CN107223812B - 一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料及其制备方法和应用,由以下组分组成:白鱼粉、南极磷虾粉、丰年虫幼体浆(折干)、鱿鱼膏、水产酵母、变性淀粉、褐藻酸钠、枯草芽孢杆菌、谷朊粉、卵磷脂、复合维生素、矿物质预混料、鱼油和水。本发明采用含有南极磷虾粉、丰年虫幼体、枯草芽孢杆菌等制成的薄片饲料可替代60%以上的轮虫或强化卤虫幼体,显著提高鱼苗的特定生长率和存活率10%以上,营养成份高、适口性好、诱食性强,颗粒的悬浮性好、又减少了水质污染,具有良好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鱼类苗种培育领域,特别涉及一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
目前国内外开展的海水鱼类苗种培育过程中的开口饵料和前期饵料基本都是采用轮虫活体投喂的方法。轮虫经过雨生红球藻粉、鱼油等强化培养,可以给鱼苗带去所需的营养物质,虽然具有较高的可行性和可操作性。但在实际操作过程中程序相对繁琐,时间也较长,同时轮虫还容易携带一些有害生物进入育苗水体中影响鱼苗培育的成功。国内外都进行过轮虫替代饲料的研究试验,均因效果达不到活体轮虫的效果而未果。虽然有几家公司生产的微囊饵料可以部分替代轮虫,也均因为饵料的悬浮性、在水中的保质时间、仔鱼的适口性等原因而无法大规模使用,在仔鱼阶段替代轮虫的配合饲料比例只能达到10-40%。因此,寻找一种可替代轮虫的配合饵料在实际生产中具有现实意义。
枯草芽孢杆菌是一类具有对致病菌有明显的抑制作用、增强免疫力、在动物消化道中与消化酶类一同发挥作用、定植作用强、能合成多种B族维生素、耐酸碱、耐氧化、耐高温等特性,是应用范围广泛的一类微生物。南极磷虾粉富含维生素E、维生素A、虾青素、磷脂质、类黄酮和功能强大的抗氧化剂。其不饱和脂肪酸以磷脂型态结合ω-3脂肪酸(EPA、DHA)和磷脂型虾青素的分子结构。丰年虫幼体或成体含有丰富的蛋白质和脂肪,并且与海水鱼苗同为水生生物,没有抗营养因子,容易被吸收消化,在水产苗种培育中已经得到广泛应用。这些物质在国内外已被众多专家学者所研究,包括营养成份、消化吸收、生理生态等方面,并取得了丰硕的成果,对水产苗种培育中的推广应用提供了重要的理论基础和技术指导。但实际生产应用中单独使用或复合成饲料目前还未能取得应有的效果,不仅涉及经济成本,还受限于饲料的加工工艺没有突破以及正确的使用方法。可见海水鱼苗培育过程中的饵料制造与使用方法已成为制约其发展的瓶颈之一。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料及其制备方法和应用,该饲料通过熟化并不破坏其原有的营养成份,有利于仔鱼的消化吸收,采用合理的投喂方式可显著的提高仔鱼的特定生长率和存活率,并有效的降低水质恶化的风险。
本发明提供了一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料,按质量份数,由以下组分组成:白鱼粉25-30份、南极磷虾粉15-20份、丰年虫幼体浆(折干)15-25份、鱿鱼膏4-6份、水产酵母10-15份、变性淀粉3-4份、褐藻酸钠1-1.8份、枯草芽孢杆菌1-1.5份、谷朊粉1-3份、卵磷脂1.0-1.5份、复合维生素0.8-1.2份、矿物质预混料1.5-2份、鱼油4-6份和水20-30份。
所述薄片饲料中营养的组成为:粗蛋白质50-55%,粗脂肪8-12%,粗灰分8-12%,粗纤维1-3%,钙1-3%,总磷1-2%,含水量5-8%。
本发明又提供了一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料的制备方法,包括:
按配比,先将粉料超微粉碎,然后根据逐级扩大法混合均匀,再加入鱼油和水二次混合均匀后在发酵罐中发酵;然后在滚轴制片机中涂滚成薄片,最后滚筒烘干后抽真空装罐,即得薄片饲料。
所述粉料在8-10℃下用600目的超微粉碎机粉碎(配方中除鱼油和水之外均为粉料)。
