CN1076368C - 多异氰酸酯组合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
多异氰酸酯组合物,按全部组合物计其脲酮亚胺(uretonimine)改性异氰酸酯含量为4-75%(重量),该组合物包含一种脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯和一种不含羟基、氨基、羧酸基的非离子表面活性剂。还有由该组合物所成的含水乳状液。此乳液具改进的稳定性和配料后可待用期。
Description
本发明涉及新的可乳化的多异氰酸酯组合物,还涉及含此多异氰酸酯组合物的含水乳状液。
含此等多异氰酸酯的可乳化多异氰酸酯及含水乳状液在英国专利1444933中已有记载。虽然此等乳液已成功用于产业中,但有关其稳定性及配料后可待用期(pot-life)仍有改进之余地。
意外地发现,借助于应用由脲酮亚胺(uretonimine)改性的可乳化多异氰酸酯,可改进其稳定性和待用期。
本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物其脲酮亚胺改性的异氰酸酯含量为4-75%(重量),该组合物包含一种脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯,以及一种不含羟基、氨基、羧酸基的非离子表面活性剂。本发明的另一个方面是提供一种含水乳状液,其中包含水和一种上述的多异氰酸酯组合物。
按本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物优选制法是以一种方式将一种多异氰酸酯改性,得到脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯,然后与一种化合物反应,使得其与该多异氰酸酯反应后,得到一种不含羟基、氨基、羧基的非离子表面活性剂。按本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物也可以将上述二步反应倒过顺序来制备。
按本发明制备该多异氰酸酯组合物的另一方法,包括准备一种脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯,随后加入一种不含羟基、氨基、羧酸基的非离子表面活性剂。
制备脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯的方法为本领域已知,所以并不构成本发明的一部分。
英国专利1444933中记载了不含羟基、氨基、羧基的非离子表面活性剂制备方法。
多异氰酸酯起始物可以选自脂族异氰酸酯,如六亚甲基二异氰酸酯,芳族异氰酸酯,如间-和对-亚苯基二异氰酸酯、亚甲苯基-2,4-和-2,6-二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷-4,4′-二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷-2,4′-二异氰酸酯、氯亚苯基-2,4-二异氰酸酯、亚萘基-1,5-二异氰酸酯、二亚苯基-4,4′-二异氰酸酯、4,4′-二异氰酸-3,3′-二甲基联苯酯、3-甲基-二苯甲烷-4.4′-二异氰酸酯、二苯醚二异氰酸酯,环脂基二异氰酸酯如环己烷-2,4-和-2,3-二异氰酸酯、1-甲基-环己基-2,4-和-2,6-二异氰酸酯,以及其混合物,以及双-(异氰酸根合环己基)甲烷,以及三异氰酸酯,如2,4,6-三异氰酸根合甲苯、2,4,4′-三异氰酸根合二苯醚。
可以是混合的异氰酸酯,例如亚甲苯基二异氰酸酯异构物的混合物,如市售的2,4-和2,6-异构物的混合物,还有将苯胺/甲醛缩聚物光气化所得二-和更高多-异氰酸酯混合物。此等混合物为本领域已知,包括一种光气化粗产物,其含有亚甲基桥接的多苯基多异氰酸酯混合物,其中包括二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯、更高的多异氰酸酯,还有任何光气化副产物。
本发明的优选组合物是:其中的异氰酸酯是一种芳族二异氰酸酯或具有更高官能度的芳族多异氰酸酯,特别是二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯,以及亚甲基桥接的多苯基多异氰酸酯粗品混合物,包括二异氰酸酯、三异氰酸酯、更高官能度的多异氰酸酯。亚甲基桥接的多苯基多异氰酸酯为本领域已知,其具有如下通式
其中n为1或更大,对于粗品混合物,n为大于1的平均值。它们是由苯胺与甲醛缩聚所得相应的多胺混合物经过光气化制成。
最优选多异氰酸酯是二苯甲烷-4,4′-二异氰酸酯(4,4′-MDI)和二苯甲烷-2,4′-二异氰酸酯(2,4′-MDI)以及其异构物混合物,特别是2,4′-异构物含量高的混合物。应用于本发明组合物的二苯甲烷-4,4′-二异氰酸酯和二苯甲烷-2,4′-二异氰酸酯混合物优选含有至少15% 2,4′-异构物,最优选含15-40%该异构物。
在本发明的乳液中可含有其他异氰酸酯包括异氰酸酯末端的预聚物,其由过量的二异氰酸酯或更高官能度的多异氰酸酯与羟基末端的聚酯或羟基末端的聚醚反应而成;以及由过量的二异氰酸酯或更高官能度多异氰酸酯与单体多元醇或单体多元醇混合物(如乙二醇、三羟甲基丙烷或丁二醇)的反应产物。
在该多异氰酸酯起始物转化为脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯以后,若需要,可向此已改性的多异氰酸酯中加入未改性的多异氰酸酯。
在本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物中,脲酮亚胺改性的异氰酸酯含量为4-75%,优选为5-50%,均为按全部组合物重量计。
本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物中的NCO含量为20-32%,优选为25-32%,按全部组合物重量计。
所述不含羟基、氨基、羧酸基的非离子表面活性剂可以是任何此等物质,特别是含有烯化氧尤其是环氧乙烷链的缩聚物,并且其不含自由的链端羟基、氨基或羧酸基。例如包括烷基酚、长链醇和酰胺与烯化氧特别是环氧乙烷的缩聚物,其末端羟基例如已被酯化或醚化。
特别适用的是二异氰酸酯或更高官能度多异氰酸酯与聚乙二醇单烷基醚的反应产物,如英国专利1417618所记载。这些表面活性剂或乳化剂如下式:
RO(CH2CH2O)nCONHX式中R是C1-C4烷基,n为整数,并使得该化合物所含氧亚乙基平均数至少为5,X是二-或多异氰酸酯的残基,并含至少一个自由异氰酸酯基团。R的实例包括乙基、丙基、丁基,优选为甲基。优选n值为5-120。
X为异氰酸酯基除掉之后余下的残基。X可以是任何二异氰酸酯或更高官能度多异氰酸酯的残基,例如若是亚甲苯基二异氰酸酯,则残基X是:
