CN107709430B - 包含基体和散射成分的复合材料系统及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
包含基体和散射成分的复合材料系统及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107709430B CN107709430B CN201680016522.8A CN201680016522A CN107709430B CN 107709430 B CN107709430 B CN 107709430B CN 201680016522 A CN201680016522 A CN 201680016522A CN 107709430 B CN107709430 B CN 107709430B
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
用于光漫射的复合材料系统,包括由对光透明的材料构成的基体;该基体包含具有核和壳的散射成分的分散体,所述核是无机纳米颗粒的纳米团簇,所述壳包含硅烷化合物和分散剂;该纳米团簇具有在20nm至300nm范围内的平均尺寸。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种包含基体和散射成分的复合材料系统,并涉及制备所述系统的方法和所述系统的用途。具体来说,本发明的复合材料系统包括基体,所述基体包括均匀和随机分散的散射成分,所述散射成分包括无机核和壳。在示例性实施方案中,所述基体是聚合物基体。
背景技术
纳米颗粒或颗粒分散体(为简单起见,在本文中都称为纳米颗粒)可用作聚合物基体中的填料(通常为功能性填料),以产生具有特定性能的聚合物基体/纳米颗粒复合材料(PMNC)。
无机纳米颗粒必须分散在基体中,因此无机纳米颗粒的表面通常要进行处理以提高它们与基体的相容性。有文献讨论了各种表面改性技术。常见的有机封端剂(cappingagents)例如为具有长烷基链的硫醇或硅烷基化合物。
PMNC的应用实例例如为:
WO 2009/156348公开了一种由透明聚合物基体获得的光漫射器,其包括无机纳米颗粒的分散体; WO 2009/156348公开了在液体基体形成单体中悬浮表面处理的纳米颗粒簇。对悬浮的簇进行处理以便分散簇并获得“初级颗粒”的分散体,即单个纳米颗粒的分散体。
换句话说,无机纳米颗粒被官能化以使其疏水并与所选择的基体相容,然后它们被分散直到获得单个纳米颗粒的分散体。该申请旨在通过该方法将纳米颗粒保持在非聚集状态。
US 7,033,524涉及从核-壳纳米颗粒获得的复合材料,其视情况可以是空的以吸收其他材料; 特别是,聚吡咯颗粒具有壳体并退火以提供导电膜。
PMNC在诸如光学、光电子学、磁光学、机械增强、涂料等各个领域中具有潜在的应用。对于大多数这些应用,主要和关键的要求是纳米颗粒必须在基体内均匀和随机分布。有文献已经表明,不仅在大规模的商业规模生产中,而且在实验室规模的实验中都非常难以执行,因为纳米颗粒在它们整合成聚合物基体期间总是倾向于聚集。
已知的PMNC的另一个问题是用于壳的聚合物的选择,该聚合物必须选择为以获得纳米颗粒与基体之间令人满意的相容性,其中纳米颗粒分散在基体中以得到最终产物。
另外,当用于光散射时,从分散的纳米颗粒的最佳尺寸范围的偏离会影响光的散射,从而损害最终的效果。当颗粒聚集以在聚合物基体中形成簇时,这尤其如此。
因此,要分散的纳米颗粒的尺寸的选择和控制是已知的PMNC的另一个问题。事实上,如上所述,用于制备用于光散射目的的颗粒分散体的已知方法集中在使用单个纳米颗粒,以及如何避免簇的形成,这对散射会产生不利的影响。
鉴于这些技术要求,目前已知的生产方法实施成本很高,并且不适于工业生产。
已知的漫射器的另一个问题是它们的耐划痕性和耐磨损性较低。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的是解决上述问题,并提供一种制备纳米复合材料系统的方法,该系统中的基体具有均匀且随机分布的散射成分。
特别地,本发明的一个目的是提供一种克服上述技术难题的方法,可以有效地应用于工业生产中。
术语“散射成分”将用于定义适合于提供光散射的具有壳的纳米颗粒的纳米团簇。
如本文所用,术语“纳米颗粒”定义了平均尺寸在10nm至150nm范围内的无机颗粒。
如本文所用,术语“纳米团簇”定义了如上定义的纳米颗粒的聚集体; 在本发明的示例性实施方案中,纳米团簇的平均尺寸在20至300纳米,优选50至200纳米,更优选80至130纳米的范围内。这些尺寸范围内的纳米团簇将提供所需的光散射效果。因为纳米颗粒的尺寸在10至150nm的范围内,并且纳米团簇的尺寸为20至300nm,所以纳米颗粒的分散体除了纳米颗粒的纳米团簇外,还可以包括许多的单个纳米颗粒,所述纳米颗粒具有包括硅烷化合物和分散剂的壳。换句话说,本发明不排除在最终产物和硅烷化纳米团簇的混合物中存在硅烷化的单一纳米颗粒。
使用措辞“均匀分布”是指散射成分均匀地分布在基体内,即平均密度在整个系统中几乎是恒定的,其中所述平均密度是在大于0.1 mm3的体积中(即大于1 mm3的体积)测得的。
本发明的另一个目的是具有散射成分的随机分布; 术语“随机分布”是指一旦将散射成分分散至基体中,它们基本上不会进一步聚集成尺寸在本发明的范围内的成分。
换句话说,本发明的一个目的是确保散射成分表面之间的最小距离,并且相邻散射成分之间的距离遵循导致所需散射效应的最小值之上的随机分布。