所述逐级扩大法具体为:先将最小量的原料进行混合,后按最小量至最大量的顺序逐级添加入搅拌机中混合均匀。
所述发酵温度为30-34℃,发酵时间为1-1.5小时。
所述薄片的厚度控制在0.1-0.3mm,涂滚时温度不超过60℃。
所述烘干温度为90-110℃,烘干时间不超过8秒。随后经自动装罐机抽真空装罐。
本发明的一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料的应用,使用时将所述薄片饲料放入过滤袋(300目)中,在水中搓洗,使薄片饲料微粒分散于水中;将混有薄片饲料的水投入育苗池或轮虫培养池中,每2-4小时投喂1次,即可。
所述育苗时的环境条件为水温18-22℃,盐度20-23,pH8.0-8.3,微充气,溶解氧保持在7mg/L。开口的初孵仔鱼鱼苗密度为5000-15000尾/m3。
本发明首先根据目前薄片生产及企业育苗过程中发现的问题,结合海水鱼类育苗中仔稚鱼的营养需求和投喂工艺,配伍出合理的科学配方。其次在薄片饲料生产中试验改进生产工艺,最终在原料配伍与加工工艺之间达到平衡,取得最佳的效果。然后在海水鱼类育苗过程中,采用薄片饲料部分替代轮虫及用于强化轮虫。
有益效果
(1)本发明采用科学的配伍,使薄片饲料具有仔稚鱼生长发育所需的营养成份,选用的南极磷虾粉、白鱼粉、丰年虫幼体等主要原料均是水生生物,与投喂对象之间不存在抗营养因子。
(2)本发明在加工中采用高温工艺,使得饲料中蛋白质等物质被熟化,更利于仔稚鱼的消化吸收;同时选用的枯草芽孢杆菌具有耐高温的特性,熟化过程控制在8秒内仍有较高的活性,保证了其在仔稚鱼的消化道中发挥作用。
(3)本发明通过薄片饲料与轮虫同时投喂,以及在轮虫培养和强化过程中投喂本发明的薄片饲料,不仅有效地替代了部分轮虫,提高了仔稚鱼的存活率,同时为稚幼鱼期时的饵料转换打下了良好的基础。
(4)本发明可替代60%以上的轮虫或强化卤虫幼体,显著提高鱼苗的特定生长率和存活率10%以上,营养成份高、适口性好、诱食性强,颗粒的悬浮性好、又减少了水质污染,具有良好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明薄片饲料的实物图。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
实施例1
本实施例提供了一种用于鱼类幼苗培育的薄片饲料。配料组成为:以质量份数计,白鱼粉25份、南极磷虾粉15份、丰年虫幼体浆(折干)15份、鱿鱼膏4份、水产酵母10份、变性淀粉4份、褐藻酸钠1份、枯草芽孢杆菌1份、谷朊粉3份、卵磷脂1份、复合维生素1份、矿物质预混料2份、鱼油4份和水20份。
粉料在10℃下均经过600目的超微粉碎机粉碎,按逐级扩大法混合均匀后加鱼油和水进行二次混合,随后在32℃发酵罐中进行1.5小时的发酵处理,将发酵后的浆液涂滚在滚轴制片机的滚筒上制成薄片,薄片厚0.2mm左右,再进行100℃的烘干处理,时间不超过8秒。随后经自动装罐机抽真空装罐,即得薄片饲料。
实施例2
本实施例是银鲳人工育苗期间初孵仔鱼开口至稚鱼阶段二种投喂方式的对照比较实验。实验分2组:1组为50%实施例1的薄片饲料+50%轮虫活体饲喂银鲳苗(简称实验组),另1组为全部采用投喂活体轮虫(简称对照组)。实验做3个重复。本实施例在2米直径、1米深度的玻璃钢桶中进行,每个桶放银鲳的即将初孵的受精卵约1.5万粒,平均孵化率按80%计。
(1)实验组轮虫和对照组轮虫的培养和强化的方法:实验组的轮虫每4-6小时用薄片饲料投喂一次并在投喂前用薄片饲料强化;对照组轮虫每4-6小时用浓缩小球藻投喂一次并在投喂前用雨生红球藻粉强化。
(2)在初孵仔鱼第3天时,实验组中分别投喂经强化过的轮虫,轮虫投喂密度均为10-15个/ml,同时投喂薄片饲料投喂密度为0.2g/m3,对照组中投喂轮虫密度为20-25个/ml,同时投喂浓缩小球藻。以后每6小时检查桶中轮虫密度,并适时添加轮虫,保证实验组和对照组中的轮虫密度分别不低于10个/ml和20个/ml。实验组每天5:30起至20:30止,每3小时向实验桶中添加薄片饲料,每次的添加量为0.1m/m3;对照组中每天分2次添加浓缩小球藻液。以此饵料密度和投喂方法保持至实验结束。