可以产生X基的异氰酸酯包括上列的二-和多异氰酸酯以及由其制备的脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯。
此等表面活性的氨酯的制备可以由下式的醇:
RO(CH2CH2O)nH式中R和n具前述表面活性剂或乳化剂中所述之定义,与含至少二个异氰酸根的异氰酸酯进行反应,对于每一摩尔该醇,使用至少一摩尔异氰酸根。优选,异氰酸根为过量。
进行此反应可将该醇加入到该异氰酸酯中使反应进行,优选将反应物加热至50-150℃。另一方式,可在少量催化剂如三乙二胺存在下于较低温度如25℃进行反应。
为得到本发明的可乳化多异氰酸酯,可以在该脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯中就地制备上述类型的表面活性剂,即将少量的该聚氧亚乙基醇
RO(CH2CH2O)nH与大量过量的该异氰酸酯反应。
另一类可用的表面活性剂是英国专利1417276中所记载的,其通式为式中X为有机异氰酸酯的残基,R1是C1-C4烷基,n和m是整数,并且m+n至少为10,并且R只有当X代表二异氰酸酯或更高官能度多异氰酸酯的残基时方才存在,并且是一个异氰酸酯基或如下式的基团:R1优选为甲基,m+n优选为20-80。
例如X可以是上列任何异氰酸酯的残基。
这些表面活性剂或乳化剂的制备可以通过一种异氰酸酯与一种丙二酸双(烷氧基聚氧亚乙基)酯进行反应,若需要也可在该异氰酸酯中就地制备。
本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物中,该非离子表面活性剂含量为0.1-15%,优选为0.5-10%,按全部组合物重量计。
由本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物可以制备含水乳状液,该乳液具改进的稳定性和配料后可待用期。该乳液含有99-25重量份的水,1-75重量份的本发明多异氰酸酯组合物。制备此乳液是在环境温度将该多异氰酸酯组合物与水混合,同时和(或)其后充分混合。该乳液还可含其他添加物如颜料、填充料、抗氧化剂、树脂、增塑剂。
此乳状液可用作粘合剂、涂料、纸品上浆料、以及木质纤维素材料如木屑和稻草的粘结剂。
实例1
于110℃并存在8ppm1-苯基,3-甲基磷杂环戊二烯(phospholene)氧化物作为催化剂(溶于环己酮)条件下,将“Suprasec”MPR 4,4′-MDI(Suprasec是Imperial Chemical Industrics PLC的商标)反应180分钟而改性,成为脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯含量为39.14%(重量)的脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯。加入亚硫酰二氯使该反应终止。向42重量份此改性的多异氰酸酯中加入58重量份的MDI异构物混合物(其中含27.7重量%的2,4′-MDI和72.3重量%的4,4′-MDI)。所得混合物的NCO值为31%(重量)。将96.63重量份此混合物加热至60℃,然后加入3.37重量份分子量为650的聚乙二醇单甲醚,并在氮保护下反应150分钟。然后将所得可乳化MDI冷却,于室温贮存1个月。
将Imperial Chemical Industries PLC出售的不含脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯的“Suprasec”1042可乳化多异氰酸酯,在其由多异氰酸酯和分子量650的聚乙二醇单甲醚制备而成之后也于室温贮存。在本发明的多异氰酸酯组合物和“Suprasec”1042贮存之后,将两者都加入到水中(重量比,水∶多异氰酸酯为3∶1),并于室温以2000转/分混合速率混合30秒。然后测其可待用期。乳化后的“Suprasec”1042多异氰酸酯为3.5小时,乳化后的本发明多异氰酸酯组合物为7小时。
可待用期的测定是将乳化的组合物置于25℃水浴中,测定该物料以肉眼观察开始胶凝或变成固态的时间。
此外还显示到,乳化的“Suprasec”1042多异氰酸酯在水浴中仅数分钟后即出现硬的沉积物。此一层是不可以再乳化的。乳化的本发明的多异氰酸酯于约0.5小时后出现一个较软的层,此层可以再乳化。
此外,当按本发明制备的乳液与由“Suprasec”1042制备的相应乳液比较时,本发明的可乳化MDI显现比“Suprasec”1042多异氰酸酯更浅的颜色。
实例2
于110℃并存在10ppm l-苯基,3-甲基磷杂环戊二烯(phospholene)氧化物作为催化剂(溶于环己酮)条件下,将“Suprasec”MP R4,4′-MDI(Suprasec是Imperial ChemicalIndustries PLC的商标)反应180分钟而改性,成为脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯含量为40.36%(重量)的脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯。加入亚硫酰二氯使该反应终止。向42.2重量份此改性的多异氰酸酯中加入57.8重量份的MDI异构物混合物(其中含58.3重量%的2,4′-MDI和41.7重量%的4,4′-MDI)。所得混合物的NCO值为31%(重量)。将96.63重量份此混合物加热至60℃,然后加入3.37重量份分子量为650的聚乙二醇单甲醚,并在氮保护下反应150分钟。然后将所得可乳化MDI冷却,于室温贮存1个月。
该多异氰酸酯组合物贮存之后,制备含水乳状液,按实例1方式测其可待用期。所得可待用期为6小时。
实例3
于110℃并存在8ppm1-苯基,3-甲基磷杂环戊二烯(phospholene)氧化物作为催化剂(溶于环己酮)条件下,将“Suprasec”MPR 4,4′-MDI(Suprasec是Imperial Chemical Industries PLC的商标)反应180分钟而改性,成为脲酮亚胺改性多异氰酸酯含量含量为40.36%(重量)的脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯。加入亚硫酰二氯使该反应终止。向42.2重量份此改性的多异氰酸酯中加入57.8重量份的MDI异构物混合物(其中含44.6重量%的2,4′-MDI和55.4重量%的4,4′-MDI)。所得混合物的NCO值为30.9%(重量)。将96.63重量份此混合物加热至60℃,然后加入3.37重量份分子量为650的聚乙二醇单甲醚,并在氮保护下反应150分钟。然后将所得可乳化MDI冷却,于室温贮存1个月。
该多异氰酸酯组合物贮存之后,制备含水乳状液,按实例1方式测其可待用期。所得可待用期为5小时。
Claims (17)
1.一种多异氰酸酯组合物,其中按全部组合物计含有4-75%(重量)的脲酮亚胺(uertonimine)改性的异氰酸酯,该组合物包括脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯和下式(I)非离子表面活性剂,它是二异氰酸酯或更高官能度的多异氰酸酯与聚亚烷基二醇单烷基醚的反应产物:
RO(CH2CH2O)nCONHX (I)式中R为C1-C4烷基,n为整数并使该化合物所含氧亚乙基平均数至少为5,X为二-或多异氰酸酯的残基并且含有至少一个自由异氰酸酯基;或者下式(II)非离子表面活性剂:式中X为有机异氰酸酯的残基,R1是C1-C4烷基,n和m是整数,并且m+n至少为10,并且R只有当X代表二异氰酸酯或更高官能度多异氰酸酯的残基时方才存在,并且是一个异氰酸酯基或下式(III)基团:
2.权利要求1的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中按全部组合物计含有5-50%(重量)的脲酮亚胺改性的异氰酸酯。
3.权利要求1的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中按全部组合物计,NCO含量为20-32%。
4.权利要求1的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯是芳族二异氰酸酯或更高官能度的芳族多异氰酸酯。
5.权利要求4的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯是二苯甲烷-4,4’-二异氰酸酯、二苯甲烷-2,4’-二异氰酸酯或其异构物混合物。
6.权利要求5的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯是二苯甲烷-4,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯甲烷-2,4’-二异氰酸酯的异构物混合物,其中2,4’-异构物的含量较高。
7.权利要求6的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯中的2,4’-异构物含量为至少15%。
8.权利要求7的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯中的2,4’-异构物含量为15-40%。
9.权利要求1的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中按全部组合物计所述非离子表面活性剂的含量为0.1-15%(重量)。
10.权利要求1的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述非离子表面活性剂是式(I)非离子表面活性剂,其中n代表平均数5-120。
11.权利要求10的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯是含至少15%2,4’-异构物的二苯甲烷-4,4’-二异氰酸酯和二苯甲烷-2,4’-二异氰酸酯的异构物混合物,而且其中所述非离子表面活性剂含量按全部组合物计为0.1-15%(重量)。
12.权利要求11的多异氰酸酯组合物,其中所述多异氰酸酯含有15-40%该2,4’-异构物。
13.权利要求12的多异氰酸酯组合物,其脲酮亚胺改性的异氰酸酯含量为15-50%。
14.含有权利要求1-13的多异氰酸酯组合物的含水乳状液。
15.权利要求14的含水乳状液,含有99-25重量份的水和1-75重量份的该多异氰酸酯组合物。
16.权利要求1-13中任一项所述多异氰酸酯组合物的制备方法,包括将多异氰酸酯进行脲酮亚胺改性的步骤和使该多异氰酸酯与在与该多异氰酸酯反应后生成非离子表面活性剂的化合物进行反应的步骤,所述步骤可按任一顺序进行。
17.权利要求1-13中任何一项所述多异氰酸酯组合物的制备方法,包括制备一种脲酮亚胺改性的多异氰酸酯,然后加入非离子表面活性剂。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9111559.2 | 1991-05-29 | ||
GB919111559A GB9111559D0 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Polyisocyanate composition |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN1067184A CN1067184A (zh) | 1992-12-23 |
CN1076368C true CN1076368C (zh) | 2001-12-19 |
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CN92104259A Expired - Fee Related CN1076368C (zh) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-05-29 | 多异氰酸酯组合物及其制备方法 |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US5364897A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0516361B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3251973B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100232978B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1076368C (zh) |
AU (1) | AU650134B2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2069456C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69214198T2 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2092039T3 (zh) |
GB (1) | GB9111559D0 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1001690A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA923713B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (22)
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DE4431635A1 (de) * | 1994-09-06 | 1996-03-07 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Cellulosefasern |