使用“均匀和随机分布”这一措词是指上述定义的组合,其中散射成分以统计学上无序的方式分布在基体内,并且在它们各自的位置上没有任何相关性。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种适用于生产光漫射器的基体/纳米团簇复合材料,优选为聚合物基体/纳米团簇复合材料,所述光漫射器可以将白色可见光分色成至少两个色彩分量:在一个分量中,蓝色分量占主导地位;在另一个分量中,蓝色分量的比重较低。本发明的漫射器应该能够执行与上述申请WO 2009/156348中公开的漫射器相同的功能。
这些目的可以通过本发明实现,其提供了根据权利要求1的复合材料系统。
根据权利要求13,本发明还涉及一种用于制备复合材料系统的方法。
优选实施例是从属权利要求的目的。
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的散射成分不具有交联的第一聚合物壳和未交联的第二聚合物壳; 其中所述第二壳由与所述最终产物的基体相同的聚合物或与所述基体聚合物相容和可分散在其中的聚合物制成。
在另一个示例性实施方案中,用于制备纳米团簇的无机材料纳米颗粒被疏水改性,以使其与有机溶剂相容。根据本发明的示例性实施方案,首先用至少一种分散剂处理由改性纳米颗粒制成的纳米团簇,然后用至少一种硅烷化合物进行处理。
在本发明的一个优选实施例中,散射成分分散在用于玻璃层压的类型的粘合材料(例如EVA或PVB)中,以提供包含如上所述散射成分和作为聚合物基体的所述粘合材料的复合材料系统。本发明的该实施方案中的复合材料系统优选为膜的形式,并且当用于结合(即层压)玻璃层时,以与玻璃层压工艺中的已知膜相同的方式处理膜系统。换句话说,粘合材料和纳米团簇的膜系统可以用于已知的玻璃联结工艺(即玻璃层压工艺)中,以提供具有根据本发明的散射特性的夹层玻璃。
令人惊奇地发现,本发明的散射成分可以分散在上述用于玻璃层压的粘合材料中,以提供具有本发明的散射特性的膜形式的复合材料系统。
因此,本发明的另外的目的是提供含有具备权利要求11所述特征的膜的夹层玻璃,以及根据权利要求19所述的玻璃层压方法,其中,根据权利要求11或12所述的粘合(即联结)材料膜用于将玻璃层结合(即联结)在一起。
具体实施方式
根据本发明,本说明书中所阐述的复合材料系统包括基体(优选为聚合物基体),如上所定义的多个散射成分被分散在基体中; 用于制备基体的材料(优选为聚合物材料)是本身透明并且不吸收光的材料,即,没有散射成分的基体是透明的并且不吸收光。
在下面的描述中,将提到聚合物基体,但是这种提及并不旨在将本申请的范围仅限制为聚合物基体; 还可以使用例如无机材料等其它的基体。散射成分包括核和壳。散射成分的核由纳米团簇制成,即与基体(例如聚合物基体)不同的材料的纳米颗粒的聚集体,并且具有与基体的折射率不同的折射率,以便将透过所述系统或包含所述系统的产物的光的至少一部分进行散射。优选地,所述核由不吸收光的一种或多种材料的纳米颗粒制成。然而,在某些实施例中,使用由吸收光的材料制成的核也是可能的。
根据本发明的散射成分的核由无机纳米颗粒的簇组成。在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的散射成分的核由至少一种无机材料制成,即由至少一种无机材料的纳米颗粒制成的纳米团簇,所述无机材料优选地选自金属氧化物,更优选地选自TiO2, SiO2, ZnO,ZrO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Sb2SnO5, Bi2O3, CeO2或其组合。优选的氧化物是TiO2和ZnO。
上面公开的基体/纳米团簇(优选为聚合物基体/纳米团簇)复合材料系统优选地提供对至少一部分透射光的瑞利散射或瑞利样散射。
在本申请中,“复合材料系统”用于定义(和保护)最终产物(例如基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统,优选为聚合物基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统)、用于基体的单独起始原料(即基体的材料,优选为聚合物)以及要分散在其中的散射成分。
用于制备基体的材料(优选为聚合物)是不吸收光和透明的,即,没有散射成分的最终基体由透光率基本规则的材料制成,并且在光谱的可见光区具有高透射率。
基体可以具有任何形状,并且可以由可用于该目的的任何材料制成,并具有上述的透明性而不是光吸收的性质。基体的示例性实施例为面板(例如PMMA或其它聚合物)、膜和涂料,即在施涂涂料并且溶剂蒸发之后残留在基材上的层。
散射成分的尺寸足够小,以提供例如在WO 2009/156348中所讨论和公开的类型的瑞利散射。本发明中使用的无机纳米颗粒的示例性平均尺寸范围为10-150nm,优选为30-50nm。如上所述,纳米颗粒用作聚集体,即纳米团簇;纳米团簇的平均尺寸为20-300纳米,优选为50-200纳米,更优选为80-130纳米。这些尺寸范围内的纳米团簇将提供所需的光散射效果。如前所述,除了纳米颗粒的纳米团簇之外,纳米颗粒的分散体还可以包括具有包括硅烷化合物和分散剂的壳的单一纳米颗粒。换句话说,如果单个纳米颗粒的尺寸在20至300纳米的范围内,则本发明不排除在最终产物和硅烷化纳米团簇的混合物中存在硅烷化的单一纳米颗粒。
适合获得根据本发明的散射成分的几种无机纳米颗粒可在市场上获得; 特别地,在所需的平均尺寸10-150nm范围内的TiO2和ZnO的纳米颗粒可以在市场上购买。优选的纳米颗粒是尺寸在10至150nm、最优选30至50nm范围内的市售纳米颗粒。
