 | b | 12 | cm |
c | 6 | cm | |
e | 6 | cm | |
热绝缘板的厚度 | d | 21 | cm |
面板结构的总厚度 | f | 27 | cm |
热空气管道横截面 | S1 | 105 | cm<sup>2</sup> |
冷空气管道横截面 | S2 | 205 | cm<sup>2</sup> |
实施例2(如图4所示)热空气管道1由一六边形横截面的管道组成,冷空气管道4由圆形横截面的管道组成
冷空气管道间距 | a | 23.5 | cm |
梯形片的尺寸 | b | 12 | cm |
c | 6 | cm | |
e | 6 | cm | |
热绝缘板的厚度 | d | 20 | cm |
面板结构的总厚度 | f | 26 | cm |
热空气管道横截面 | S1 | 105 | cm<sup>2</sup> |
冷空气管道横截面 | S2 | 53 | cm<sup>2</sup> |
优选地,在冷热空气管道1,4中的热传递介质处于大气压力下或不同的压力下,通过重力或外力的作用来循环。热传递循环介质可以选自不同的物质。优选地,其可以为一种气体,更优选地,使用大气中的空气。
在下空气回流室7的底部钻有小孔,以形成冷凝物排泄孔9使冷凝水可以从系统中自由排出。
在本发明中,使用空气来作为热传递介质:
热空气管道1中的介质接收外部成型金属板2的温度,优选地,为带筋金属板。作为热作用的结果,介质会膨胀并且密度降低。冷空气管道4中较重的介质能通过下空气回流室7取代热介质,并将热介质推到面板的上空气回流室8。
在上空气回流室8中,热空气将其热量传递给冷却设备6,在其温度下降的同时其体积也会减少。由于其密度增加,它会沉入冷空气管道4中。因此,连续的加热和冷却导致使介质在冷热空气管道1,4中形成自循环。因此通过在冷却设备6中的液体所接收的热量可以进一步地用于已知的其他方面的用处,优选地,用于热水箱中的额外存储中,并使用其他技术向家庭供应热水,加热建筑物甚至产生电能。
也可以使用屋顶板3来加热水或其它已知的热储存物质。
一旦建筑物内的利用不需要进一步地吸收热量时,位于上下回流室7,8端部的通风窗将以可控的方式打开,从而使热介质或空气自由地从位于面板上部窗口中流出。通过这种空气的流动方式可以避免将从板中吸收的热量转递给环境以及增加建筑物的载热量。
当然,所述屋顶板3可以用在具有不同斜坡的屋顶上。就像其是众所周知的,所述屋顶的坡度和取向对最大可能产量有重大的影响。
Claims (10)
1.一种用作建筑物屋顶的屋顶板装置,其特征在于,屋顶板装置利用了太阳能辐射能及环境热能,所述装置包括:
一屋顶板,所述屋顶板包括:
一金属板,设置为环绕屋顶板上端部,配置为吸收太阳辐射和环境热量,其中金属板包括一外表面和一内表面,所述外表面直接暴露于太阳能辐射和环境热量;
热绝缘层,其设置在金属板内表面的下面;
多个热空气管道,其中在多个热空气管道中的每个热空气管道形成为平行于屋顶的椽子方向并位于屋顶板的平面内,其包括:
一上端部,暴露于金属板的内表面,和
一下端部,暴露于热绝缘层的一部分;
多个冷空气管道,其中在多个冷空气管道中的每个冷空气管道形成为平行于屋顶的椽子方向并位于屋顶板的平面内,并且被热绝缘层包围;一气体介质,共同的填充在多个热空气管道和多个冷空气管道中;
一下空气回流室,形成于所述屋顶板一下端部;
一上空气回流室,形成于所述屋顶板的上端部,其中所述上空气回流室和所述下空气回流室提供在多个热空气管道和多个冷空气管道中的循环;以及
一冷却设备,位于所述上空气回流室中,所述冷却设备包括流动的冷却介质用于传递热量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,有一孔设置在所述下空气回流室的下端部。
3.根据权利要求1所述的装置,其特征在于,所述热绝缘层包括一上热绝缘层和一下热绝缘层,以及;
所述多个冷空气管道插入于上热绝缘层和下热绝缘层之间。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述热绝缘层的材料包含热绝缘物,复合材料,砖石材料,或者是上述材料的结合。
5.一种根据权利要求1所述装置的使用在直通循环中收集热量的方法,包括:
利用太阳能和/或环境热能加热金属板,
在多个热空气管道中从金属板交换热量至气体介质,因而形成被吸入上空气回流室的气体介质的低密度部分;以及
从气体介质的低密度部分交换热量至冷却设备的流动的冷却介质,并形成被吸入下空气回流室的气体介质的高密度部分,从而循环气体介质。
6.根据权利要求5所述方法,其特征在于,其还包括使用加热后的在冷却设备(6)的流动的冷却介质来加热水箱,储热,从而提供给建筑热水,加热建筑,或产生电能。
7.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括将屋顶板纵向安装于屋顶上,并平行于椽子或桁条,其中多个热空气导管和多个冷空气导管中的每个各自导管以平行于椽子方向从下空气回流室延伸至上空气回流室。
8.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括在具有小于90°的不同斜坡的屋顶平面上安装屋顶板。
9.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括使用屋顶板作为建筑物的屋顶,作为屋顶本身的一个集成部分,或者是上述的结合。
10.根据权利要求5-9中的任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,其还包括使用气体介质在多个热空气管道和多个冷空气管道中传递热量,其中所述气体介质为在大气压下的空气。
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EP2182269A1 (en) | 2008-10-31 | 2010-05-05 | Rockwool International A/S | Composite insulating product |
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2017
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