DE4436981A1 (de) * | 1994-10-06 | 1996-04-11 | Hartmut Faerber | Leichtbaukörper geringer Wärmeleitfähigkeit |
US6051056A (en) * | 1998-03-20 | 2000-04-18 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Alkylated aminoether surfactants |
GB9815029D0 (en) | 1998-07-11 | 1998-09-09 | Ici Plc | Polyisocyanate compositions |
GB0513616D0 (en) | 2005-07-04 | 2005-08-10 | Johnson Matthey Plc | Novel zirconium compound, catalyst and its use for polyurethane manufacture |
AU2006308062A1 (en) * | 2005-10-26 | 2007-05-03 | Huntsman International Llc | Polyisocyanate-based binder for mineral wool products |
US7790907B2 (en) | 2006-07-21 | 2010-09-07 | Basf Corporation | Method of producing a uretonimine-modified isocyanate composition |
FR2906254B1 (fr) * | 2006-09-22 | 2011-04-08 | Rhodia Recherches Et Tech | Utilisation de compositions polyisocyanates pour revetements a brillance elevee |
EP2072549A1 (en) * | 2007-12-19 | 2009-06-24 | Huntsman International Llc | Novel composition from a polyisocyanate and a polyether monoamine |
EP2184143A1 (en) | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-12 | Huntsman International Llc | Polyisocyanate composition used for binding lignocellulosic materials |
EP2184144A1 (en) * | 2008-11-06 | 2010-05-12 | Huntsman International Llc | Polyisocyanate composition used for binding lignocellulosic materials |
CA2817274C (en) | 2010-11-29 | 2019-01-08 | Huntsman International Llc | Polyisocyanate-based binder |
EP2620475B1 (de) | 2012-01-26 | 2015-04-15 | Kronotec AG | Klebstoffzusammensetzungen und deren Verwendung |
EP2620458A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 | 2013-07-31 | Huntsman International LLC | Wood adhesive formulation |
EP2620456A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 | 2013-07-31 | Huntsman International LLC | Wood adhesive formulation |
EP2620459A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 | 2013-07-31 | Huntsman International LLC | Wood adhesive composition |
KR101842254B1 (ko) | 2017-05-17 | 2018-03-27 | 에스케이씨 주식회사 | 안정성 및 반응성이 개선된 자이릴렌디이소시아네이트 조성물, 및 이를 이용한 광학 렌즈 |
KR101988494B1 (ko) * | 2017-12-05 | 2019-06-12 | 에스케이씨 주식회사 | 안정성 및 반응성이 개선된 자이릴렌디이소시아네이트 조성물, 및 이를 이용한 광학 렌즈 |
FR3103834B1 (fr) | 2019-12-02 | 2021-12-10 | Saint Gobain Isover | Procédé de fabrication de panneaux de fibres lignocellulosiques |
FR3130818A1 (fr) | 2021-12-17 | 2023-06-23 | Saint-Gobain Isover | Procédé de fabrication de produits d’isolation à base de fibres minérales ou de fibres organiques naturelles |
WO2024115164A1 (en) | 2022-11-30 | 2024-06-06 | Huntsman International Llc | Sustainable wood adhesive formulation |
FR3143610A1 (fr) | 2022-12-19 | 2024-06-21 | Saint-Gobain Isover | Procédé de préparation d’une composition de liant thermodurcissable à base de lignine ester soluble ou dispersable dans l’eau pour lier des fibres |