根据优选实施方案,根据制造商的实践,如先前参照现有技术所公开的那样,根据本发明的纳米颗粒是从专业生产商购买的,以预官能化形式进行预处理。无机纳米颗粒的表面通常被处理(通过所谓的“封端(capping)”),以增加它们与它们所要分散的基体之间的相容性。常用的有机封端剂是具有长烷基链的硫醇,或例如烷基烷氧基硅烷(即甲基三甲氧基硅烷)、异丁基三乙氧基、辛基三乙氧基、辛基二甲基甲氧基和十八烷基三甲氧基硅烷等硅烷基化合物。
例如,上述WO2009/156348提供了适合的封端剂的描述。根据本发明的散射成分可以具有在20nm至300nm范围内的平均尺寸。由纳米团簇核周围的硅烷基分子制成的壳体具有缩减的尺寸(约为几纳米),使得散射成分的尺寸与纳米团簇核的尺寸相当。
例如,当需要120nm的散射成分时,所述散射成分的核可以例如由平均尺寸为30nm的4个无机纳米颗粒形成,即,由4个无机纳米颗粒组成的纳米团簇。
本发明的散射成分的无机核可以包括一种或多种无机材料,例如,TiO2和ZnO纳米颗粒的混合物。
如果所述系统或其至少一部分产生如ASTM标准标号E284-09a中定义的雾度,则该复合材料系统被称为瑞利样漫射器,其对于在400-450nm的光谱间隔中的入射光的漫射至少为在600-650nm的光谱间隔中的入射光的漫射的1.5倍,优选为2倍,更优选为3倍,所述性质在复合材料系统的一部分的入射光束的至少一个方向上被证实,例如,如果系统被成形为大块的固体材料,则是薄片,如果系统是例如液体涂层或涂料,则是薄层。
事实上,在采用厚的样品的情况下,例如一大罐的涂料,多次散射可能阻碍相对于入射光的长波长分量优先散射入射光的短波长分量的性质。值得注意的是,当使用足够薄的材料层时,可出现不发生多次散射的瑞利样散射特性。
在本说明书中,除非有不同和具体的定义,术语和词语的含义应参照ASTM E284-09.a和以下标准(只要它们与ASTM E2884-09a不矛盾):ASTM D1746 - 09; ASTM D 1003 -07; ISO 13468-2:1999(E)。
在优选实施例中,散射成分的核由至少一种无机材料制成。核的无机材料具有与基体(例如聚合物基体)的折射率不同的折射率,所述基体由不吸收光的透明材料制成。
根据本发明的散射成分还包括多个硅烷基化合物,例如硅烷偶联剂。硅烷基分子与无机核结合,以至少部分地形成壳。 优选地,它们具有包含官能团的自由端。考虑到散射成分所必须分散在其中的基体的性质,优选地选择官能团。 官能团提供散射成分与基体(特别是聚合物基体)的良好的亲和性和相容性,而不需要制备用于聚合物基体的材料的聚合物外壳。
因此,根据本发明的优选实施方式的散射成分包括具有多个硅烷化合物的无机纳米颗粒纳米团簇的核。
令人惊奇地发现,通过至少一种硅烷基化合物提供散射成分的无机核,即无机纳米颗粒的纳米团簇,可以控制散射成分的尺寸。更详细地,发现可以在至少存在分散剂的情况下将市售的无机纳米颗粒(如TiO2和ZnO)分散在溶剂中,直到达到所需的尺寸,并且通过用至少一种硅烷基化合物(即硅烷偶联剂)处理而使分散的纳米颗粒和纳米团簇“凝固”在合适的尺寸。
假设硅烷将至少部分地形成散射成分的无机核周围的壳体; 该壳与现有技术的壳不同,因为它不包含聚合物结构并且与现有技术的核-壳颗粒相比具有缩减的厚度。本发明中的壳优选不包含与聚合物基体(当使用聚合物基体时)材料相同的单体和/或聚合物。
用于结合至根据本发明的散射成分的纳米团簇的合适的硅烷化合物例如为:
三乙酰氧基(甲基)硅烷、二叔丁氧基二乙酰氧基硅烷、苯基三乙氧基硅烷、(3-氨基丙基)三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、 N-(正丁基)-3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、N-[3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]苯胺、二(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)胺、γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、2-(烯丙基二甲基甲硅烷基)吡啶、3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、三苯基(乙烯基)硅烷、三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)(乙烯基)硅烷、γ-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-(三乙氧基甲硅烷基)丙基异氰酸酯或它们的混合物。
因为通过分散剂分散在溶剂中的无机纳米团簇的硅烷化(即如上定义的用硅烷化合物进行处理)获得散射成分,壳通常包含一定量的残留分散剂。