(3)薄片饲料的投喂方式:强化轮虫的薄片饲料与投喂至鱼苗培育桶的投喂方法相同,均是称取薄片后放入300目的过滤袋,在水中搓洗。直至薄片微粒全部分散于水中,然后把带有薄片饲料的水沿充气管投入实验桶中。强化轮虫的薄片饲料投喂密度为0.6g/ml,每6小时强化一次。
(4)实验组和对照组育苗的环境条件均相同:水温18-22度,盐度20-23,pH8.0-8.3,微充气,溶解氧保持在7mg/L。育苗的前7天每天添加新鲜过滤海水2-4%,以后视情况更换10-50%的海水。每次重复实验共进行15天。
(5)实验结束后在二组的桶中上、中、下水层用5000ml的烧杯各取3杯,清点杯中鱼苗数量,折算出桶中仔鱼的成活率和特定生长率。并分别在实验组和对照组中各取20尾苗,在解剖镜下观察发育情况,测量其全长大小。
本实施例的结果(表1)显示,采用本发明的育苗方法,特定生长率和存活率比对照组分别提高约1成,生长速度也快于对照组,且育苗水质与对照组无显著性差异。综合分析可现,本发明的薄片饲料在用于苗种培育中具有部分替代轮虫的效果,且可作为轮虫培养的饵料,所以本发明的薄片饲料可被应用于海水鱼类的苗种培育中。
表1二种投喂方法对银鲳仔鱼特定生长率、存活率和全长的影响
实验组 | 对照组 | |
特定生长率(%) | 4.02±0.14 | 3.97±0.74 |
存活率(%) | 47.45±0.65 | 42.41±1.04 |
平均全长(mm) | 7.54±0.52 | 7.01-0.63 |
pH | 7.8-8.3 | 8.1-8.3 |
Claims (7)
1.一种用于银鲳仔鱼培育的薄片饲料,其特征在于:按质量份数,由以下组分制成:白鱼粉25份、南极磷虾粉15份、丰年虫幼体浆15份、鱿鱼膏4份、水产酵母10份、变性淀粉4份、褐藻酸钠1份、枯草芽孢杆菌1份、谷朊粉3份、卵磷脂1份、复合维生素1份、矿物质预混料2份、鱼油4份和水20份;制备方法包括:
按配比,先将粉料超微粉碎,然后根据逐级扩大法混合均匀,再加入鱼油和水二次混合均匀后在发酵罐中发酵;然后在滚轴制片机中涂滚成薄片,最后滚筒烘干后抽真空装罐,即得薄片饲料;所述薄片的厚度控制在0.1-0.3mm,涂滚时温度不超过60℃;所述烘干温度为90-110℃,烘干时间不超过8秒。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的用于银鲳仔鱼培育的薄片饲料的制备方法,包括:
按配比,先将粉料超微粉碎,然后根据逐级扩大法混合均匀,再加入鱼油和水二次混合均匀后在发酵罐中发酵;然后在滚轴制片机中涂滚成薄片,最后滚筒烘干后抽真空装罐,即得薄片饲料;所述薄片的厚度控制在0.1-0.3mm,涂滚时温度不超过60℃;所述烘干温度为90-110℃,烘干时间不超过8秒。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述粉料在8-10℃下用600目的超微粉碎机粉碎。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述逐级扩大法具体为:先将最小量的原料进行混合,后按最小量至最大量的顺序逐级添加入搅拌机中混合均匀。
5.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法,其特征在于:所述发酵温度为30-34℃,发酵时间为1-1.5小时。
6.一种如权利要求1所述的用于银鲳仔鱼培育的薄片饲料的应用,其特征在于:使用时将所述薄片饲料放入过滤袋中,在水中搓洗,使薄片饲料微粒分散于水中;将混有薄片饲料的水投入育苗池或轮虫培养池中,每2-4小时投喂1次,即可。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于:所述育苗时的环境条件为水温18-22℃,盐度20-23,pH8.0-8.3,微充气,溶解氧保持在7mg/L。
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