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US4663377A (en) * | 1985-06-15 | 1987-05-05 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Polyisocyanate preparation dispersible in water and their use as an additive for aqueous adhesives |
US4927876A (en) * | 1987-09-14 | 1990-05-22 | Ici Americas Inc. | Aqueous dispersions |
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GB1444933A (en) * | 1973-04-03 | 1976-08-04 | Ici Ltd | Emulsions of organic isocyanates |
GB2018796B (en) * | 1978-03-29 | 1982-07-28 | Ici Ltd | Emulsifiable compositions |
EP0095594B1 (en) * | 1982-05-28 | 1986-08-27 | The Dow Chemical Company | Stable aqueous polyisocyanate emulsions |
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US4663177A (en) * | 1985-10-17 | 1987-05-05 | Nabisco Brands | Sugar-free pudding composition and dry mix for preparation thereof |
GB8712577D0 (en) * | 1987-05-28 | 1987-07-01 | Ici Plc | Coating compositions |
GB8722973D0 (en) * | 1987-09-30 | 1987-11-04 | Ici America Inc | Aqueous polymer compositions |
-
1991
- 1991-05-29 GB GB919111559A patent/GB9111559D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-05-21 ZA ZA923713A patent/ZA923713B/xx unknown
- 1992-05-21 AU AU17042/92A patent/AU650134B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-05-22 CA CA002069456A patent/CA2069456C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-05-26 DE DE69214198T patent/DE69214198T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-05-26 EP EP92304709A patent/EP0516361B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-26 ES ES92304709T patent/ES2092039T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-28 US US07/890,738 patent/US5364897A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-05-28 KR KR1019920009127A patent/KR100232978B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-05-28 JP JP13677792A patent/JP3251973B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-05-29 CN CN92104259A patent/CN1076368C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1998
- 1998-01-21 HK HK98100542A patent/HK1001690A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4663377A (en) * | 1985-06-15 | 1987-05-05 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Polyisocyanate preparation dispersible in water and their use as an additive for aqueous adhesives |
US4927876A (en) * | 1987-09-14 | 1990-05-22 | Ici Americas Inc. | Aqueous dispersions |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2069456C (en) | 2003-12-30 |
DE69214198T2 (de) | 1997-02-20 |
US5364897A (en) | 1994-11-15 |
HK1001690A1 (en) | 1998-07-03 |
EP0516361A1 (en) | 1992-12-02 |
KR920021658A (ko) | 1992-12-18 |
CN1067184A (zh) | 1992-12-23 |
ES2092039T3 (es) | 1996-11-16 |
DE69214198D1 (de) | 1996-11-07 |
ZA923713B (en) | 1993-04-28 |
CA2069456A1 (en) | 1992-11-30 |
AU650134B2 (en) | 1994-06-09 |
KR100232978B1 (ko) | 1999-12-01 |
GB9111559D0 (en) | 1991-07-17 |
JPH05214065A (ja) | 1993-08-24 |
EP0516361B1 (en) | 1996-10-02 |
JP3251973B2 (ja) | 2002-01-28 |
AU1704292A (en) | 1992-12-03 |
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