合适的分散剂例如为ANTI-TERRA-204, ANTI-TERRA-U, BYK-306, BYK-320,BYK-333, BYK-378, DISPERBYK-108, DISPERBYK-142, DISPERBYK-180, DISPERBYK-2022, BYK-310, BYK-378, BYK-399, BYK-3550, BYK-7410 ET, BYK-D 410, DISPERBYK-111, DISPERBYK-2055, DISPERBYK-2152, DISPERBYK-2155, DISPERBYK-2164,GARAMITE-1958, BYK-349, BYK-3455, BYK-7420 ES, BYK-D 420, DISPERBYK-2010,DISPERBYK-2012, BYK-3455, BYK-D 420, DISPERBYK-194 N, ANTI TERRA-250,DISPERBYK-194 N, DISPERBYK-2015, DEUTERON ND 953 , DEUTERON ND 210, BOUR- WETC11, BOUR-WET 80, BOUR-WET WS MP, BOUR-WET WS 548, IDROFIL BPT 500, RESOLUTEIII, IDROPON LOGIC 30, IDROPON LOGIC 40。
单体,例如:
1,6-己二醇二丙烯酸酯, 2-(2-乙氧乙氧基)丙烯酸乙酯,丙烯酸月桂酯,C12 /C14丙烯酸酯,C16 / C18丙烯酸酯, C18 / C22丙烯酸烷基酯, 2-丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯,丙烯酸辛基癸酯,丙烯酸异癸酯,乙氧基4苯基丙烯酸酯,3,3,5-三甲基环己醇丙烯酸酯,甲基丙烯酸甲酯,丙烯酸异辛酯,丙烯酸异冰片酯,乙氧基化(5)己二醇二丙烯酸酯,丙烯酸十三烷基酯,N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮,N-乙烯基 - 己内酰胺,乙基乙烯基醚,正丁基乙烯基醚,异丁基乙烯基醚,叔丁基乙烯基醚,十二烷基乙烯基醚,1,4-丁二醇二乙烯基醚,羟丁基乙烯基醚,3-乙烯基苯胺,4-乙烯基苯胺,4-甲氧基苯乙烯, 4-乙烯基苯甲酸,4-氯甲基苯乙烯,4-乙烯基联苯,苯乙烯,也可用作分散介质。
在优选的实施方案中,适用于基体的材料是选自热塑性、热固性和光固化性树脂的具有优异光学透明度的树脂(聚合物)。优选的树脂特别是丙烯酸树脂(例如PMMA)、环氧树脂、聚酯树脂,如聚乙烯或聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯和聚己内酯; 聚苯乙烯树脂(如聚苯乙烯); 聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和类似的氟化树脂和芴树脂; 聚酰胺树脂(如尼龙); 聚酰亚胺树脂;聚碳酸酯;聚砜;聚苯醚; 聚乙烯醇树脂; 乙酸乙烯酯树脂; 聚醚砜; 无定形聚烯烃;聚芳酯; 液晶聚合物。
当优选非聚合物基体时(例如无机基体),用于本发明目的的合适材料包括但不限于:钠钙石英玻璃、硼硅酸盐玻璃、熔融石英等。
在某个实施例中,复合材料系统制成为刚性和自维持(self-sustaining)面板,即当从任何两侧水平悬挂时基本上不弯曲的面板。例如,所述复合材料系统可以成形为平行六面体,其厚度为长度的0.5-5%,其中厚度和长度分别被定义为面板的最小和最大侧。所述刚性面板的典型长度在0.5-3 m的范围内。 当使用聚合物基体时,基体的线性聚合物的优选分子量在450.000至2.000.000g/mol的范围内。
在另一个实施例中,复合材料系统被制成箔,这里被定义为刚性而不是自维持的面板,即类似于刚性面板,该面板与是不易弯曲的(即当其沿着短曲率角弯曲(例如当其弯曲180°)时会断裂的面板),但是当水平悬挂时不保持其形状。 例如,箔复合材料系统的厚度可能小于长度的0.055倍。 类似于刚性面板的情况,箔片可能具有由高分子量聚合物制成的基体。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,复合材料系统被制成柔性膜,这里被定义为非刚性片,即当其沿着短曲率角弯曲(例如当其弯曲180°)时不断裂的片,例如。例如,柔性膜复合材料系统的厚度可以在10微米至1毫米的范围内,优选地从50微米到0.5毫米。此外,它可以包含增塑剂和/或聚合物减震器和/或由多个不同单体制成的共聚物,以便获得所需的柔韧性。
在优选实施例中,复合材料系统被配置为天空-太阳漫射器,即,能够将入射的白光分离成蓝色漫射分量和淡黄色透射分量的漫射器,如同天空对白色的入射阳光的作用一样。更一般来说,所述复合材料系统在每单位面积可能包含多个散射成分,其足以保证该系统以瑞利样状态散射至少百分之几(例如5%)的入射白光。例如,复合材料系统可以被成形为刚性板、箔或柔性膜,并且独立于厚度,其可以具有散射成分面密度,即每平方米的散射成分的数量N,即由面积为1 m2的面板、箔或膜表面的一部分限定的体积元内的散射成分的数量,其中N满足条件N≥N min ,例如2N min ≤N≤13N min ,优选N在3Nmin至10Nmin的范围内,最优选为N≈6N min ,其中:
其中υ是等于1米6的量纲常数,Nmin表示为数量/米2,有效直径D由散射成分直径乘以基体折射率确定,以米表示,其中m等于散射成分的核的折射率与基体材料的折射率之比。
在另一个不同的实施方案中,复合材料系统被制成涂料,即树脂和添加剂在溶剂(例如有机或水溶剂)中的分散体。在典型的情况下,涂料复合材料系统具有散射成分浓度(即,每单位体积的散射成分的数量),使得对于干燥后的厚度在1-50微米范围内的漆层满足条件N≥N min ,例如2N min ≤N≤13N min ,优选3N min ≤N≤10N min ,,最优选N≈6N min 。
对于膜的情况,用于所述系统的典型的嵌入基体是诸如PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)、PVC(聚氯乙烯)、EVA(乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物)以及类似的聚合物;而对于涂料的情况,则是诸如丙烯酸类、乙烯基类、聚氨酯类以及类似的聚合物。
在一些实施例中,特别是当系统成形为面板、箔或薄膜时,显示出具有比系统厚度大得多的尺寸的表面,对在整个表面上呈现视觉上均匀的瑞利散射的系统的要求转化为在大于0.25 mm2的区域上测量的平均面密度N,其在该表面上基本上恒定。值得注意的是,这个特征并不一定要求样品的散射成分的体积密度是恒定的,因为观察者只会感知到整体效应,而在垂直于表面的方向上的散射成分体积密度的任何波动或变化不会被感知。
在另一个实施例中,复合材料系统被制成复杂形状的伸长的物体,即其形状与平行六面体不同的物体,并且使得最小的外接椭圆体的扁率f > 0.5,其中f = (a-b)/a,其中a是半长轴,b是半短轴; 所述伸长适合于允许相同物体的不同部分散射具有不同颜色的光,如在日落或日出时的天空的作用一样。
在不同的实施例中,“夹层式”天空-太阳漫射器可以包括两个玻璃外部层和形成为膜的中心层,以便获得新的玻璃面板或窗口,该中心层包含散射成分在聚合物基体中的分散体,所述玻璃面板或窗口既用作涉及机械性能的安全玻璃,同时又用作涉及光学性能的瑞利式漫射器。此外,所述夹层式天空-太阳漫射器还可以包括两层粘合材料,其可以将复合材料系统内层与外层光学地和/或机械地匹配,即防止多次反射并提供补偿内层和外层的不同热膨胀所需的弹性。合适的粘合材料是本领域已知的;例如可能的材料是EVA(乙烯醋酸乙烯酯),Ionoplast(含有少量金属盐的乙烯/甲基丙烯酸共聚物),例如DuPont™SentryGlas® Plus,以及PVB(聚乙烯醇缩丁醛)。适用于该实施例的粘合材料以通常用于将两层或更多层玻璃层压在一起以获得夹层玻璃的材料膜的形式提供。在已知的方法中,将膜放置在两个玻璃层(即板)之间,并进行热处理以将玻璃层结合在一起。
令人惊奇地发现,本发明的散射成分可以分散在上述粘合材料中,以提供具有本发明的散射特性的膜形式的复合材料系统。
在本发明的优选实施例中,散射成分分散在粘合材料(例如EVA或PVB)中以提供含有如上所述的散射成分和作为聚合物基体的粘合材料的复合材料系统。本发明的该实施方案中的复合材料系统优选为膜的形式,并且当用于将玻璃层结合在一起时,以与已知膜相同的方式处理膜系统。粘合材料和纳米团簇的膜系统可用于已知的玻璃联结工艺,即用于玻璃层压工艺,以提供具有本发明散射性能的夹层玻璃。
本发明的另一个目的是提供涂覆式天空-太阳漫射器,即包括透明面板(例如玻璃、聚碳酸酯或类似材料)的结构,其涂覆有如上所述的复合材料系统涂料。
在不同的实施例中,所述“夹层式”天空-太阳漫射器可以包括由玻璃涂覆式天空-太阳漫射器制成的第一层、粘合透明材料的中心层以及第三玻璃层,所述中心层没有散射成分,其形式为膜并 覆盖第一层的涂层。
夹层式和涂覆式的天空-太阳漫射器都具有重要的优点,例如,对于裸露的复合材料系统面板或箔,由优异的阻燃性能给出,其基本上由外部基板的特性而不是复合材料系统本身来确定。
在另一个实施方案中,散射成分可以分散到防划痕涂料中。在这种情况下,当例如PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)/PC(聚碳酸酯)/PPSU(聚苯砜)这样的透明基材涂覆有所述防划痕涂料时,可获得既防划痕又能实现天空-太阳漫射的基材。
在另一个实施方案中,包含根据本发明的散射成分的分散体的涂料可以施加到反射元件(特别是玻璃镜)的表面上或镜面上。在这种情况下,如前所述,在反射之前和/或之后的光在瑞利状态下经历散射过程。
如上所述,本发明还涉及一种根据权利要求11的复合材料系统的制备方法。所述方法包括以下步骤:提供散射成分的分散体,并将所述分散体分散在选定的基体(优选为聚合物)中,以获得根据本发明的复合材料系统。
特别地,本发明涉及一种复合材料系统的制备方法,所述复合材料系统是基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统,优选为聚合物基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统,其中多个散射成分分散在基体中,其中用于制备该基体的材料本身为透明且不吸收光的材料,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
a)选择由纳米颗粒制成的至少一种无机材料,所述纳米颗粒的平均尺寸在10-150纳米的范围内;
b)将所述材料与至少一种溶剂和至少一种分散剂混合以获得平均尺寸在20至300纳米范围内的纳米团簇的分散体;
c)向步骤b)中得到的分散体中加入至少一种硅烷化合物,得到散射成分的分散体,所述散射成分具有无机核和至少部分的硅烷壳,所述无机核为步骤b)的纳米团簇;
d)可选择地,过滤步骤c)中获得的分散体,以选择具有所需平均尺寸的分散的散射成分;
e)将所述分散的散射成分分散到将从其获得所述基体的系统中;
由此,所述基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统对透过所述复合材料系统或透过含有所述系统的产物的光的至少一部分进行散射。
在优选实施方案中,将从其获得基体的所选择的系统可以例如包括单体、树脂、聚合物分散体等。
在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的方法还包括在步骤b)当中酸化混合物的步骤。
在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的方法还包括对步骤d)中获得的分散体进行浓缩的步骤。
根据另一个优选实施方案,在将所述分散体加入到基体之前,无机材料(即无机纳米团簇)在步骤c)或d)获得的散射成分的分散体中的浓度例如为1%至15%(重量),优选为5%至10%(重量)的范围。
在进一步优选的实施方案中,在加入到基体之前,溶剂的浓度例如为所述散射成分的分散体的15%至95%(重量)或80%至95%(重量)的范围。 可以根据最终基体的性质和特性(例如基体的厚度)来选择分散体中溶剂和纳米颗粒的实际量。例如,膜中的纳米颗粒的百分比通常高于较厚的聚合物面板中的纳米颗粒的百分比。纳米颗粒的量的示例性范围为1%至60%,纳米颗粒的量的另一示例性范围为1%至15%。用所述分散体(即,在将其加入到材料中以获得最终基体之前)的约40%(重量)的纳米颗粒的量可以获得良好的结果。
合适的溶剂例如为:
1-丁醇,2-丁醇,叔丁醇,四氯化碳,环己烷,1,2-二氯乙烷,乙二醇丁基醚,苯,甲苯,邻二甲苯,间二烯,对二甲苯,丙二醇甲基醚乙酸酯 ,二甲基甲酰胺,乙酸乙氧基丙酸酯,二甲基亚砜,乙酸正丁酯(CAS:123-86-84),乙酸乙酯(141-78-6),芳烃油溶剂(Solvesso)150,芳烃油溶剂(Solvesso) 200,丁基溶纤剂,1,3-二恶烷,乙醇,庚烷,1-丙醇,2-丙醇,吡啶,四氢呋喃,二甘醇二甲醚,二甘醇等。
在示例性实施方案中,所述至少一种分散剂以例如在0.5%至25.0%(重量)范围内的浓度存在。在添加到基体之前,示例性范围是步骤b)或c)的散射成分的分散体的0.5%至5.0%(重量),优选0.8%至4.0%(重量)。 本发明的复合材料系统的最终基体中的分散剂的量可以低至基体成分重量的0.01%。 典型值为0.1%。 在示例性实施方案中,硅烷化合物的量为基体成分的重量的至少0.01%(重量), 典型值为0.1%。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,所述至少一种硅烷化合物以例如在所述分散体的0.2%至13%(重量)的范围内存在; 在添加到基体之前,示例性范围为步骤b)或c)的散射成分的分散体重量的0.2%至6.0%(重量),优选1%至4%(重量)。上述优选实施方案和相关的重量浓度优选为以优选的工艺组合在一起,其中在步骤c)或d)之后获得的散射成分的所述分散体中,所述至少一种无机材料的量在分散体的1%至15%(重量)的范围内,所述至少一种分散剂的量在分散体的0.5%至5.0%(重量)的范围内,并且所述至少一种硅烷的量在分散体的0.2 %至6%(重量)的范围内。对于上述组合物,溶剂可以在80%至95%(重量)的范围内。
散射成分的分散体(添加到基体材料之前)的示例性组合物(按重量计)为15%-95%的溶剂,1%至60%的纳米颗粒,0.5%至25%的分散剂和0.2%至13% 的硅烷化合物。
已经观察到,将纳米颗粒材料分散在溶剂和分散剂的混合物中之后,将硅烷化合物加入到分散体中,允许选择和控制无机纳米团簇的尺寸,以及相应的根据本发明的散射成分的核的尺寸。
通过添加硅烷化合物,防止分散在溶剂和分散剂的混合物中的无机纳米团簇进一步聚集; 以这种方式获得不会进一步聚集的无机纳米颗粒的硅烷官能化纳米团簇。换句话说,硅烷以其加入时的大小“冻结”纳米颗粒的簇。
此外,用本发明方法获得的复合材料系统的有效性的进一步可能的解释可以是,硅烷可以粘附并部分地代替散射成分的无机核的表面上的分散剂。
事实上,如上所述,至少部分覆盖无机纳米团簇(即散射成分的核)的壳通常除了硅烷外还包含一定量的残留分散剂。
另外,在最终产物中可以发现使用的分散剂的痕迹; 可能的是,最终产物中的分散剂的量可能在几ppm左右。
根据本发明的方法可以提供一种基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统,其适于实现透过所述系统或透过包含所述系统的产物的光的至少一部分的瑞利散射或瑞利型散射。
在优选的实施方案中,根据本发明的方法的特征在于所述基体是包含树脂和至少一种溶剂的涂料,其中在所述基体的溶剂从一层涂料蒸发掉之后,所述散射由所述基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统(优选聚合物基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统)实现。
散射成分的分散体可以分散在单体、树脂、聚合物分散体等材料中,其将形成最终基体的本体,并且随后将以公知的方式聚合。或者,所获得的散射成分可以分散在含有聚合物的基体中,本发明的该实施方案的一个实施例是包含多个散射成分的涂料或油墨。在由包含本发明散射成分的涂料或油墨表示的复合材料系统中,基体由通常存在于这些产物中的树脂、添加剂和溶剂形成,其中已加入本发明的散射成分。所得到的产物是“初步系统”,即当涂料或油墨在锡或类似的容器中时,涂料或油墨通常不会提供所需的散射,但是一旦涂料或油墨被涂覆至透明基板时就会提供散射效果。
在优选实施方案中,无机纳米颗粒是如上所述的金属氧化物,例如优选TiO2。 具有高折射率的TiO2成分有助于有效的光散射。
另一种优选的金属氧化物例如是ZnO。
本发明提供了优于现有技术的几个优点:
可以通过选择溶剂、分散剂和官能剂(即硅烷化合物)的适当组合来调整散射成分的尺寸。
溶剂的选择有助于使用相同的分散体来生产块状物体(例如如上所述的面板)和水和溶剂基涂料。
官能剂的类型允许将散射成分的分散体与所选择的系统的基体材料相结合。
本发明将通过以下非限制性实施例更好地解释。
实施例
阶段1 - 选择无机纳米颗粒材料
氧化锌的纳米颗粒用于散射成分的核的形成(development)。氧化锌在市场上可以买到。 在该实施例中,使用标称直径<100nm的氧化锌纳米颗粒。 纳米颗粒作为聚集体存在。如上所述,氧化锌是用于散射成分的核的优选的无机材料,因为它具有相当高的折射率并且能够产生有效的瑞利散射效应。
阶段2 - 无机纳米颗粒的润湿和工作环境的酸化
将阶段1的纳米颗粒加入到溶剂中。合适的溶剂为前面提到的溶剂。
由于可以使用不同的溶剂,因此可以根据其中必须掺入散射成分的分散体的基体介质来选择合适的溶剂。
然后将至少一种分散剂加入到溶剂和纳米颗粒的混合物中。
合适的分散剂为上面提到的那些,例如由Byk(毕克),Finco(芬科),MacriChemicals(马克里化学)等专业生产商所销售的分散剂。
然后将所得混合物在40-50℃的温度下进行声波处理(600W,22kHz连续)4天; 在这个时间段结束时,纳米团簇的平均尺寸为80-130 nm。
经声波处理1.5天后,通过加入乙酸(浓度为0.05ml纯乙酸/100ml溶剂)来酸化所述混合物,以进一步改善分散剂的作用。
阶段3 - 硅烷官能化
如上所述分散的纳米团簇通过添加特定的硅烷化合物而被官能化,所述硅烷化合物被选择为能够获得与最终基体的化学性质的最佳相容性的硅烷化合物。
通过使用通常所知的公式计算加入到混合物中的硅烷的量:
硅烷(gr.)=纳米颗粒(gr.)×表面积(m2 / gr)/ kSWA
其中k =所用硅烷的特定润湿面积
通过添加硅烷化合物,得到不会进一步聚集的无机纳米颗粒的硅烷官能化纳米团簇。换句话说,硅烷以其加入时的大小“冻结”纳米颗粒的簇。
此外,硅烷允许散射成分的无机核与其中将分散硅烷包覆的纳米颗粒的基体的相容化(compatibilization)。
阶段4 - 过滤和浓缩
如上所述获得的分散体通过合适的系统过滤,在该实施例中,过滤截止值(cutoff)为150nm。这样以快速、精确和相对便宜的方式物理去除具有不合适尺寸的聚集体和纳米颗粒。
应注意,在对分散体进行离心处理后,除去溶剂,并将散射成分“干燥”2个月,一旦通过向干燥的散射成分中加入溶剂以再次润湿,通过简单的机械搅拌,散射成分返回到其原始的分散条件,即不显示散射成分直径的增加。 这已经通过使用动态光散射机测量散射成分的尺寸来验证。
阶段5 - PMNC的制备
称量含有散射成分的分散体,并在市购溶剂型涂料中稀释。将透明分散体进行声波处理2小时,使散射成分分散良好。然后根据最终应用使用喷涂(一种标准涂布技术)涂覆所选择的基材。根据涂料的厚度和使用的散射成分的浓度,可以获得各种各样的瑞利散射等级。
还可以使用其它技术,例如挤出、注射成型、反应注射成型、本体聚合压缩成型、传递成型、挤出成型、滚塑、吹塑、压延、刮涂等。
具有能够进行许多不同处理的起始材料的特征是本发明的优点之一。
Claims (27)
1.复合材料系统,包括在其当中分散有多个散射成分的基体,其中所述基体是本身透明并且不吸收光的材料,所述散射成分具有核,所述核具有与所述基体的折射率所不同的折射率,以实现对透过所述系统的光的至少一部分进行散射,其特征在于,所述核包括无机材料纳米颗粒的纳米团簇,所述纳米团簇的平均尺寸在20nm至 300nm的范围内,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量,并且其中所述散射成分还包含至少一种硅烷化合物和至少一种为所述纳米团簇核提供至少一部分壳的分散剂。
2.根据权利要求1的复合材料系统,其中所述基体是聚合物基体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料系统,其中所述散射成分不含由与所述聚合物基体相同的聚合物制成的壳。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的复合材料系统,其中所述无机材料选自TiO2, SiO2, ZnO,ZrO2, Fe2O3, Al2O3, Sb2SnO5, Bi2O3, CeO2。
5.根据权利要求4所述的复合材料系统,其中所述无机材料选自ZnO和TiO2。
6.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的复合材料系统,其中所述纳米团簇的平均尺寸在50nm至200nm的范围内,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合材料系统,其中所述纳米团簇的平均尺寸在80nm至130nm的范围内,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量。
8.根据权利要求6所述的复合材料系统,包括散射成分,所述散射成分具有包含单个纳米颗粒的核,并且具有壳,所述壳包括至少一种硅烷化合物和为所述包含单个纳米颗粒的核提供至少一部分壳的至少一种分散剂。
9.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料系统,其中所述至少一种硅烷化合物选自于三乙酰氧基(甲基)硅烷、二叔丁氧基二乙酰氧基硅烷、苯基三乙氧基硅烷、(3-氨基丙基)三(三甲基甲硅烷氧基)硅烷、 N-(正丁基)-3-氨基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、N-[3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基]苯胺、二(3-三乙氧基甲硅烷基丙基)胺、γ-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷、2-(烯丙基二甲基甲硅烷基)吡啶、3-(三甲氧基甲硅烷基)丙基甲基丙烯酸酯、乙烯基三甲氧基硅烷、三苯基(乙烯基)硅烷、三(2-甲氧基乙氧基)(乙烯基)硅烷、γ-缩水甘油醚氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷、3-(三乙氧基甲硅烷基)丙基异氰酸酯或它们的混合物。
10.根据权利要求1所述的复合材料系统,其中在由面积为1米2的面板、箔或膜表面的一部分限定的体积元内的散射成分的数目为N,其中N≥Nmin,其中:
其中υ是一个等于1米6的量纲常数,Nmin表示为数目/米2,有效直径D由所述散射成分直径乘以基体折射率进行确定并以米为单位进行表示,其中m等于所述纳米颗粒的核的折射率与所述基体材料的折射率的比值。
11.根据权利要求10所述的复合材料系统,其中2Nmin≤N≤13Nmin。
12.根据权利要求11所述的复合材料系统,其中N的范围在3Nmin至10 Nmin之间。
13.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料系统,其中所述基体是涂料。
14.根据权利要求13所述的复合材料系统,其中所述基体是防划痕涂料。
15.根据权利要求13所述的复合材料系统,其中所述涂料与反射元件相结合。
16.根据权利要求15所述的复合材料系统,其中所述涂料与镜面相结合。
17.根据权利要求2所述的复合材料系统,其中所述聚合物基体是用于玻璃层压的粘合材料。
18.根据权利要求17所述的复合材料系统,其中所述用于玻璃层压的粘合材料为膜。
19.根据权利要求17所述的复合材料系统,其中所述聚合物基体选自EVA、PVB及其混合物。
20.复合材料系统的制备方法,所述复合材料系统为基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统,其中多个散射成分分散在基体中,其中用于制备基体的材料是本身透明并且不吸收光的材料,其特征在于包括以下步骤:
a)选择至少一种由纳米颗粒制成的无机材料,所述纳米颗粒的平均尺寸在10-150纳米的范围内,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量;
b)将所述材料、至少一种溶剂和至少一种分散剂混合,以获得平均尺寸在20至300纳米范围内的纳米团簇的分散体,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量;
c)向步骤b)中得到的所述分散体中加入至少一种硅烷化合物,得到具有根据步骤b)的纳米团簇无机核和至少部分硅烷壳的散射成分的分散体;
d)可选择地,过滤步骤c)中获得的所述分散体,以选择具有所需平均尺寸的分散的散射成分;
e)将所述分散的散射成分分散到将从其获得所述基体的系统中;
由此,所述基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统对透过所述复合材料系统或透过含有所述系统的产物的光的至少一部分进行散射。
21.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统对透过所述系统或透过含有所述系统的产物的光的至少一部分进行瑞利样散射。
22.根据权利要求21所述的方法,其中步骤b)提供包括纳米团簇和单个纳米颗粒的分散体,所述纳米团簇和纳米颗粒的平均尺寸在20至300纳米的范围内,其中所述平均尺寸是通过动态光散射技术进行测量。
23.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述基体是包含聚合物树脂和至少一种溶剂的涂料,并且其中所述散射由所述聚合物基体/纳米团簇复合材料系统在所述溶剂从涂料层蒸发后进行。
24.根据权利要求20所述的方法,还包括在步骤b)中酸化混合物的步骤和/或浓缩步骤d)中得到的所述分散体的步骤。
25.根据权利要求20所述的方法,其中所述聚合物基体是用于玻璃层压的粘合材料。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法,其中所述用于玻璃层压的粘合材料选自EVA、PVB及其混合物。
27.一种玻璃层压方法,其中根据权利要求17或19所述的复合材料系统用作为连接玻璃层的粘合材料。
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CN107709430A (zh) | 2018-02-16 |
EP3271418A1 (en) | 2018-01-24 |
KR20170129821A (ko) | 2017-11-27 |
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